R E G I O N A L S E C U R I T Y
Lucie Konečná
BSSb 1105 International Security Policy
23/10/2023
Regional Security
Region is the area of interest to many fields of science.
Definition and characteristics of RS:
a) "System of mutual relations between countries in the region against the threats of
instability crises, armed conflicts and regional wars" (Kusztal A., 2017 - Theoretical
foundations of regional security in international relations).
b) Most frequently, security at the regional level is built based upon a system or an alliance
operating within the defined region, and "regional security institutions are often, but not
a ways, established on the basis of geographical boundaries of the region, at the interface
of functional cooperation.
Criteria of regional security according to Kusztal:
- the military potential of states of a region and its technical and technological levels;
- the condition, strategy and the size of armed forces of countries in a region;
- the quality of management of a defense sector in states of a region;
- the character of borders between countries of a region and of external ones
(geographical and political);
- political and military alliances of regional range;
- the role of political elites and rationality in choosing allies within - and beyond a region
Security architecture and relations
among states
„>Aa7 institutional system of organizing relations between states guaranteeing
their security. It is based on the assumption that issues and problems related to
the security of states cannot be solved individually."
Cooperative security - ongoing effort to reduce the risk of war that does not
target a specific state or coalition of states
Collective security - states avoid the use of force in mutual relations (two
principles - the obligation to resolve all disputes by peaceful means, the
prohibition of the use of force in mutual relations)
Collective defense - system of joint defense against external threats, i.e.
against attacks by states that are not members of the organization
Evolution of security studies towards
regional security - Critical Security
• Shift in the 90s (The first impulse - Toronto school - Strategies in Conflict:
Critical Approaches to Security Studies)
• Traditional security studies focused on military and state as a referent object
• A shift in the definition of the referent object and threats
• According to Waisova, there are two main characteristics of CSS:
a) Exploring the differences between the Euro-Atlantic approach and that of
Third World authors
b) The concept of the individuals as a separate referent object
• Mohammed Ayoob - subaltern realism
• Discussion of the concept of security in the 90s - three groups
- A) group against changing the agenda (John Mearsheimer, Stephen Walt)
- B) group supporting the partial change (Schultz, Buzan?)
- C) group supporting radical reform (Ulman, Kegley)
Evolution of security studies towards
regional security - Toronto School
• 1994 - small conference at the York University entitled Strategies in Conflict: Critical
Approaches to Security Studies
• Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams - Critical Security Studies: Concepts and
Cases
• They began to questioning the concept of state as the main referent object - who or
what is to be secured?
• Set out agenda of CSS in three points:
a) referent object
b) security more than just a military security
c) changed the way how security was studied
Evolution of security studies towards
regional security - Copenhagen
>arry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde published book: Security: A
New Framework for Analysis
Old vs. new concept of security
Resolves its incoherence by arguing that the social production of security is
sufficiently stable to be treated objectively
Concept of sectoral security - military, political, economic, societal,
environmental security
Concept of analytical levels/categories (international systems, international
subsystems, units, subunits and individuals).
Concept of regional security complexes (4 basic principles)
Concept o Securitization
Theory of Regional Security
•GQI3piP^i^©Scurity complexes (4 basic principles):
- Composed of two or more states
- Geographically coherent grouping
- Mutual security dependency relationship (MSDR)
- MSDR deeply embedded, long term not permanent
„a group of states whose major security perspectives and concerns are so
intertwined that the national security issues of each cannot be adequately analyzed
or addressed separately"
• Lower level security complex x Higher level security complex
• Bufffer zones and states Jnbetween"
Copenhagen School - Regional
Security Complexes
Map 2. Patterns of Regional Security Post-Cold War
KULI I l<-AL
SECTOR
Security of the
Czech
Republic
through the
lens of the
Copenhagen
School
MILITARY
SECTOR
WITHDRAWAL FROM
INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS
AND REGIMES
GLOBAL RIVALRY
WEAK STATES OF GREAT POWERS
AND REDISTRIBUTION
OF POWER
NATIONAL
PROTECTIONISM
COMPETITION OF
REGIOtlAL POWERS
IMPACT ACTIVITIES
(RUSSIA, CHINA)
DECREASE
TURKEY'S ASSEKTIVENESS IN THE LEGITIMACY
EROSION OF THE OF NATIONAL
TRANSATLANTIC GOVERNMENTS
B 0 | ) [ } AUTHORITARIAN
TENDENCIES
CONFLICT NAGORNO-KARABAKH RADICALISM
POPULISM
SOCIETAL
SECTOR
CONFLICT
111 SYRIA
INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION
IN AFGHANISTAN CONFLICT
COMPETITIVE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
CHINA At ID U
CONFLICT
IN LIBYA
COMPETITION
BETWEEN
NATIONAL AND
EUROPEAN
IDENTITIES
DISINFORMATION
BRExrr
WEAKENING
OF THE EU
POSITION
TRADE WAR
(US-CHINA)
ECONOMIC
OUTPUT
DECLINE
ENVIRONMENTAL
SECTOR
ECONOMIC
SECTOR
Security Dimensions
Geographical dimension Danger dimension
Su bstan sive d i mensi on Refere n ce d imensio n
. 2.1 Dimensions of security. {Source: DAASE 2013: 13)
Regional Security Threats
• The most prominent regional threats According to Eichler (2009):
a) Military threats - regional conflicts, WMD proliferation and armed
aggression
b) Political threats - terrorism and organized crime, existence of dangerous
dictatorial regimes, human rights violations and threats to internal politics
by superpowers (NATO, USA, etc.).
c) Economic threats - instability of world markets, uneven economic
development and economic crisis.
d) Ecological threats - changes in land and sea use; direct exploitation of
natural resources; climate change; pollution and invasive species.
Regional Security Threats - WMD
NPT 1968 - the NPT non-nuclearweapon
states agree never to acquire
nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclearweapon
states in exchange agree to
share the benefits of peaceful nuclear
technology and to pursue nuclear
disarmament aimed at the ultimate
elimination of their nuclear arsenals.
2023 ESTIMATED GLOBAL NUCLEAR WARHEAD INVENTORIES
The world's nuclear-armed states possess a combined total of over 12,500 nuclear warheads;
nearly 90% belong to Russia and the United States. Approximately 9,600 warheads are in
military service, with the rest awaiting dismantlement.
Source: Hans M Krister sen Mart Korda, Eliana Reynolds, and tCate Kohn, federation of American Scientis'
US. Department of State, and the Stocfrtiolm International Peace Researdi Institute. Updated: June2023
Arms Control
Association
Regional Security Threats - Conflicts
• An armed conflict is a contested incompatibility that concerns government or
territory where the use of armed force between two parties, results in at least 25
battle-related deaths in one calendar year.
• Conflict: clash between two actors who have incompatible interests.
• Necessary features of conflict according to Holsti (1991):
a) Actors of the conflict
b) Area of the clash (incompatibility)
c) Tension
d) Conflict behavior
• Conflict vs. War vs. Civil war
Regional Security Threats - Conflicts
I
The W o r l d at W a r in 2023
Countries in which armed clashes between state forces
and/or rebels were reported in 2023*
African conflicts to watch in 2022
Fresh approaches needed to avoid disaster in worst-affected countries
Conditions not conducive
to elections
^ Mercei
Cameroon
Anglophone crisis led to insurgency
Military solutions arefailing
Central African Republic
Dialogue stymied by ongoing clashes
New approach to peace essential
South Sudan
Last year to implement
2018 peace deal
Political and communit
clashes persist
Ethiopia
Negotiated settlement a priority
AU mediation nol: showing results
Mozambique
Kwanaan ana i a l j l troops
battling an insurgency
Developmental response and
regional links key
* As of April 28
Source: The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project
©®© štatista 5
A R M E D C O N F L I C T S BY N U M B E R OF E S T I M A T E D C O N F L I C T - R E L A T E D D E A T H S , 2022
1
Major armed conflicts with
10 000 or more conflict-related
deaths in 2022.
High-intensity armed conflicts
with 1000 to 9999
conflict-related deaths in 2022.
Low-intensity armed conflicts
with 25 to 999 conflict-related
deaths in 2022.
Note: The boundaries used in this map do not imply any endorsement or acceptance by SIPRI.
Regional Security Threats - Terrorism
1
^> jfc*.
4 s
2023
GLOBAL
TERRORISM
INDEX
MEASURING THE IMPACT
OF TERRORISM
THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM
VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW NOIMPAC
Regional Security Threats - Terrorism
RANK
RANK COUNTRY SCORE CHANGE
1 1ft Afghanistan 8.822
2 <ft Burkina Faso 8.564 T 2
3 <ft Somalia 8.463 *-»
4 1ft Mai 8.412 1 3
5 ift Syria 8.161 11
6 4ft Pakistan 8.160 1 3
7 1ft Iraq 8.139 45
a 1ft Nigeria 8.065 43
9 4ft Myanmar (Burma) 7.977 11
10 Ift Niger 7.616 42
n (ft Cameroon 7.347 11
12 Ift Mozambique 7.330 41
13 Ift India 7.175 i-»
14 <
& Democratic Republic
o1 the Congo
6 872 12
IS Ift Colombia 6.697 41
16 Ift Egypt 6.632 41
17 1ft Chile 6.619 T 1
18 (ft Philippines 6328 41
19 l ft Chad 6.168 «-»
20 (ft Kenya 6.163 «-»
21 (ft Iran 5.688 1 5
22 ift Yemen 5.616 41
23 ift Türkiye 5.600
24 ift Indonesia 5.502 +-»
25 1ft Israel 5.489 T 5
26 <§ Thailand 5.430 14
27 <ft Togo 4915 T 49
28 ft Benin 4.840 T 23
RANK
RANK COUNTRY SCORE CHANGE
29 # Sri Lanka 4.839 44
30
a United States of
* America
4.799 42
31 # Greece 4793 42
32 # Libya 4730 45
33 # Palestine 4.611 41
34 # France 4419 1 2
35 # Germany 4242 44
36 • Nepal 4.134 42
37 0 Algeria 4.083 1 3
38 # Tanzania 4.065 43
39 9 Burundi 4.051 I 6
40 Tunisia 3.989 41
41 Peru 3.856 43
42 United Kingdom 3.640 45
43 Bangladesh 3.S27 42
44 Djibouti 3600 t 52
45 Russia 3799 41
46 New Zealand 3776 44
47 Coted'lvoire 3747 44
48 Uganda 3.599 43
49 Norway 3514 1 31
50 Tajikistan 3.438 43
51 Venezuela 3.409 45
52 Lebanon 3.400
53 Italy 3.290 13
54 Canada 3.275 46
55
Central African
Republic
3.194 t 12
RANK
RANK COUNTRY SCORE CHANGE
56 Ethiopia 3.044 47
57 Argentina 2875 «-»
58 Slovakia 2784 T 38
59 Belgium 2.763 T 11
60 Spain 2.712 4 5
61 Austria 2.677 48
62 Japan 2.398 t 12
63 South Arabia 2.387 19
64 Sweden 2.307 1 7
65 Switzerland 2.205 49
66 Ecuador 2.198 48
67 Netherlands 2.120 4 8
68 Jordan 2.033 4 8
69 Australia 1.830 4 8
70 Uzbekistan 1.731 T 26
71 Paraguay 1.605 4 7
72 Mexico 1.578 410
73 Ukraine 1.535 410
74 Cyprus 1.392 4 8
75 Malaysia 1.357 47
76 United Arab Emirates 1.241 T 20
77 Senegal 1.108 4 5
76 Eswatini 1.058 45
=79 Bahrain 0.826 114
=79 Rwanda 0.826 4 3
=79 South Africa 0826 4 3
=79 Uruguay 0.826 4 4
Regional Security Threats - Terrorism
DESCRIPTION
1 C O U N T R Y P A K I S T A N PROVINCE B A L O C H 1 S T A N P R O V I N C E D E A T H S 195
D V i 2/2/22
B A L O C H I S T A N L I B E R A T I O N
U K O U H
A R M Y (BLA)
Gunrnan tombed and shot at two Frontier Corps buildings in • coordinated attach.
2 C O U N T R Y S Y R I A PROVINCE A L - H A S A K A H
PROVINCE G O V E R f J O R ň T E
D E A T H S 154
At least 200 assailants attacked Al-Sina prison, driving two explosive-ladens truck
bombs into- the outside wall of the prison before gunmen then stormed the facility
as a riot took place inside. The attack lasted ten days until the Syrian Democratic
Forces (SFD) announced they had regained control of the prison. At least 154 SDF
members were killed. Islamic State (IS) claimed responsibility for the attack.
DATE 20/1 ffi i Ľ R O U F I S L A M I C S T A T E (IS)
At least 200 assailants attacked Al-Sina prison, driving two explosive-ladens truck
bombs into- the outside wall of the prison before gunmen then stormed the facility
as a riot took place inside. The attack lasted ten days until the Syrian Democratic
Forces (SFD) announced they had regained control of the prison. At least 154 SDF
members were killed. Islamic State (IS) claimed responsibility for the attack.
3 C O U N T R Y S O M A L I A - r-jj O N B A N A A D I R R E G I O N D E A T H S 120 Two car bombs killed at least 120 people and wounded 300 outside the education
ministry building. Al-S ha baab claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that the
ministry was responsible for a 'war on minds' that has removed Islam from schools
and recruits students into- militia s.DATE 29/10/22 • Ľ R O U F A L - S H A E A A E
Two car bombs killed at least 120 people and wounded 300 outside the education
ministry building. Al-S ha baab claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that the
ministry was responsible for a 'war on minds' that has removed Islam from schools
and recruits students into- militia s.
4 C O U N T R Y B U R K I N A F A S O ; PROVINCE S A H E L R E G I O N D E A T H S IIS
Gunmen killed at least 116 civilians in an attack on a village. Mo- group had claimed
responsibility at the time of writing, but |ihadists operate in the area.
DATE 12/6/22 j G R O U P U N K N O W N - JIHADIST5
Gunmen killed at least 116 civilians in an attack on a village. Mo- group had claimed
responsibility at the time of writing, but |ihadists operate in the area.
B C O U N T R Y MALI ; PROVINCE M O P T I R E G I O N D E A T H S 110
Gunmen killed at least 110 civilians in attacks on several villages. No group had
claimed the attack at the time of writing, but |ihadists operate in the region.
DATE 19/6/22 ! G R O U P U N K N O W N - Jl HADI S T S
Gunmen killed at least 110 civilians in attacks on several villages. No group had
claimed the attack at the time of writing, but |ihadists operate in the region.
6 C O U N T R Y MALI j R E G I O N G A O R E G I O N D E A T H S lOO Gunmen kil led approximately 100 Jamaat Nusrat Al-I slam wal Mu slimeen (J MIM)
fig h ters in Gao region. The battle lasted for approximately 24 hours and local
media outlets said that there were casualties on both sides. Islamic State (IS)
Claimed responsibility attributing the attack to its 'Sahel Province'.DATE 7/12/22 ; G R O U P I S L A M I C S T A T E (IS)
Gunmen kil led approximately 100 Jamaat Nusrat Al-I slam wal Mu slimeen (J MIM)
fig h ters in Gao region. The battle lasted for approximately 24 hours and local
media outlets said that there were casualties on both sides. Islamic State (IS)
Claimed responsibility attributing the attack to its 'Sahel Province'.
7 C O U N T R Y S O M A L I A i R E G I O N H I R S H A B E L L E S T A T E
Ľ ' V i 3/5/22 I G R O U P A L - S H A B A A B
D E A T H S 59 Gunmen killed an unspecified number of Burundian soldiers during an attack
orb an African Union. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack, claiming
to have killed 59 soldiers, but authorities had not released details on casualty
numbers at the time of writing.
8 C O U N T R Y P A K I S T A N j R E G I O N p R O v Í N C E K H W f l
D E A T H S 58 A suicide bombing killed at least 56 people and injured over 190 others in
an attack on a Shia mosque. Islamic State - Khorasan Province (ISK) claimed
responsibility.
*
r w F a.m->-> IfiOriiiP I S L A M I C S T A T E DATE
4/3/22 . G R O U P K H O R A S A N P R O V I N C E
A suicide bombing killed at least 56 people and injured over 190 others in
an attack on a Shia mosque. Islamic State - Khorasan Province (ISK) claimed
responsibility.
*
9 C O U N T R Y A F G H A N I S T A N | PROVINCE K A B U L P R O V I N C E D E A T H S 50 A bomb killed more than 50 civilians and wounded an unspecified number Pr
others at a mosque. No- individual or group had claimed responsibility for the
attack at the time of writing, but based on the target, tactic, and location. Islamic
State - khorasan Province (ISK) was probably responsible.
n a T F T a r J f t i r - K ' - i F I S L A M I C S T A T E -
29/4/22 : G R O U P K H O R A S A N P R O V I N C E
A bomb killed more than 50 civilians and wounded an unspecified number Pr
others at a mosque. No- individual or group had claimed responsibility for the
attack at the time of writing, but based on the target, tactic, and location. Islamic
State - khorasan Province (ISK) was probably responsible.
1 0 C O U N T R Y A F G H A N I S T A N PROVINCE B A L K H P R O V I N C E D E A T H S 50 A bomb killed 50 civilians and wounded at least 100 more in an attack on
a mosque during prayers. Islamic State - Khorasan province (ISK) claimed
responsibility.
• A T E 21/4/22 | G R O U P J^RS ™ 0 V . N C E
A bomb killed 50 civilians and wounded at least 100 more in an attack on
a mosque during prayers. Islamic State - Khorasan province (ISK) claimed
responsibility.
Regional Security Threats - Terrorism
TABLE 12
Ten countries most impacted by terrorism, ranked by GTI score
Afghanistan had the highest impact of terrorism for trie fourth consecutive year.
C o u n t r y 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201Ö 2019 2020 2021 2022
Source: Dragonfly TernorismTracker; IEP calculations
Regional Security Threats - Terrorism
Rank ORGANISATION DEATHS ATTACKS INJURED
1 Islamic State (IS) 1045 410 644
2 Al-Shabaab 734 315 1016
3 Islamic State - Khorasan Province (ISK) 498 141 S32
Jama at Nusrat A1-Is lam wal Muslimeen (JNIM) 279 77 215
ealochistan Liberation Army (BLAJ 233 30 113
a Islamic State West Africa (ISWA) 219 65 113
T Goko Ha ram 204 64 51
S Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 137 90 167
9 Islamic State - Sinai Province 71 27 32
10 Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOE) 57 40 16
Regional Security Threats - Global
Organized Crime Index
FIGURE 1.1
Criminality indicators
Criminal Actors
A CAT.
Mafia-style groups
A CA2. Criminal networks
A CA3. State-embedded
actors
A CA4. Foreign actors
Criminal Markets
• CMl. Human trafficking
• CM2, Human smuggling
• CM J. Arms trafficking
• CM4. Flora crimes
•*» CMS. Fauna crimes
•*> CM6. Non-renewable
resource crimes
• CM7. Heroin trade
CM8. Cocaine trade
• CMS. Cannabis trade
• CM10. Synthetic drug
trade
Scoring thresholds - criminality
1 2 3 4 5
DNON-EXISTENT
TO LITTLE INFLUENCE
MODERATE
INFLUENCE
FIGURE 2.4
Criminality by continent
10
9
E
7
5 . 3 0 5.17 5.06
4 . 4 8
4 , 8 7
4 . 4 8
3.07
GJofraŕ crřmžnarřry average
Regional Security Threats - Dictatorial
regimes
The Economist Intelligence Unit's 2020 Democracy Index
167 countries scored on a scale of 0 to 10 based on 60 indicators
Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit
Regional Organisations
• „Regional institutions are the regimes or formal organizations with membership
limited to a specific geographical region or possibly two or more neighboring
regions."
• Three types of regional organizations according to Kusztal :
- Multi-tasking organizations
- Organizations with economic profile
- Defensive alliances
m Regional organisations vs. regimes
m „International organizations are generally seen to be more formally specified
institutions, with a secretariat, permanent office, and the like. International regimes
have been defined as sets of principles, norms, rules, and decisions upon which
actors' expectations converge (Krasner 1983)."
m Security organisations:
- Cooperative security
- Collective security
- Collective defense
Regional organizations with security
functions
Africa
African Union (AU) 2ÜÜ1
Common Market for Eastern and 1994
Southern Africa (COMESA)
Community of Sahel-Saharan 1998
States (CEN-SAD)
East African Community (EAC) 1999
Economic and Monetary 199K
Community of Central Africa
(CEMAC)
Economic Community of West 1975
African States (ECOWAS)
Intergovernmental Authority on 1996
Development (IGAD)
Mano River Union 1973
Southern African Development 1992
Community (SADC)
Middle East
Arab League 1945
Arab Maghreb Union 19S9
Council of Arab Economic Unity 1964
Gulf Cooperation Council ( G C Q 1981
Organization of the Islamic 1971
Conference (OlC)
Asia
Australia, New Zealand, United 1951
States (ANZUS) Security Treaty
Asia-Pacific Economic 19JW
Cooperation (APEC)
Association of South East Asian 1967
Nations (ASEAN):
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 1994
ASEAN Plus Three (APT) 1997
Conference on Interaction and 1992
Confidence-building measures
inAsia(CICA)
Economic Cooperation 19S5
Organization (ECO)
Pacific Community 1947
Pacific Islands Forum 1971
Shanghai Cooperation 2001
Organization (SCO)
South Asian Association for 19S5
Regional Co-operation
(SAARC)
Regional organizations with security
functionsEurope and Euro-Atlantic
Arctic Council 1996
Baltic Council 1993
Barents Euro-Arctic Council 1993
(BEAC)
Organization of the Black Sea 1992
Economic Cooperation (BSEC)
Central European Initiative (CE1) 1989
Collective Security Treaty 2003
Organization ( C S T Ö )
Commonwealth of Independent 1991
States (CIS)
Council of the Baltic Sea States 1992
(CBSS)
Council of Europe 1949
European Union (EU) 1951
North Atlantic Treaty 1949
Organization:
Euro-Atlantic Partnership 1997
Council (EAPCf
Nordic Council 1952
Organization for Security and 1973
Co-operation in Europe:
Stability Pact tor South Eastern 1999
Europe
Southeast European Cooperative 1996
Initiative (SECT)
Visegrad Group (V4) 1991
Western European Union (WEU) 1954
Americas
Andean Community of Nations 1969
(Andean Pact)
Caribbean Community 1973
(CARICOM)
Centra] American Integration 199]
System (SICA)
Latin American Integration 1980
Association (LAIA)
MERCOSUR (Southern Common 1991
Market)
North American Free Trade 1994
Agreement (NAFTA)
0 rganization of A merican 1948
States (OAS)
Rio Group 1987
Regional Organisations/Regimes Arab
League .
- Cairo 1945, 22 member states / \ S I 9
- „ofravi/ c/oser #7e relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration
between them"
- Council of the Arab League, Joint Defense Council, General Secretariat (Secretary
General), Economic Council
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
- 1951 trilateral agreement
- New Zealand was suspended from ANZUS 1986-2007
- AUKU S - Trilateral Security Partnership Between Australia, U.K. and U.S.
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- 1961 - Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), 1967 ASEAN Declaration, 10 member
states
- ASEAN's primary objectives are: "(1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress
and cultural development in the region and (2) to promote regional peace and stability
through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among
countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.,,
ASEAN Structure
ASEAN
SUMMIT
ASEAN Coordination
Council
i—I
I
OJ
m
C
•
•c
<
LU
Reporting Line
Coordination Line
' C
TO
V
o.
Ol
I
E
E
o
(j
T '
i
ASEAN Political
Securrty Community
Council
ASEAN
Economic Community
Council
ASEAN Socio-Cultural
CommujnityCouncil
ASEAN
Foreign
Ministers VI e e tin;
JZ
6 ASEAN
Sectoral Body
14 ASEAN
Sectoral Body
IAI
4r ASEAN Foundation
Senior Officials
Sectoral Meeting
17 ASEAN
Sectoral Body
Senior Officials
Sectoral Meeting
Senior Officials
Sectoral Meeting [P
n)
nj
s
01
VI
2
ér
Regional Organisations - Africa
Africa Union (AU)
- 1963 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 2002 -AU, 55 member states
- Main administrative capital of the African Union is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Multiple goals: Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;
Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its
peoples; Encourage international cooperation, etc.
South African Development Community (SADC)
- Southern African Development Coordination Conference transformed into SADC in 1992
- Gaborone, Botswana, 16 member states
- „to achieve economic development, peace and security, and growth, alleviate poverty,
enhance the standard and quality of life of the peoples of Southern Africa, and support the
socially disadvantaged through Regional Integration."
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
- 1975, 15 member states, Abuja Nigeria
- „The aim of the Community is to promote co-operation and integration, leading to the
establishment of an economic union in West Africa in order to raise the living standards of
its peoples, and to maintain and enhance economic stability, foster relations-among Member
States and contribute to the progress and development of (he African continent."
- The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) was a West
African multilateral armed force established by the Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS). 1990-2005.
The Institutional Structure of the African Union
AU Structure
Legislative Judicial Executive
2003- 2004, African Union Mission in Burundi (AMIB)
2004- 2007, African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS)
2007-2021, United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
2007-2021, African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM)
2022-Ongoing, African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS)
2008, 2008 invasion of Anjouan, also known as Operation Democracy in Comoros.
2011-2018, Fight against the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency through the African Unionled
Regional Task Force in Uganda, South Sudan and the CAR,
2013-Ongoing, African-led International Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA), organized
by ECOWAS.
2013-Ongoing, African-led International Support Mission to the Central African
Republic (MISCA)
Court of
Justice
Africa Court of
Human &
People's Rights
Executive
Council
Peace & Security
Council
Specialized
technical
committees
I
I
I
Commissioi
Financial
institutions
Permanent
Representativ
Economic, Soc
& Cultural
Council
Adapted from ISS 2020
Regional Organisations/Regimes - America
and Europe
Organisation of American States (OAS)
- 1948 - Washington D. C, 35 member states
- Jhe premier regional forum for political discussion, policy analysis and decision-making in
Western Hemisphere affairs. The OAS brings together leaders from nations across the
Americas to address hemispheric issues and opportunities."
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) x Agreement between the United States of
America, the United Mexican States, and Canada (USMCA)
- 1994, agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral
trade bloc in North America
- 2020 - free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Visegrad Group (V4)
- 1991, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary
- To advance co-operation in military, economic, cultural and energy affairs
- International Visegrad Fund, Non-institutionalized, regular meeting of top executives
(Presidency lasts one year)
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