HISTORY OF MIDDLE EAST BEFORE 1945
Mgr. Eva Taterova, M.A., Ph.D.
Faculty of Social Studies
Masaryk University

ANCIENT HISTORY OF MIDDLE EAST
•Convenient climate, generally good living conditions for the first men.
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•First agricultural settlement in 9th century BC (Jericho 8,000 BC, Byblos 5,000 BC).
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•Many influential and developed civilizations in the region (Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Ancient Egypt,
Persian Empire, Jewish kingdoms, Roman Empire etc.)
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EMPIRES OF THE WORLD
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•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwEE4YFZkpw

HISTORY OF THE REGION
BEFORE THE CRUSADES
—1st century: birth of Christianity.
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—2nd century: Jewish diaspora.
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—6th century: birth of Islam in Arabic peninsula (Mecca, Medina).
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—Palestine/Holy Land – important for Islam, Judaism, Christianity (Jerusalem, Hebron, Sea of
Galilee).
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—7th century: migration of Arabic tribes to Middle East and northern Africa.
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GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM (8-13th CENTURY)
El-Califato-Omeya-661750.jpg


CRUSADES TO THE HOLY LAND
•First crusade was initiated by pope in 1095
with a declared goal to liberate the Holy Land and Jerusalem (Holy Sepulcher).
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—Altogether 9 crusades, some of them were more successful than the others (Richard the Lionheart).
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—Motivation of the crusaders:
—Religious.
—Economic.
—Political.
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—Temporary Christian states established in the area (Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch,
County of Edessa) – fall of Akko in 1291, end of crusaders presence in the Middle East.

RISE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
—In 13th century the Turkish tribes led by Osman I got to Anatolia and started to compete with
the Byzantine Empire.
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—1453 – the conquest
of Constantinople (Istanbul) by sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.
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—During the next centuries territorial expansion to Europe, Middle East, and northern Africa.
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—Siege of Vienna 1683.
mehmedII2.jpg
Sultan Mehmed

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
ottoman-17century.jpg


DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
•During the time the power status of Ottoman Empire had been weakening (economically: inability to
follow the trends of industrial revolution; corruption; political instability: frequent palace
coups; lack of military reforms) à "sick man of the Bosporus" (1853-56 Crimean War: confirmation of
growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire).
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•1798: Napoleon's invasion to Egypt – sometimes interpreted as a milestone regarding the growth of
Arab nationalism (Egypt: pasha Muhamad Ali; turmoils in Syria and Palestine in 19th century).
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•19th century: „Race for Africa“ – European powers attempted to get control over territories in
Africa, since 1830s growing influence of France in northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco),
since 1870s consolidation of British power in Egypt.
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POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION TO WW1
—19the century: the birth of Zionism = Jewish nationalism (Theodor Herzl: Der Judenstaat), 1897
founding of Zionist organization in Basel à more and more European Jews emigrate to Palestine –
first clashes and disputes with local people.
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—Deepening crisis of the Ottoman Empire – in WW1 Ottoman Empire joined the coalition of the Central
Powers.
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—The region had become the center of interests of European colonial powers (Great Britain claimed
Egypt as her protectorate in 1914, competition of Russia and Great Britain in Persia).

WW1 AND THE MIDDLE EAST
—Both Jews and Arabs (Lawrence of Arabia) supported the Triple Entente with a hope that after the
collapse of Ottoman Empire that would be granted independence or at least autonomy.
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—Military operations in the region: Palestinian Front, Mesopotamian Front, Caucasian front Ã
armistice October 30, 1918
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—The goals and ambitions of both groups were obviously contradictory: European great powers had the
negotiations with both of them (Balfour Declaration 1917, correspondence of Henry McMahon and
Sharif Hussein 1915-16).
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—Concurrently secret negotiations between Great Britain and France in order to divide the Middle
East: Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 – violation of all pledges given to Arabs and Jews.

VERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCE 1918-1919
•Discussion of the future settlement
of territories of Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire in turmoil à civil war à 1923 Republic of Turkey.
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•The negotiations were to continue
in follow-up conferences in San Remo and Sèvres (1920).
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•The regional delegations had very limited options, France and Great Britain made the crucial
decisions à modern map of Middle East.

POSTWAR MIDDLE EAST
•In fact, the distribution of power and territories in accordance with Sykes-Picot Agreement.
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•Officially, the leading role had newly established League of Nations àA League of Nations mandate:
Palestine (Israel/Palestine + Jordan), Mesopotamia (Iraq), Syria (later Lebanon was excluded as
separate territory).
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•Egypt and Persia became officially independent but under heavy British influence + British
political and economic interest in Arabic peninsula (city of Aden; Oman, Qatar and Bahrain were
British protectorates).
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•Turkey since 1923 a republic, significant territorial losses.
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•European great powers were not that much interested in most of Arabic peninsula – leading figure
king Ibn Saud.

1920s in MIDDLE EAST
•Postwar settlement of the region was a deep disappointment for the hopes of local nationalists.
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•Very problematic situation in Palestine (escalation of conflict) as well as in other parts of the
region (coup in Iran à rise of Reza Khan – new royal dynasty), instability in Syria.
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•The borders with lack of respect to distribution of local population (Kurds and the others).

WW2 AND THE MIDDLE EAST
•Growth of Nazi Germany in Europe: Nazi diplomacy was seeking for the allies in the Middle East
(negotiations with Persia, Saudi Arabia, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem).
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•Most of the countries of the region preferred to claim political neutrality or a support the
Allies.
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•Some groups more or less secretly cooperated with the Axis powers (some movements in French
colonies, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem).
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•Strategic importance of the region: natural resources, crucial transport routes (Suez Chanel,
Mediterranean Sea, Aden etc.).
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•Open fights in northern Africa (Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco) – Afrikakorbs led by Erwin Rommel
(victory of the Allies in 1943).
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•1943 conference in Tehran (Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt).

BIG THREE IN TEHRAN 1943



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