An increasing ambitiousness and competences of the European Commission in the external dimension

The member states as "gatekeepers" of the external dimension 

Mandatory literature:

Thaler, P.,  Pakalkaite, V. (2020). Governance through real-time compliance: the supranationalisation of European external energy policy Journal of European Public Policy, (1-21)

Andersen, S. S., Goldthau, A., Sitter, N. (2016): The EU Regulatory State, Commision Leadership and External Energy Governance. In Godzimirski, J. M. (Eds.): EU Leadership in Energy and Environmental Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, (51-69)