Index
Compiled by Auriol Griffith-Jones
Note: Bold page numbers refer to boxes
acquiescence, tacit, 171 actors, 48-9, 50-3,75
consumers as, 190
and ritual, 224
and society, 84-5 adolescence, 136 aesthetics, 89 affmality, 115 Africa, 18, 32
urbanisation, 246-8, 249-50
view of self, 54
see also Congo: Kenya: Sudan age, 134-5, 215
conflict with education, 154-5 age grades and groups, 135-6 agencies, global, 298, 300 agency, 48-9, 195
and consciousness, 91-2
politics as, 167
and scale, 80 agriculture, 46
mode of production, 202-3
swidden, 70,167 aid, development, 183, 255-6 AIDS, 300 Ainu (Japan), 308-9 alliance, 118, 165
and lineage, 109,112,114,117
marriage, 112, 117 Amin, Idi, 183,249 analysis, 30-2, 35 ancestral spirits, 213, 214-15 Andersen, BJorge, 134 Anderson, Benedict, 2 78 Andes, 253 animism, 212 anomie, 62 anthropologists
attitudes to subjects, 27-9 roles of, 24-5 anthropology
American, 9, 15,232-3
figures
applied to modern societies, 29-30
British schools, 15-16, 194-5
consequences of globalisation for, 306-7
criticism of, 3 7-8
and cultural relativism, 257
defined, 1-2,4-5
effect on 'objects of study', 31-2, 257-8,259
French, 16-17, 194-5
interpretation and analysis, 30-2, 35
key debates, 88-9
Manchester School, 246, 247, 248
methodology of urban, 248-9
origins of, 9-11,232
as politics, 37-9
purpose of, 312-13
specialisations in, 18, 23, 31, 38-9, 307
terminology, 261
Victorian, 11-13
see also ethnography; urban anthropology Appadurai, Arjun, 189, 190, 192, 304,
305 Archetti, Eduardo, 181,225,255-7 Ardener, Edwin, 132-3 Arens, William, 234 artefacts, meaning of, 189-91 Asad.Talal, 169, 178 Atieno Odhiambo, E.S., 249 Augé, Marc, 225 Australia, 245 Ayodhya, India, riots, 173 Azande people (Sudan), 229-32, 295
Bachofen, J.J., 12 Baggara people (Sudan), 263 Bailey, F.G., 20, 145 Baktaman (New Guinea), 135 Bakweri (Cameroon), 136
332
Index
333
Balandier, Georges, 19 Bali, Indonesia, 1157-8, 219 Barnes, John, 78 barter, 185
Barth, Fredrik, 20, 22,146-7, 168,169 on economic changes, 187 on ethnicity, 263-4 on impression management, 52 on religion, 209 Basseri people (Iran), 209 Bastian, Adolf, 12 Bateson, Gregory, 43, 85, 194, 238
on cultural difference, 262-3 Bauman, Zygmunt, 304 Baumann, Gerd, 303-4 behaviour, 40-1, 48 Beidelman, T.O., 138-9, 213 Benedict, Ruth, 14, 34 Bergen, Norway, 249 Berger, Peter, 86 Bergson, Henri, 242 Bernstein, Basil, 87 Berreman, Gerald, 147 'big men', 164
acquisition of power, 166, 168 Bisipara, Orissa (eastern India), 145-6,
155 Bloch, Maurice, 92, 124, 221-3 Boas, Franz, 13-14, 20, 195 body, anthropology of the, 56-7, 134 Bohannan, Laura, 118,187 Bohannan, Paul, 187 Bolivia, 273 Bombay (Mumbai), 145 Borofsky, Robert, 91 Bororo people (Amazon), 228, 236-7 Boserup, Ester, 127 boundaries, 275, 292, 309 Bourdieu, Pierre, 154,183, 185, 190 and'habitus', 91-2 on language, 242,243 theory of cultural classes, 153-4 Bremnes, Norway, networks in, 78, 98 bricolage, 239-40 bridewealth, 109-10 Brown, Donald, 5 Buddhism, caste in, 143, 147 Burroughs, William, 44 Burundi, 173,175
cannibalism, 234 capitalism, 176-8,298
and class, 151-2
commodity exchange, 179, 184
and consumption, 177 mode of production, 201, 204-7 cargo cults, 250-1 Caribbean, 303 class in, 270-1 see also Trinidad Carrithers, Michael, 5, 40 Case Noyale, Mauritius, 79-80 caste
and ethnicity, 2 70 in non-Hindu societies, 143, 149 and social mobility, 145-6 caste system
India, 19,142-50 PathansofSwat, 146-7 Castells, Manuel, 79 Chagnon, Napoleon, 71, 111, 204 change, 60, 92, 25,0-1, 256-7 economic, 187-9 and globalisation, 294 revolutionary, 64, 155 chiefs, role of, 164 children, 118-19, 135 labour power of, 108 life stages, 61, 63, 64,136 and personhood, 54 socialisation of, 60-3,102, 136-7 see also rites of passage Chomsky, Noam, 23, 44 Christianity, 60, 209, 212-13, 214, 220
and cargo cults, 251 clan, 102, 104-5 class
criteria for rank, 154-5 'cultural', 152-4 endogamy, 98 and ethnicity, 270-1 social, 142, 150-2 class theory, Marxist, 150, 151 Classen, Constance, 47 classification, 44, 233, 235 anomalies of, 235-6, 265 natural symbols, 236 totemic, 236-8 Clastres, Pierre, 170 climate, 197-8 climatic determinism, 193 cognitive anthropology, 21-3 Cohen, Abner, 247-8, 268, 303 Cohen, David William, 249 collectivism, 84, 85-6, 198 colonialism, 11,187, 258 end of, 18,252
and post-colonial state, 170-1 and response to modernisation, 250-1
334
Small Places, Large Issues
colonisation, 253 Colson, Elizabeth, 20 commodification, 189-90 commodity exchange, 179, 184 communication, 90, 297
see also Internet; language communities, local, 58-9 comparison, 4, 5, 30, 36 Condorcet, Marquis de, 10 conflict, 151, 163
see also war Congo, 170-1,172,308 Connerton, Paul, 90 consumption, 176, 177, 298
conspicuous, 153, 177, 308 Cook, Captain James, 232-3 corporations, 49 Corsica, 118 creolisation, 252, 298 Csordas, Thomas, 56
cultural anthropology, American, 9, 20-1 cultural complexity, 252-3 cultural ecology, 14, 21, 194-5, 236
and Marxism, 195-7 cultural evolution, 195 cultural relativism, 7, 18, 22, 255, 312
Boas and, 13-14, 20, 195 cultural variation, 229, 262-3, 309-11 culture, 3-4, 44
and class differentiation, 153-4
and consumption, 176, 309
and ecology, 45-6
and gender, 131-2
globalisation of, 294, 296-7
as human characteristic, 41-2, 43-4
and identity, 307-8, 309-10
and multiculturalism, 280-1
and nature, 32, 46, 48
and transmission of knowledge, 200-1
'Western', 302
Dalits (Untouchables), 144, 150 Daly, Martin, 106 DaMatta, Roberto, 225 dance
Kálela, 247, 248
and ritual, 223, 225 Darwin, Charles, 12-13, 42, 195 Darwinian social science, 106 Das, Veena, 258-9 Davis, John, 191 Dawkins, Richard, 105 de-territorialisation, 305-6 de-tribalisation, 247
death, 139-40 deduction, 28 demography see population dependency, mutual, 79 dependency theory, 205 descent
and alliance theory, 112, 114, 117
matrilineal, 96, 97, 99,101-2,103
mixed, 265
patrilineal, 96, 97, 99,100-1 description, 35 development aid, 183, 255-6 dichotomies, 305 Diderot, Denis, 10 diffusionism, 13
Dinka (southern Sudan), 163, 296 division of labour, 60, 79, 124, 141
and caste system, 143, 144-5
gender in, 126-8,130
and kinship, 9 5
and modes of production, 202-3
Yanomamö, 71 divorce, 109 Dogon (Mali), 74, 100-1, 295-6
village organisation, 69-70, 72, 76, 77,152 Douglas, Mary, 22, 57, 232, 236
group and grid, 82-4 dowry, 109 Dumont, Louis, 19, 55, 148
on caste, 147, 151 Durkheim, Emile, 16, 74, 84, 210-11
on classification, 233, 237 dyadic relationships, 64
ecology, 46, 48, 193-4, 298
and culture, 45-6, 194-7
and system theory, 194 economy, 176-8,298
among Tiv, 186-7
mixed, 205-7
monetary, 144
and political power, 167
and society, 178-81
see also capitalism; exchange; labour; production ecosystems, human modifications,
199-200 Ecuador, 255-6, 257 education, state systems, 70, 278, 279 Edwards, Jeanette, 5 7 Eidheim, Harald, 266 Ekholm Friedman, Kajsa, 170-1, 172 emic (native's perspective), 36, 91
Index
emotions, social construction of, 239
empiricism,^©
endogamy, 94-5, 112
class, 98, 112 Engels, Friedrich, 12 environment, 298 Epstein, A.L., 20 equality
gender, 129-30 social, 120, 150,155 ethics, 2 7-8 Ethiopia, 283,296 ethnic anomalies, 265 ethnic revitalisation, 304, 309 ethnic symbolism, 247 ethnicity, 261-74
and cultural difference, 262-4 identity and organisation, 267-9 and minorities, 279, 282 and nationalism, 275-6, 281-2 and rank, 269-71 segmentary identities, 272 situational, 266-7 stereotypes, 264-6 ethnocentrism, problem of, 6-8, 34 Ethnographic Atlas, 108 ethnographic present, 32-3 ethnography, 31,33-4
description and analysis, 35 etic (analytical perspective), 36 European Union, conflicting loyalties
165 Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 4, 16, 19-20 34 164 onfieldwork, 26 on religion, 209, 211 study of Nuer, 114, 161-2, 163-4 on witchcraft, 229-31, 243 evolution cultural, 195 social, 11 evolutionism, 11-12, 17 exchange, 191-2
British cultural repertoire, 192 and counter-prestation, 181-2 market, 183, 184-5, 191 exchange systems
marriage alliances, 112 moiety, 110-11 Tiv, 186-7
Trobriand, 102,178-81 exchange value, 185-6 exile, 304-5 exogamy, 95, 118
33
false consciousness i6i Feld, Steven, 47, 299 Feldman, Allan, 172
feminist anthropology 22 sq feuds, 109, 163               ' 89
Feyerabend, Paul, 232 fieldwork, 4, 18,24-5 27 30~ participant observation,'25-7 sx techniques and methods 25-8 see also ethnography Fiji, Indian diaspora, I49
Firth, Raymond, 16,20 30 34 ?■; flags, 234, 237                u-^,/:>
food, 40-1,177, 234 football, 225-6 Fortes, Meyer, 16, 19, 114 Foucault, Michel, 90 France
anthropological tradition, 10 16-1 7
19,194-5 'cultural class' theory, 153-4 Frazer, James, 12 Freeman, Derek, 62 French Revolution, 64, 155 Friedman, Jonathan, 307, 308 Fuglerud, 0ivind, 306 Fulani nomads (Sahel), 65-7 66 69 71-2,76,296 household viability, 66-7, 199 functionalism, 15, 85
see also structural functionalism Fur people (Sudan), 187, 263, 296
Galey, Jean-Claude, 258 game theory, 169 Ganadabamba, Peru, 206-7 Gandhi, Mahatma, 150 Geertz, Clifford, 1, 33-4, 198 on climatic difference, 197-8 cultural relativism, 3,21-2 on kinship, 118
on religion and ritual, 211,215,216 219-20 Gellner, Ernest, 275, 2 76-9, 277 Gemeinschaft (community), 11, 50 gender, 125-6, 128-33
and division of labour, 126-8 and ethnicity, 2 71 and ideological myth, 125, 128 and kinship, 122-3 see also women genealogies, construction of, 98, 100,118 genetic difference, 42, 43 genetics, 105-6
336
Small Places, Large Issues
Gennep, Arnold van, 16-17, 137 Germany
early anthropology, 10-11 Volkskunde tradition, 11, 18 Gesellschaft (society), 11, 50 Giddens, Anthony, 86, 303, 304 gifts, 181-4
see also exchange 'global village', 307 globalisation, 3,188-9,204, 294-5 dimensions of, 297-300 homogenisation and differentiation,
309-10 and local cultures, 307-8 local interpretations of, 300-1 theory, 13 'glocaľ, 302
Gluckman, Max, 20, 216-17, 246 Godelier, Maurice, 21 Goffman, Erving, 51-2 Goody, Jack, 240-1 Great Britain, 303
anthropological traditions, 1-6,
22-3 see also London Griaule, Marcel, 17 Grillo, Ralph, 279 group and grid, 81-4, 82 group membership, 76 Guatemala, 248,267 guinea-pigs, 255-6 Gulf War, 300-1 Gullestad, Marianne, 248-9 Guyana, Indian diaspora, 149 Gypsies, 265
Haaland, Gunnar, 263
Habermasjürgen, 189
habitus (Bourdieu), 91-2
Handelman, Don, 268-9
Harris, Marvin, 36, 204, 234
Harris, Olivia, 252-3
Harrison, Simon, 269
Hastrup, Kirsten vii, 32
Hausa people (Ibadan), 247-8, 296
Hawaii, 232-3
Heraclitus, 86
Herder, Johann Gottlieb von, 10-11
Herero people (Namibia), 103-4
hermeneutics (interpretive method), 21,
198 Herodotus, 9-10 hierarchies, 124, 148 and religion, 218-19
Hinduism, 173,212,213
caste system, 142,143-4,150
and ethnicity, 268
politicised, 291-2 historical particularism, 14 history
in ethnographic research, 32-3, 89
native versions of, 259
political use of, 173, 273, 291
writing to construct, 241 Hobbes, Thomas, 10 Holy, Ladislav, 74, 84, 106, 121-2, 134 homeblindness, 30 homosexuality, 106,134 Hopi (North American Indians), 129-30,
227 horticulture, 127-8, 202 Horton, Robin, 215 household, 64-7,103
and kinship, 68-9
viability of, 66-7,199 human rights, 174-5 Hume, David, 10
hunters and gatherers, 45-6, 126-7, 202 Huntingdon, Ellsworth, 193 Hviding, Edvard, 308
Iatmul (New Guinea), 292 identity, 121,272,292-3
cultural, 303-4, 309-10
self-, 134, 190 identity politics, 291-2 ideology, 160-1,275
and ritual, 218-20, 224
and stereotypes, 2 6 5-6 imperialism, 252 impression management, 51 incest, 94,118 Inden, Ronald, 258 indentureship, 149 India, 55, 258-9, 282
caste system, 19,142-50
modern, 148,150 Indian diaspora, 149 indigenous peoples, 287-9, 290
and globalisation, 295 individualism, 57, 84, 85-6, 198 Indonesia, 197 induction, 28 industrial societies, 83, 203
and nationalism, 276-9 information technology, 57, 200-1
money as, 188-9 Ingold, Tim, 88-9, 200
Index
inheritance^ 6X7,103,119,140 interaction, 4É internalisation, 62-3 Internet, 80-1,290, 297 interpretation and analysis, 30-2, 35 Islam, 212, 296 Italy, 272
jajmani system, 144-5, 146
James, William, 12
Japan, 196, 308-9
jati (caste groups), 143-4,148
John Frum movement, 251
Kabyle Berbers (Algeria), 183, 242 Kachin (upperBurma), 85, 112, 217-19,
263 Kaguru (Tanzania), 138-9, 212, 213-14 Kálela dance, 247, 248, 264 Kapferer, Bruce, 173, 219-20 Karam (New Guinea), 235 Kariéra (central Australia), 110, 117 Kenya, 206, 249-50 Kerala, India, 147 Kertzer, David, 171,225 Khaldun.Ibn, 10 kinship, 12, 95, 96, 97-8, 117-19
atom, 115
bilateral, 78, 98,100
and biology, 105-6
and bureaucracy, 119-20
cognatic, 97, 98, 100,114
and corporate groups, 95-6
elementary and complex structures, 114-15
and gender, 122-3
and household, 68-9
ideology of, 277-8
matrilineal, 96, 97, 99, 101-2, 103
as metaphor, 120-1
patrilineal, 96, 97, 99,100-1
and segmentary oppositions, 164, 165
and social integration, 71-2
as universal, 118-19, 121-2
see also lineage; marriage kinship systems, 54, 93,114-15,118
Mbuti, 45
Yanomamö, 71 'kinshipology', 93 Kipling, Rudyard, 11, 40 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 3 Knauft, Bruce, 9, 173 knowledge, 38,91
and classification, 233,235
culturally constructed, 231-2 and power, 89-90, 243-4 and religion, 209-10, 226
transmission of, 87, 89-90 9l_? 200-1 knowledge systems, 22 Knudsen, Anne, 118 Kolenda, Pauline, 147-8 Kopytoff, Igor, 190,214 Kroeber, Alfred, 3, 4, 14, 20, 87
on caste, 147
on culture, 74 Kuhn, Thomas, 38 Kuper, Adam, 4, 117, 195 Kuwait, 302 Kwakiutl groups (north-western North
America), 182 Kymlicka, Will, 280
labour
migrant, 301-2, 308 price of, 205
wagework, 207-8, 246-7, 298 labour markets, 70, 279
see also division of labour Labov, William, 87,89 Lan, David, 248 land rights, 288
language, 15,44-5, 88, 91, 278 games, 231-2 internalised, 62 manipulation of, 243 national, 2 79
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 14, 227-8 skills, 87, 89 and writing, 240-1 Latin America, 18 Leach, Edmund R„ 20, 85, 181,218,224
on Kachin, 217-19 Leach, J.W„ 250 Lee, Richard, 127 Leenhardt, Maurice, 17 Lele (Zaire), 235,236 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 1, 116, 234, 259, 310 kinship systems, 114-15,116, 182-3 La Pensée sauvage, 238-40 structuralism, 19,116 on totemism, 237 levirate, 109
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien, 17, 228 Lienhardt, Godfrey, 29, 55 life stages, 63-4,136 see also rites of passage
338
Small Places, Large Issues
liminality, 137, 138, 139
see also rites of passage lineage, 69, 72,100, 101, 102
and alliances, 109
and clan, 104-5
and political power, 162-3
and rank difference, 112
see also descent; kinship; marriage linguistics, 23 Löfgren, Orvar, 301 London, 286-7, 287 Lowie, Robert, 14 Luckmann, Thomas, 86 Lukács, György, 189 Lukes, Steven, 159
Maasai (Kenya and Tanzania), 63, 108-9
Macintyre, Alasdair, 210, 280
McLuhan, Marshall, 307
Madagascar, 221-3
Maine, Henry, 11, 50
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 13, 15, 34, 125
on fieldwork, 26-7
work in Trobriand Islands, 15, 178-9, 237,294 Malkki, Liisa, 173 Malthus, Thomas, 196 marriage, 70-1,108-9,139,188
bilateral cross-cousin, 110-11, 111
and moiety systems, 110-11
parallel cousin, 96, 101
prescriptive and preferential rules of, 115-17
and rank difference, 112
rites of, 139, 140
see also kinship; lineage Marx,Karl, 12, 53, 84, 87
on commodiflcation, 189
on senses, 47, 243-4
theory of social classes, 150 Marxism, 21, 201, 215, 223
and cultural ecology, 195-7 Marxist anthropology, 14, 20, 89 matriarchy, original, 125 matrifocality, 103
matrilineal descent, 96, 97, 99, 101-2, 103
and gender equality, 129 Mauritius, 80, 226, 254, 264
ethnicity in, 149, 268, 269-71, 270, 272,281
see also Casa Noyale Mauss, Marcel, 13, 16-17, 55, 233
on gifts, 181-3
Mbuti pygmies (Congo), 45-6, 199
Mead, Margaret, 14, 61
media, 278, 300
medical anthropology, 57, 255
medicine, 226, 253-4
Meillassoux, Claude, 21, 46
Melanesia
cargo cults, 250-1
political integration, 165-7
view of self, 54-5
warfare in, 173, 175 memory, 87, 90
Merina people (Madagascar), 221-3 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 56 metaphor and metonym, 2 3 7-8 Mexico, 284 Middle East, 95, 137 migration, 286-7, 301-2, 306 millenarian movements, 251 Miller, Daniel, 80, 81, 190 Miller, Solomon, 206 minorities, 279, 282, 284-6
and migrants, 286-7 Mintz, Sidney, 21
Mitchell, J. Clyde, 20, 247, 264, 266 mobility
between castes, 145-6
between social classes, 142, 271
geographical, 278, 303 modernity and modernisation, 29,259, 290-1,297,302,310-11
and nationalism, 275-6
see also change; globalisation; societies, modern Moerman, Michael, 263 money, 179, 185-6,298
general purpose, 187-8
special purpose, 247 Montaigne, Michel de, 10 Montesquieu, Baron de, 10, 193 Moore, Henrietta, 133-4 moral economy, 186, 188 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 11-12, 14-15 Morocco, 197, 198 Morris, Brian, 56 multiculturalism, 7, 280-1 multivocality of symbols, 220-1 Mumford, Lewis, 242 Mundurucú people (Amazon), 127-8,
160,295 Murphy, Robert and Yolanda, 127, 295 music, global, 299 myths
and history, 259
Index
ideological, 128, 272-3 of originľYT^-S, 292-3 and ritual, 219
names, personal, 56 Nash, Manning, 267 nation-state, 278,279 nationalism, 121,275
and ethnicity, 275-6, 281-2, 284 and industrial society, 2 76-9 long-distance, 306 and modernity, 275-6 power assymetries, 282-4 nature, 46, 193-4
and culture, 32, 46, 48, 131-2 and society, 41-4 Nayar people (Malabar coast), 103 Ndembu (Zambia), 137, 220-1 Needham, Rodney, 116-17 neo-evolutionism, 14 neo-imperialism, 252 nepotism, 119 networks, 77-9, 131, 306 non-localised, 80-1 social, 248 Nevis, 303
New Guinea, 54, 113, 137, 191,295 clans, 105, 114 ritual in, 217
see also Baktaman; Iatmul; Karam; Ningerum; Tsembaga NGOs, 273, 298, 300 Nigeria, 187 see also Tiv Ningerum people (New Guinea), 254 norms, 84, 158 internalised, 62 and sanctions, 74 and social control, 59-60 Northern Ireland, 172-3 North-South contacts, 252-3 Norway, 181, 266-7, 306 nationalism, 276 see also Sami Nuer (southern Sudan), 158, 272, 296 conflict, 163-4 political organisation, 161-3 religion, 211,212 rites of passage, 137 segmentary clan, 104-5, 114
Obeyesekere, Gananath, 232-3 Olwig, Karen Fog, 303 Olympic Games, 300
3 Ong, Walter, 47 'Oriental despotism', 200 orientalism, 258,259 Ortner, Sherry, 131 Orwell, George, 243
Pacific, 18 paganism, 209
Pakistanis in Britain, 282 287 30O-1
pangolin, 235, 265         '
Papua New Guinea, 295
Paris, 308
Park, Robert, 194
Parsons, Talcott, 120
particularism, 6, 14, 121
of women, 133 pastoralists, 203 Pathans (Swat valley), 104, 158, lf,8
caste system, 146-7 patrilineal descent, 96, 97, 99 100-1
162                         '
peasants, 152,203,206 and capitalism, 207-8 Pehrson, Robert N., 74 personhood, 54-6
see also self Peru, 206-7. 271 Pfaffenberger, Bryan, 200-1 Pike, Kenneth, 35 Pinker, Steven, 44 Polanyi, Karl, 184 political anthropology, 5 7 political integration, 165-6, 168 political power, 69, 158 resistance to, 160, 171-2 and tacit acquiescence, 171-2 political systems, 157-8,167-8 political violence, 172-3,174,175 politics
of anthropology, 37-9 of ethnicity, 267, 273-4 global integration of, 298 polyandry and polygyny, 108 Polynesia, 165, 166-7, 181
cargo cults, 250-1 Popper, Karl, 38 population levels, 196, 199-200
and urbanisation, 245-6 Portugal, 130-1,213 potlatch, 182 poverty, 251 power, 53,158, 166 assymetries of, 282-4 and choice, 158-9
340
Small Places, Large Issues
power continued
and globalisation, 310
and kinship, 119, 166
and knowledge, 89-90, 243-4
and legitimation, 160
and powerlessness, 159-60,169
and sanctions, 59-60
and social differentiation, 15 5-6
and subordination of women, 125-6, 128-33 Pratt, Mary Louise, 47 'pre4ogicalmind', 228-9 'primitive mind', 17 production
modes of, 151-2,204-8
systems of, 201-4 property, and class, 150, 151 Puerto Rico, 151-2,153
race, 42
endogamy, 112 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 13,15-16, 73,
115,237 Rappaport, Roy, 21,216 rationality, 228-9, 231, 256
economic, 178-84 reciprocity, 115-16, 182-4, 185, 191-2 Redfield, Robert, 20, 212 redistribution, 70,184-5,186 reflexivity (self-consciousness), 91-2,
134 religion, 85, 130, 209, 210, 214
and knowledge, 209-10, 226
oral and written, 211-13
and ritual, 215-16, 225
social function of, 73-4, 124, 211 religious cults, 70 Renteln, Alison Dundes, 174 research, 28, 31 Richards, Audrey, 16 Riegelhaupt, Joyce, 130 rights and duties, 49 rites of passage, 45, 63-4, 137-9, 140-1 ritual, 90, 215-16, 224
anthropology of, 18, 22
complexity of, 221-3
and ideology, 218-20, 224
and integration, 216-18
political, 224-5
of sports, 225-6
see also religion ritual purity, 143, 144 ritual symbolism, 216, 220-1 Rivers, W.H.R., 13
role
enactment, 50-3
and status, 49-50 role theory, 51-2, 53,54, 55 Romania, 282 Romanticism, 124, 275 Rorty, Richard, 280 Rostow, Walt, 252 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10 Rushdie, Salman, 304 Russell, Bertrand, 53 Russia, 178
Sade, Marquis de, 193 Sahlins, Marshall, 21, 22, 166, 180,195, 259
on cannibalism, 234
on Captain Cook, 232-3
on culture, 307-8
on economic organisation, 178,181, 184-5, 191
rejection of sociobiology, 105-6 Said, Edward, Orientalism, 258 Saloio, Portugal, 130-1 Sami (northern Scandinavia), 74, 214, 261,266-7
ethnic organisation, 285, 288-9, 290 Samoa, 61, 62
San hunters (Kalahari), 68, 100, 127 sanctions, 50, 59-60,174 sanskritisation, 144, 145 sapeurs (from Congo), 308 Sapir, Edward, 14, 227
see also Whorf hypothesis Sartre, Jean-Paul, 51, 201, 259 scale, 58, 59, 79-80, 248 Scandinavia, 140
see also Norway; Sami Schapera, Isaac, 16 science, 231 Scott, James, 160
segmentary oppositions, 163-5, 272 self, 54-5
public and private, 55-6 senses, 47 sexualities, 133-4 shamans, 212 Shankman, Paul, 234 shopping, 190-1 Shore, Cris, 272 Siaya, Kenya, 249-50 Sjöberg, Katarina, 308-9 Skálnik, Peter, 167 Slater, Don, 80, 81
Index
slavery, 160 smell, 47   "\/-' Smith, Adam, 10 Smith, Robertson, 12 social anthropology, 2, 88, 89 social control, 59-60, 82-3 social conventions, 41, 52-3 social inequality, 89, 124-5
see also caste; class social integration, 71-2, 184 social networks, 77-9 social organisation, 73-7, 84, 242 institutions, 60, 64, 73, 85 and knowledge, 243-4 see also household; nations; villages social relations, in capitalism, 207-8 social theory, 31 socialisation, 60-3, 136 societies, 2, 50,240 'acephalous', 158 industrial, 83,203,276-9 power in, 53, 158 power of sanctions, 59-60 societies, modern, 29-30, 76, 119-20, 134-5 class theory in, 152-4 political power, 157,160-1 rites of passage, 140-1 scale of, 248 time in, 242-3 and traditionalism, 259-60 society, concept of, 4 sociobiology, 105-6,195 'sociologism', 313 sociology, 5,13,16,29 Solomon islanders, 308 Sophists, 9, 10 South America, 173 South Korea, 310 Spencer, Herbert, 84 Sperber, Dan, 90 sports, ritual in, 225-6 Sri Lanka, 143, 147, 173, 219, 306 Srinivas, M.N., 143 states, 170, 278,297-8 education, 70, 278, 279 and kinship, 121
political violence, 172-3, 174,175 postcolonial, 170-1 and ritual, 224-5 status, 120
achieved, 50, 125, 160-1, 166 ascribed, 50,124-5,142 and role, 49-50, 51
341 Stenning, Derrick J„ 65-7 stereotypes, 264-7
Stewardjulian, 20-1 I94 1Q~ stigma, 267               '       '     3
Stoller, Paul, 47
Strathem, Marilyn, 48, 54-s 1?r i,-, 181                            3-^b,I37,
structural-functionalism,15_]ft 10 1n 84_5                            lf). 19-20,
structuralism, 19, 116 structure, duality of, 85-7 Stuchlík, Milan, 74, 84 succession, 96-7 Sudan, 296
see also Azande; Baggara; Dinka-Fulani; Fur; Nuer superstition, 209, 231 Suriname, Indian diaspora, 149 Sussman, Linda, 226 Swaziland, 216 symbolic anthropology, 21-3 symbolism, ethnic, 247 symbols, 153, 216, 220-1
appropriation of, 269
cultural, 248
natural, 236
see also ritual system theory, and ecology, 194
Tallensi (Ghana), 82, 83, 114 Tambiah, Stanley, 283 Taussig, Michael, 173 Taylor, Charles, 280 technology, 127,196, 297
and ecological modification, 199-200 as knowledge, 200-1 writing as, 240-1 Terray, Emmanuel, 21 theatre, 223 theory, and data, 28-9 thought
mental unity of humanity, 229 'pre-Iogicaľ, 228-9 'undomesticateď, 238-40 time, abstract, 241-2 Tinker, Hugh, 149 Tiv people (Nigeria), 1, 118, 186-7,
188-9 Todorov, Tzvetan, 258 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 11, 50 Torres Straits expedition, 13 totems, 236-8 tourism, 294, 301 traditionalism, 259-60, 276, 306
342
translation, problem of, 34-5, 36, 227-8 Trinidad, 214,265,271
Indian diaspora in, 149, 289-90
Internet use, 80, 81,290 Trobriand Islands, 102, 189
exchange systems, 102, 179-80, 185
kulatxa.de, 178-81
Malinowski's work in, 15, 125, 178-9
and modernisation, 250, 296
totemism, 237
yam exchange, 102, 179-80 Tsembaga Maring (New Guinea), 216-17,
295 Turnbull, Colin, 136 Turner, Victor, 20, 22, 138, 216
rites of passage, 13 7-8
on ritual symbolism, 220-1 Tylor, Edward, 12,210
Uganda, 249 United Nations, 298 United States, 248,267
anthropology in, 9, 15, 20-1
ethnomethodology, 91 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 59 universals, 5-6, 118-19, 120-1, 133 urban anthropology, 20, 25, 248-9 urbanisation, 245-8, 249-50, 264
and Hindu caste system, 144-5, 148
value
exchange, 185-6
hierarchies, 148
regimes of, 190 van der Veer, Peter, 173 varna system of castes, 143-4 Vico, Giambattista, 10 villages, 69-71, 75
social integration in, 71-2 violence
family, 106
political, 172-3,174, 175 virilocality, 74-5, 101, 102
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 204-5 Wallman, Sandra, 286
Small Places, Large Issues
war, 71, 173,175
ethnic, 261-2, 273
protein deficiency and, 204 Weber, Max, 53, 84, 119-20, 259, 310
definition of power, 158-9
on nationalism, 275
on social stratification, 147, 151 Weiner, Annette, 31, 102, 125, 181,
183-4 Welsh, Robert, 254 Werbner, Pnina, 300-1 West Indies, 68-9, 72, 76 White, Leslie, 21,194,195 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 14, 227 Whorf hypothesis, 14, 227-8, 232 Wilson, Edward O., 105 Wilson, Godfrey, 246, 247 Wilson, Margo, 106 Wilson, Richard, 174-5, 248 Winch, Peter, 231 Winner, Langdon, 200 witchcraft, 229-31-Wittfogel, Karl, 200 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 231-2 Wolf, Eric, 21, 151-2, 153, 259 women, 101, 186
and household stability, 67, 68
in kinship systems, 102-3, 122-3
and marriage, 108-9
and nature, 131-2
social roles of, 132-3
subordination of, 128-33
see also gender; matrilineal descent Worsley, Peter, 244, 253 writing, as technology, 240-1
Yanomamö (Amazon), 95, 158, 204, 279,282 and globalisation, 295 kinship system, 117 moiety (marriage) exchange, 110-11 villages, 70-1, 76
Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), 246
Zimbabwe, 248
Zuňi (Pueblo) Indians, 55
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