Politics & Security of Northern Macedonia BALKAN POLITICS VĚRA STOJAROVÁ STOJAROVA@FSS.MUNI.CZ Problems of the newly emerged state: nRECOGNITION OF THE MACEDONIAN NATION BY BULGARIANS nRECOGNITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA BY GREECE nRECOGNITION OF THE MACEDONIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH BY SERBIA nALBANIAN MINORITY n n n Nation building, state building of the Macedonian/Bulgarian nation at the end of the 19th century nTHE ORIGINAL "MACEDONIAN REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION" (MRO) WAS ESTABLISHED IN SOFIA. nTHE DISTINCTION BETWEEN BEING A MACEDONIAN AND BEING A MACEDONIAN-BULGARIAN WAS NOT SHARP, nTHE BULGARIANS "PROPER" REGARDED THE MACEDONIANS AS SECOND CLASS, PRIMITIVE AND UNCULTURED BULGARIAN RELATIVES WHO INHABIT A PART OF BULGARIA TO THE EAST. nTHE MACEDONIANS THEMSELVES WERE DIVIDED. SOME WISHED TO BE INCORPORATED IN BULGARIA, OTHERS WANTED AN INDEPENDENT STATE – nA THIRD GROUP (AND GOCE DELCEV WAS, FOR A TIME, AMONG THEM) WANTED A FEDERATION OF ALL STATES BALKAN WITH AN EQUAL STANDING FOR A MACEDONIAN POLITY (AUTONOMY). Vmrodpmn Recognition of the Macedonian nation by Bulgarians influenced by the Yugoslav-Soviet swinging politics: It became axiomatic that whenever relations between Moscow and Belgrade cooled, then the heat rose in the Macedonian problem as far as Sofia was concerned. uWarming up in the relations of USSR and Yugoslavia: u1945-1948 u1953- 1968 uRecognition of the Macedonian nation by Bulgaria: u1953: tendention towards recognition u1961: Bulgaria recognises, that since the WWII we could observe the formation of the macedonian nation uSince 1971: improving of the situation, Bulgaria signs the documents in bulgarian as well as macedonian language bg ussr-s makedonska vlajka v jugoslavii 125px-SFRY_flag_large https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8 B_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0 %B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8 1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_1946_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80 %D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg Bulgaria •BULGARIA RECOGNIZED THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, 15TH OF JANUARY 1992, •THE BADINTER COMMISSION RECOMMENDED MACEDONIA FOR THE RECOGNITION •HOWEVER, BULGARIA REFUSED TO RECOGNISE THE MACEDONIAN NATION AND THE MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE •CURRENT EU DEBATE 245px-Macedonia_greece_overview Greece nNAME OF THE NOTHERN GREEK PROVINCE nALEXANDER GREAT MACEDONIAN nTHE FLAG: THE SIXTEEN-RAY VERGINA SUN STAR - SYMBOL OF THE ANCIENT STATE OF MACEDONIA nTHE CONSTITUTION: A REFERENCE IN ARTICLE 49 TO THE REPUBLIC CARING "FOR THE STATUS AND RIGHTS OF THOSE PERSONS BELONGING TO THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, AS WELL AS MACEDONIAN EXPATRIATES, ASSIST[ING] THEIR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOT[ING] LINKS WITH THEM," WHICH GREECE INTERPRETED AS ENCOURAGING SEPARATISM AMONG ITS OWN MACEDONIAN SLAV MINORITY. mkd2 The empire of the Alexander the Great u Rise Alex Makedonskeho The map of the United (Great) Macedonia u sjednocena makedonie New name?? nVARDAR REPUBLIC nREPUBLIC OF SKOPJE nFORMER REPUBLIC MACEDONIA OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIAJ n n n n Greek reactions: n n n nCLOSING OF THE CONSULATE IN SKOPJE nTOTAL EMBARGO ON THE TRADE WITH MACEDONIA INCLUDING TRANSIT nTHE NORMALISATION OF THE BILATERAL RELATIONS: TEMPORARY AGREEMENT: THE GREECE RECOGNISES MACEDONIA UNDER THE NAME FYROM, RECOGNISES THE BORDERS AND REVOKES THE EMBARGO. MACEDONIA PROMISED NOT TO HAVE ANY LAND DEMANDS, NOT TO ENGAGE IN THE PROTECTION OF THE MACEDONIAN MINORITY IN GREECE AND PROMISED TO CHANGE THE STATE SYMBOLS. n2018 PRESPA AGREEMENT n macedonia Bilateral relations with Serbia •THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE SERBIAN FORCES WAS SMOOTH AND QUICK (SERBIAN ENGAGEMENT IN CROATIA, BOSNIA, KOSOVO, NO SERBIAN MINORITY IN MACEDONIA) •CASE OF MACEDONIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH – SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH DOES NOT RECOGNISE THE MACEDONIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH AND CLAIMS THE PROPERTY (CHURCHES, MONASTERIES ETC.) ON THE MACEDONIAN TERRITORY n n Albanian minority n nDEMAND FOR THE CULTURAL, SCHOOL AND ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHONOMY nPROCLAMATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ILYRIDA (2.4.1992 RECOGNIZED BY NOBODY) n1992 RIOTS, UN SENT SMALL STABILISATIONAL CONTINGENT nALBANIAN UNIVERSITY nAFTER 1999 EXTREMISTS FROM KOSOVO FLEW TO MACEDONIA n2001 ESCALATION OF THE CONFLICT nOHRID AGREEMENT Ohrid agreement nINVIOLABILITY OF BORDERS AND INTEGRITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA nDEMILITARISATION OF THE UÇK nMACEDONIAN GOVERNMENT IS OBLIGED TO PASS THE NEW DECENTRALISATION LAW, HELD A NEW CENSUS, ASSURE THE EQUALITY OF ALL CITIZENS IN THE GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES nTHE CHANGE OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE DECENTRALISATION LAW IS POSSIBLE ONLY UNDER THE CONSENT OF THE 2/3 IN THE PARLIAMENT AND SIMULTANEOUSLY UNDER THE 2/3 WITHIN THE MINORITY IN THE PARLIAMENT. nTHE LAWS DEALING WITH THE CULTURE, LANGUAGE, EDUCATION, ID´S, USE OF SYMBOLS, LOCAL FINANCES, LOCAL ELECTIONS, STATUS OF SKOPKJE ONLY UNDER THE CONSENT OF THE 2/3 MP´S OF THE MINORITY NATION. nTHE CHANCE OF HAVING PARALLEL ALBANIAN FACULTIES UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF CURRENT UNIVERSITIES nAFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM nMACEDONIAN LANGUAGE AS THE OFFICAL LANGUAGE, WHERE THE MINORITY IS MORE THAN 20 % THEN THEIR LANGUAGE OFFICIAL AS WELL. nTHE IDS IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE MINORITY, SYMBOLS ONLY WITH SIMOULTANEOUS USE WITH THE MACEDONIAN ONES. n n Presidents, directly elected, 5 years, 1 re-election, symbolic KIRO GLIGOROV 1991-1999 BORIS TRAJKOVSKI 1999-2004 BRANKO CRVENKOVSKI 2004-2009 GJORGJE IVANOV 2009-2019 STEVO PENDAROVSKI 2019 n n Bipolar party system uMacedonian and Albanian uMacedonian: SDSM (successor of the communistparty) on the left and VMRO-DPMNE (national conservative) on the right uAlbanian u Sdsmacedonia Vmrodpmn Albanians nTHE DEMOCRATIC UNION FOR INTEGRATION BDI/DUI nDEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ALBANIANS PDSH/DPA nALLIANCE FOR THE ALBANIANS, BESA MOVEMENT nINTEGRATED, COALITION GOVERNMENTS Prespa agreement u2018 uGreece and Macedonia – name issue uNorth Macedonia Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung - Greece and North Macedonia on the way towards normalisation Macedonia on the way towards EU and NATO u2020 NATO member uWas granted candidate status in 2005 uBulgaria flag-eu