Zdeněk Kříž



1.WWII effects
2.Distribution of power
3.United Nations
4.Bipolarity
5.New Economic order
6.Hotspots after WWII
7.Marshall Plan
8.U.S. security guaranties to Europe
9.Cold War system
10.
10.
10.
10.

}60 million of people were dead. Millions of people were expelled from their homes.
}
}The European economy collapsed as industrial infrastructure and agriculture were destroyed.
}
}Year Zero
}
}The Soviet Union, Germany and Poland - the most affected countries.
}
}WWII  - the power bipolarity – USA and USSR – superpowers.
}
}Absolute defeat of Italy, Germany and Japan.
}
}WWII was the end of the period of European supremacy in world politics.
}
}The British empire, one of the winner of the war, was economically exhausted.
}
}End of U.S. isolationism.
}
}Marxism as viable alternative to liberal order.

}President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
}
}Atlantic Charter in August 1941.
}
}On January 1, 1942, 26 countries signed the Declaration by United Nations, which made clear the
war aims of the Allied powers.
}
}The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union took the lead in designing the new
organization.
}
}Disputes
}The Soviet Union demanded individual membership and voting rights for its constituent republics.
}
}Britain wanted assurances that its colonies would not be placed under UN control.
}
}Veto problem.
}
}
President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill seated on the quarterdeck of HMS PRINCE OF WALES for a
Sunday service during the Atlantic Conference, 10 August 1941. A4816.jpg

}April 1945 – United Nations – Charter of the UN - replaced the non-functional League of Nations.
}
}The aim of preventing future wars - collective security.
}
}Attempt to decrease the anarchic character of international relations by introducing  a collective
security system protecting peace.
}
}At its founding, the UN had 51 members; there are now 193, representing the vast majority of the
world's sovereign states.
}
}USA, USSR, Great Britain, France and China Republic - permanent membership in the UN Security
Council.
}
}The UN security system was very often dysfunctional.
}
}WWII promoted the institutionalization of management tools to discipline international financial
affairs.
}
}International Monetary Fund (IMF) – 1945.
}
}International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (popularly known as the World Bank) –
1947.
}
}General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – 1948.
}
}Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 1948.
}
}Charter of the United Nations - call for the maintenance of peace and international security and
respect for human rights.
}
}
Representatives of 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis Powers met in Washington, D.C. to
pledge their support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the "Declaration by United Nations". Cover
of the UN Charter

}United Nation’s Four Main Goals
}Maintain international peace and security;
}Develop friendly relations among nations;
}Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems; and
}Be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
}
}Article 2
}„All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that
international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. All Members shall refrain in
their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or
political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the
United Nations.“
}
}War is not a legitimate tool of foreign policy!
}
}The Security Council - maintaining peace and security among countries.
}
}1971 – PRC replaced Chinese Republic (Taiwan).
}
}UNSC – often paralyzed during Cold War
}
}Authorized military interventions in the Korean War and the Congo Crisis.

}USA
}During WWII, the USA had doubled the U.S. economic power.
}The USA produced just over half of the world's products and launched a new industrial revolution.
}Nuclear weapons monopoly plus means of delivery.
}Enormous increase of public debt in the USA.
}1939 – 39,7 billion USD (43% GDP) versus 251 billion USD (112% GDP) in 1945.
}United States became one of the first members of the United Nations.
}USA promoted decolonization.
}Monopoly on atomic bomb till 1949 – atomic diplomacy.
}Management of Bretton Wood institutions.
}
}
}
—
7

}USSR
}The Soviet Union had become the dominant continental power.
}
}Soviet economy was to a dollar equivalent of approximately 10 – 15 % of the US level.
}
}Shortage of labor force:20 - 28 million causalities during WWII.
}
}The Soviet Union did not have the military strength needed to fight and win a global war against
the United States.
}
}Strong enough to conquer Europe.
—
8
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/220px-E
asternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png

}Devastation of Europe after WWII. European Great powers were exhausted.
}
}Great Britain
}Clement Attlee, prime minister - the disintegration of Britain's empire transformed global
politics.
}
}Great Britain - dependant on the USA. Great Britain could not afford financing British Empire –
Keynes estimation - £2 billions per year.
}
}1947 – India and Pakistan became independent.
}
}1949 – GB helped to establish NATO.
}
}France
}Devastated by WWII + inflation
}
}France became one of the largest recipients of U.S. Marshall Plan aid.
}
}Imprisonment of Vichy France leaders + Charles de Gaulle  in lead
}
}1946 – new constitution
}
}France was a founding member of the six-state European Coal and Steel Community in 1951.
}
}France tried to preserve its colonial Empire in Africa and regain its colonies in Indochina.
}
}
}
}
}
}
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Attlee_BW_cropped.jpg/220px-Attlee_BW_cro
pped.jpg Charles de Gaulle (1945)

}Italy
}In May 1946 King Victor Emmanuel III finally formally abdicated.
}
}Constituent Assembly was elected: the Christian Democrats, Socialists, and Communists—took 75% of
seats.
}
}Strong communist party
}
}Italy participated in Marshall plan – economic miracle in the 1950s and 1960s.
}
}Incorporated in Western institutions – 1949 NATO member, 1957 European Common Market.
}
}Japan
}Emperor Hirohito remained on the throne.
}
}U.S. occupation of Japan.
}
}Liberalization and democratization.
}
}Peace Clouse – article 9 of Constitution.
}
}1952 – Treaty of San Francisco – end of occupation.
}
}Japan – part/allied  of the West.
}
}
Map of Japan under Allied occupation #Japanese archipelago, placed under the authority of the
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, effective 1945–1952 (with the exceptions of Iwo Jima, under
US authority until 1968, and Okinawa, under US authority until 1972) #Japanese Taiwan and the
Spratly Islands, placed under the authority of China #Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands,
placed under the authority of the Soviet Union #Japanese Korea south of the 38th parallel north,
placed under the authority of the United States Army Military Government in Korea, granted
independence in 1948 as South Korea #Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under
the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration, granted independence in 1948 as North Korea
#Kwantung Leased Territory, occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to China in 1955
#South Pacific Mandate, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the Trust Territory
of the Pacific Islands in 1947
1. Map of Japan under Allied occupation Japanese archipelago, placed under the authority of the
Supreme Commander of the Allie Powers, effective 1945–1952 (with the exceptions of Iwo Jima, under
US authority until 1968, and Okinawa, under US authority until 1972)
2. Japanese Taiwan and the Spratly Islands, placed under the authority of China
3. Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands, placed under the authority of the Soviet Union
4. Japanese Korea south of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the United States
Army Military Government in Korea, granted independence in 1948 as South Korea
5. Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north, placed under the authority of the Soviet Civil
Administration, granted independence in 1948 as North Korea
6. Kwantung Leased Territory, occupied by the Soviet Union 1945–1955, returned to China in 1955
7. South Pacific Mandate, occupied by the United States 1945–1947, converted into the Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947

}This division of Germany was agreed at Yalta conference (February) ratified at the Potsdam
Conference (1945).
}
}Allied Control Council broke down in 1946–1947 due to growing tensions between the Allies.
}
}Absorption of post-war expellees.
}
}Berlin Blockade that was enforced from June 1948 to May 1949.
}
}Federal Republic of Germany – 1949
}
}German Democratic Republic - 1949
}
}5 May 1955, when the General Treaty (German: Deutschlandvertrag) entered into force.
}
}
}
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output
.legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px
0;text-align:center;border:1px solid
black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  French occupation
zone .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output
.legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px
0;text-align:center;border:1px solid
black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  British occupation
zone[a] .mw-parser-output
.legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output
.legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px
0;text-align:center;border:1px solid
black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  US occupation zone
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output
.legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px
0;text-align:center;border:1px solid
black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Soviet occupation
zone[b] .mw-parser-output
.legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output
.legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px
0;text-align:center;border:1px solid
black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Saar Protectorate
under the control of France Map of the Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany, as well as
the line of U.S. forward positions on V-E Day. The south-western part of the Soviet occupation
zone, close to a third of its overall area was west of the U.S. forward positions on V-E day.

}1911 – Chinese Revolution
}
}1921 - Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai.
}
}1931 – Japanese invaded Manchuria.
}
}1930s - Government of the Republic of China (ROC) faced the triple threat of Japanese invasion,
Communist uprising, and warlord insurrections.
}
}During World War II, popular support for the Communists increased.
}
}1946 - 1949 the two sides were fighting a full scale civil war.
}
}1949 - creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC).
}
}PRC – under late 1950s – under the influence of USSR.
}
}USA versus PRC in Korean war
}
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%87_%E8%
94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg/220px-%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E
8%AB%87_%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E8%88%87%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1.jpg
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in Chongqing in 1945.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Movement_KMTretreat.svg/220px-Movement_KM
Tretreat.svg.png
The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanking they next moved to Canton)
then to Chungking, Chengtu and finally, (Sichang) before arriving in Taipei.

}WWII promoted the institutionalization of management tools to discipline international financial
affairs.
}
}Avoid economic crisis similar to the 1930 crisis leading to WWII.
}
}Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference.
}
}International Monetary Fund (IMF) – 1945  - primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John
Maynard Keynes
}
}IMF goal: reconstructing and keeping the international payment system.
}
}
}International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (popularly known as the World Bank)
}
}1944 - along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
}
}Goal:  provide temporary loans to low-income countries which were unable to obtain loans
commercially. The Bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients
}
}General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Geneva – 1948 (in effect)
}
}"substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on
a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."
}
}

}Flashpoints: control over Germany, future of Poland, Greece and Turkey, reparations and the USSR
role in Central and Eastern Europe.
}
}Long Telegram and The Sources of Soviet Conduct - George F. Kennan.
}
}Cold War beginning?
}
}Main disputes in late 1940s
1.The Soviets’ failure to withdraw their troops from northern Iran in early 1946 (as per the terms
of the Tehran Declaration of 1943);
2.Soviet attempts to pressure the Iranian Government into granting them oil concessions while at
the same time forming irredentism by Azerbaijani separatists in northern Iran;
3.Soviet efforts to force the Turkish Government into granting them base and transit rights through
the Turkish Straits;
4.The USSR rejection of the Baruch plan for international control over nuclear energy and weapons
in June 1946.
5.The Soviet behavior in Central and Eastern Europe
}
}1947 - The Truman Doctrine – end of the US isolationism.
—
}The European Recovery Program announced in July 1947 - the Marshall Plan.
14
THE COLD WAR BEGINS. THE COLD WAR BEGINS The end of World War II led to important changes in the
world: - ppt download Could the Cold War have been averted? | Phil Ebersole's Blog

}European Recovery Program (ERP) - the Marshall Plan
}
}1948 – 1951
}
}16 European Nations, including Germany
}
}Great Britain – 26%, France - 18% and FRG – 11%
}
}Goals
}Reduction of interstate barriers
}Dropping of many regulations
}Encouraged an increase in productivity
} Adoption of modern business procedures
}
}1948 to 1952 saw the fastest period of growth in European history.
}
}Marshall Plan sped the European recovery, but did not initiate it.
}
}Paved the way for further economic and security cooperation.
}
}
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marshall_Plan.svg/350px-Marshall_Plan.svg
.png
European Recovery Program expenditures by country
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/George_C._Marshall%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_S
tate.jpg/220px-George_C._Marshall%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg
George Marshall, the U.S. Secretary of State

}Brussels Treaty was established in  March 1948.
}
}Berlin Crisis in 1948 accelerated the NATO founding.
}
}WWII bound the US and European security – 1949 – NATO.
}
}NATO was initiated by European states!
}
}12 countries - USA, Canada, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom,
Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal.
}
}The US leadership - NATO is an association of sovereign states.
}
}The decision-making process is based on consensus of all NATO members.
}
}Four purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in
Europe,  keeping a strong U.S. presence on the continent, and encouraging European political
integration.
}
}

}
}
(Hocking and Smith, p .55, changes by ZK)
Cold War system 1945-1990/91
Actors
Emergence of a global international system.
Rapid expansion of both state and non-state actors.
Ideological division decreases level of homogeneity in international system.
Stratification and structure
Emergence of two superpowers.
Emerging tripolar system in economic relations in late 1960s (USA, Western Europe, Japan)
Military stratification increases with development of nuclear weapons.
North-South divide.
Patterns of interaction
No major war between superpowers.
Nuclear weapons increase the cost of war.
Division into block in international trade and commerce.
Growth of summit and multilateral diplomacy.
Diplomacy is challenged by ideological division.
Rigid alliance systems based on ideology.
Rules and practices
A managed superpower system based on self-restraint.
Balance of power replaced by balance of terror due to nuclear weapons.
Use of superpower conferences and summits to resolve disputes.