From 1945 up to the disintegration of Yugoslavia BALKAN POLITICS VĚRA STOJAROVÁ STOJAROVA@FSS.MUNI.CZ After WWII uMain resistence AVNOJ – antifascist council for national liberation of Yugoslavia uLeader Tito uRecognized montenegrin and macedonian nation u1945 elections manipulated, People´s Front 90% of the votes u1946 new constitution drafted after the Soviet one uPost-war Yugoslavia produced as many as four constitutions – in 1946, 1953, 1963 and 1974, The whole system was getting more and more difficult u u Regional hegemon uRegional hegemon – integration of Albania into Yugoslavia? uYugoslav support for Greek communists in Greek Civil War uYugoslav hoped that Greek threat would lead Albania into Yugoslavia u uFederation with Bulgaria? Suggested by Stalin uTito-Stalin split – Stalin´s letters 1948 uAt least one failed attempt for military coup supported by Soviets uLets poison Tito uTitoists!!! – Koci Xoxe, Rudolf Slánský, Laszlo Rajk, Traicho Kostov uTito cut off support to greek communists 1949 uSharp antagonism with Albania after Tito-Stalin split u Foreign policy of Tito u u uEast and West uThirld World countries – Non-Aligned Movement Tito, Nasser and Nehru on the cover of Nesvrstani (The Non-Aligned... | Download Scientific Diagram 1974 constitution •Right for nationality, use of mother language, yugoslav as well as republican citizenship •Each republic had a right to cesede •The state property was changed into social property u Political map of six republics comprising the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Croatian spring 1967-71 and Croatian silence 1971-1980´s uCroatian language uDemands for increased autonomy uPatriotic songs uCroatian culture uPlans for increased representation of Croatia-related materials in the school curriculum uCalls measures to address the overrepresentation of Serbs in key positions in Croatia uIncreased tensions between croats and serb u1968 Student demonstrations in belgrade u1972 oil crisis, IMF debt u1974 constitution uFranjo Tudjman imprisoned for nationalist activities uVice Vukov (Zvona moga grada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzdp-ZU_kcE) had to emigrate (Tvoja zemlja https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cE_z8mSZ8qQ) uSignificance of catholic church in croatian identity uCult of Mary as croatian symbol uSuppressed and purges out of Communist Party of Croatia uLeague of Communists of Slovenia also suppressed Photograph of the front page of the Telegram newspaper Albanian nationalism u1944-48 – good relations Tirana and Belgrade, pan-balkan federation? u1948 Tito quarrel with Moscow and Hoxha on Russian side uKosovo republic? Why Montenegro and not Kosovo? u1968 autonomous region, assimilation of Albanians u1968 demonstrations for unification with Albania u1970s albanian language promoted, Albanians in state structures, Albanian university, u1977 autonomous province uDecline of serbs, migration of Serbs vs natality of Albanians u1981 Albanian revolt suppressed u1986 limitations of kosovo autonomy u1990 declaration of independence of Kosovo uPeacefull and armed resistence uVendettas and kanun u1998-99 escalation of the conflict https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LockInTower.jpg/220px-LockInTower.jpg Kosovo imam becomes local hero for ending blood feuds - YouTube Death of Tito 4.5.1980 uState funeral uIMF debt uTensions uMost attended state funeral in history –128 countries out of the 154 UN members at the time were represented, delegates from seven multilateral organizations, six movements and 40 political parties. uRecession, inflation uSeries of wars Prior to the collapse ua regional industrial power and an economic success. u1960 to 1980, annual (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent, and life expectancy was 72 years. uYugoslavia's armed forces were amongst the best-equipped in Europe uEast and west uThird World leader uBuffer zone between west and ussr uStruggle between unitarists and federalists u 1973 oil crisis, economic growth curbed, heavy IMF debt u1981, Yugoslavia had incurred $19.9 billion in foreign debt. uAnother concern was the unemployment rate, at 1 million by 1980. u"unproductiveness of the South" nostalgia3.jpg the 1980´s in Europe uPope Jan Paul II uMikhail Gorbatshov uTschernobyl uRound tables in Poland uBut Živkov in BGR since 1964, Kadar in Hungary since 1964, Hoxha in Alb since 1944, Ceausescu in Romania since 1964 u Die Katastrophe im AKW Tschernobyl – BUND e.V. Serbian Nationalism in the 1980´s/1990´s uMemorandum of SANU uSaint Sava uParačinovo killing uPoisoning of Albanian children uSpeech of Slobodan Miloševic at Kosovo polje 1987 "You will not be beaten„ u1989 Gazimestan speech (0.5-2 mil. People)- victimisation of Serbs, uGreater Serbia uVojislav Šesejl uDobrica Cosic, history of Serbia fulled with suffering u Soubor:Cathedral of Saint Sava, Belgrade by night.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_Greater_Serbia_%28in_Yugoslavia%29 .svg/1024px-Map_of_Greater_Serbia_%28in_Yugoslavia%29.svg.png Slobodan Milošević uHigh ranking communist uLeader of Socialist party of Serbia uPresident of serbia 1989-1997 uPresident of federal republic of yugoslavia 1997-2000 uCommunism to nationalism uAuthoritarian rule, police brutality uGuilty for the wars uMeetings with Tudjman to divide BiH uICTY, ICJ, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide ucalled for political change to reduce the autonomy, protect minority Serb rights, and initiate a strong crackdown on separatism in Kosovo. uExtradited to ICTY in 2001 u2006 found dead in the cell Anti-bureaucratic revolution u1988 and 1989 uThe protests overthrew the government of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro as well as the governments of the Serbian provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, and replaced them with allies of Milošević, thereby creating a dominant voting bloc within the Yugoslav presidency council Slobodan Milošević - Novinky Vojvodina uWide autonomy uMulti-cultural melting pot uNo national tensions (exception flow of Kosovo Serbs) uSerbianisation, ban of hungarian language u1988 Change in leadership from multnational to serbian uWar in Croatia and first flow of Hungarians to Hungary uRevision of Trianon Treaty – voices coming from Hungary Hipsterská metropole Balkánu. Novi Sad překvapí gastronomií i památkami - iDNES.cz https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vojvodina-Ethnic-2011-op.GIF/1024px-Vojvo dina-Ethnic-2011-op.GIF Multiparty elections1990 uNationalist platforms uNationalists won over re-branded communists in Sl, Cr, BiH uRe-branded communists won in Serbia, Montenegro uAccusation of Slovenes and Croats that they support „genocide in Kosovo“ Ten day war uSlovenian war for independence u25 June 1991 uSlovenian Territorial defence and JNA uEthnically homogenous uPropaganda: case of a "David versus Goliath" struggle between an emerging democracy and an authoritarian communist state, uTanks as in Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 - sympathy Why so many wars? uCompeting projects Greater Croatia, Greater Serbia, Greater Albania…. uWWII uPan-Slavism, Kingdom of Croats, Slovenes and Serbs, domination of Serbs, different concepts uBadinter Arbitration Comittee u Nationalism in the 1990´s in Croatia uSerbs 12.2% but 17.7% of appointed officials in Croatia, including police, were Serbs. umany Serbs employed in the public sector, especially the police, were fired and replaced by Croats. uFranjo Tudjman remarks, i.e. "Thank God my wife is not a Jew or a Serb", uMilošević's media :new "Ustashe state". uHelmut Kohl and Slobodan Milosevic in TV: accusing the two of plotting "a Fourth Reich".[ u šahovnica (Croatian checkerboard), kuna uNew constitution: define Croatia as "the national state of the Croatian nation and a state of members of other nations and minorities who are its citizens: Serbs ... who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality War in Croatia – 1991-1995 uWar for independence, Homeland War, Greater serbian aggression uCivil war vs war between states uCroats want to leave, Serbs want to stay u25. june 1991 declaration of independence uRepublika Srpska Krajina uOperation Storm, Operation Flash 1995 u1998 UN transitional authority for Eastern Slavonia integrated into croatia u u Mapa Slavonia.svg Serbian forces uJNA uParamilitaries responsible for massacres uWhite Eagles uSerbian Volunteer Guard uArkanovi Tigrovi, delije uVolunteers from Russia uBy 1991, the JNA officer corps was dominated by Serbs and Montenegrins; they were overrepresented in Yugoslav federal institutions, especially the army. 57.1% of JNA officers were Serbs, while Serbs formed 36.3% of the population of Yugoslavia. uArmy of RSK uArkanove Tigrovi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a34IJNQRzWM Sleeve patch Serb paramilitary unit The White Eagles 1st para Battalion | eBay Dříve loupil a vraždil na Západě, pak byl zločincem jugoslávské války - iDNES.cz Arkanove Delije'' | Serbian Volunteer Guard song - YouTube https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beograd_7638.jpg/1280px-Beograd_7638.jpg Croatia has evidence against Captain Dragan – Nacional.hr War in BiH u3 ethnics: 17%Croatians, 31% Serbs,44 %Bosniaks uCivil war vs. war between the states u Serbs Croats Bosniaks I. Bosniak II. Internal actor Political party Serbian democratic party (SDS BiH) Croatian democratic community (HDZ BiH) Party of democratic action (SDA) Persona Radovan Karadžić Davor Perinović, Stjepan Kljuić, Mate Boban Alija Izetbegović Fikret Abdić Armed formation Army of Republika srpska Croatian council of defence (HVO) Army of Republic BaH Army of Fikret Abdić State 9.1.1992 Republika srpska BaH, 12.8. renamed Republika srpska, Pale 3.7.1992 Croatian community Herzeg Bosna, 24.8.1993 Croatian republic Herzeg Bosna, Grude Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH, Sarajevo) Athonomous region Western Bosnia, renamed Republic of Western Bosnia, Velka Kladuša External actor Political party Socialistic party of Serbia (SPS) Croatian democratic community (HDZ) Support of islamic countries Cooperation with Croats as well as Serbs Persona Slobodan Milošević Franjo Tudjman Armed formation Yugoslav Peples Army (JNA), Yugoslavian army Croatian army (HV) State Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Belgrade Croatia. Zagreb Support of islamic countries (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libye) Paramiliary formations Serbian volunteer guard (Tigers) – Arkan; Chetniks- Šešelj; White Eagles- Jović Croatian defence forces (HOS) El-Mudžahid Green Berets I. Phase of the war (6. 4. 1992 beginning 1993) II. Phase of the war (1993 -March 1994) III. Phase of the war (March 1994 -1995) IV. Local episode (29. 9. 1993 - 7. 8. 1995) Serbs x Bosniaks + Croats Serbs x Bosniaks Serbs x Croats Bosniaks x Croats Serbs x Bosniaks + Croats Bosniaks x Bosniaks (Army of the Republic BaH x Army of Fikret Abdić) Dayton Peace Agreement uMilosevic, Tudjman, Izetbegovic u The Dayton Accords: a peace agreement for Bosnia – archive, 1995 | Bosnia-Herzegovina | The Guardian Dayton Accords | international agreement | Britannica Serbian propaganda uVukovar baby massacre- Serbian media reported false story that 40 Serb babies (age 5-7) had been killed in Vukovar school which led to retaliation and Ovčara massacre (264 executions of Croats by Serbs) uFourth Reich uVatican conspiracy u Franjo Tuđman alleged speech: "There would not have been a war had Croatia not wanted one". uFranjo Tudjman speech: "Some individuals in the world who were not friends of Croatia claimed that we too were responsible for the war. And I replied to them: Yes, there would not have been a war had we given up our goal to create a sovereign and independent Croatia. We suggested that our goal should be achieved without war, and that the Yugoslav crisis should be resolved by transforming the federation, in which nobody was satisfied, particularly not the Croatian nation, into a union of sovereign countries in which Croatia would be sovereign, with its own army, own money, own diplomacy. They did not accept„ uMujahideen terrorist threat for Europe uRTS bombing by NATO in 1999 u Croatian propaganda u In September 1991, 300 employees at HRT were fired for "security reasons u false stories: 35 Croats were hanged near the Catholic church in Zenica on 9 August 1993 uCroatian journalists relativised war crimes committed by Croatian troops against non-Croat civilians uportraying Serbs and Serbia as conquerors, war criminals, robbers and terrorists Bosnian propaganda uthe government of Bosnia and Herzegovina then aimed towards a unitary state uČetnici and ustaše uBosnian President Alija Izetbegović signed a contract with the Washington-based Ruder Finn to promote a stronger leadership for the United States in the Balkans. The "Bosnian Crisis Communication Centre" set up by the firm put local Bosnian leaders in contact with Western officials and mass media. It also prepared news articles and war narratives for American outlets Western propaganda uDemonisation of Serbs usimplistic dogma that blames one nation, the Serbs, as the origin of evil in the Balkans uRačak massacre? ICTY uprosecute the war crimes that had been committed during the Yugoslav Wars u The Hague u1993-2017 ugrave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. The maximum sentence that it could impose was life imprisonment. Various countries signed agreements with the UN to carry out custodial sentences. uA total of 161 persons were indicted