GREAT LAKES
REGION
Lucie Konečná
BSSn4457 Regional Security Complexes
26/10/2023
; - • • ! • : - I -.:-.IIs
"..": -,
Map 2, Patterns of Regional Security Post-Cold War
Great Lakes Region
• Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, DRC
(Malawi, Kenya and Mozambique).
Facts about GLR
Around 230 million inhabitants
Geography - African Great Lakes - Victoria and Tanganyika, Mount Kilimanjaro
(4,900 metres), high concentrations of wild animals (big five), Rwenzoris,
Eastern Rift Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands.
Africa map of Koppen climate classification
FSI (FFP) - Burundi (20), Uganda (26), Rwanda (44),
Tanzania (65), DRC (4).
Full democracy
• 9.0-10.0
. 8 0 9C
Flawed democracy
• 7.0 - 3.0
6 0 7C
Hybrid regime
5.0 - 6.0
4.0 - 5.0
Authoritarian regime
• 3 0 - 4 0
2.0 3.0
• 0 - 2.0
No data
Source: The Econ ornist Intelligence U mt.
* ' t
• Equatorial climate (At)
• Monsoon cllmata (Am)
Tropical savanna climate (Aw)
Warm desert climate (BWn)
• C o l d desert climate (BWk)
•Warm •sml-arid climate (BSh)
• C o l d seml-arld climate (BSk)
•Warm mediterranean climate (Csa)
•Temperate mediterranean climate (Cab)
"Humid subtropical climate (Cwa)
• Humid subtropical climate/
Subtropical oceanic highland climate (Cwb)
•Warm oceanic climate/
Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)
Temperate oceanic climate (Ctb)
I Overlapping Effects of Autocracy and Conflict i n Africa
CAPE VERSE
Freedom
B Free
L Partially Free
fl Not Free
ĹiEf-ChEkLfS
11AUHIT1U&
AFRICA CENTER
FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES
I
Source: Dala from Freedom House
TUNISIA
MAURITANIA
CAPE VERDE
GAMBIA
BJUHEJL BISSAU BUPitA
BURKINA
CUTE TOGO
Conflict
• Intense
0 Serious
|_ Sporadic
FQi;*TPBIiL ňUlhFi
SEYCHELLES
MUZAMB UU =
w u u t u t
'jll'J H AFRICA
Source: Data from Center ror Systemic Peace
Form of Government
| | presidential republics, lull
presidential system
| presidential republics, executive
presidency linked to a parliament
| presidential republics: semipresidential
system
| parliamentary republics
| | parliamentary constitutional
monarchies in which the monarch d
not personally exercise power
| | absolute monarchies
Uganda
47 mil inhabitants, Protestant 45.1%, Roman Catholic 39.3%, Muslim 13.7%
Independence 1962
Apollo Milton Obote x Idi Amin
Kagera war
Civil war 1980-1986 (Bush war)
Lord's Resistance Army
Involvement in the first
and second civil wars in the DRC
GROUP %
GROUP %
Bagauda 16.2 Bagisu 5.1
Iteso S.l Acholi 4.4
Basoga 7.7 Lugbara 3.6
Banyaiikore s.o Banyoro 2.9
Banyaruanda 5.8 Batoro 3.2
Bakiga 7.1 Karamojong 2.0
Lango 5.6 Others (est.) 20.3
Burundi
Rwanda
Kigali Lake
Rweru^
Lake
Cohoha
12 mil inhabitants, Roman Catholic 62.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Muslim 2.5%
Ruanda-Urundi 1919-1962
Independence 1962
UPRONA- Union for National Progress
Civil war 1993-2005/08 \
National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Force Luhwa
for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD).
Crisis 2015 - Pierre Nkurunziza x general Niyombare;
Popular Forces of Burundi, RED-Tabara x Imboneraki
2020 new president Evariste Ndayishimiye (CNDD-FC |
Gitega (New capital city)
Kanyaru
River
•
Ngozi
•
Kagera
River
Ruzizi •
River
40 mi
40 km
a
Rurubu
• N.P.
Rurubu
RiverBujumbura
Mitumba
Mts. Gitega Gisuru
AMt nRuvyironza
Heha u
River
Burundi ML
i i n Kikizi
Bururi CnWrrp
of Rutan^M alagarasi
the
Nile
Mabanda
Tanzania
N
B U R U N D I
] • I • •
LOW / HILLS / PLATEAU / MTS.
Rwanda
13 mil inhabitants, Protestant 49.5%,Roman Catholic 43.7%, Muslim 2%
Independence 1962, MDR-Parmehutu
The National Revolutionary Movement for Development
(MRND) was the ruling political party of Rwanda
from 1975 to 1994 under President Juvenal Habyariman
Civil war 1990-1994 (RPF - Rwandan Patriotic Front)
Genocide 1994 (Interahamwe, Impuzamugambi
x Inkotanyi)
Involvement in the first and second civil wars in the DRC
DEM. REP.
OF THE
CONGO
VectorStock1
' VectorStock. com/3025254
Tanzania
64 mil inhabitants, Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%
Creation of Tanzania 1964
Kagera war 1978-1979
New capital city Dodoma
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
DRC
96 - 108? mil inhabitants, Christians constituted 93.7%
Independence 1960
First civil war 1996-1997
Second civil war 1998-2003
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the
Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDLC)
M23, Mai-Mai, CODECO
Felix Tshisekedi
I Luba Bangi and Ngale
I Kongo Rundi
Mongo Teke
I Rwanda | | Boa
Azande other
REPUBLJQUE
^ DU CONGO
iiNond'UbangP
]
sud-Ubangn
* Equateur
Haut-Uele
Ituri
T&huapa
Mai-Ndombe
Kwilu
Sankuru
Manie ms1
Kasai
I-Lomami
Tanganyika
. Lulua I
laut-Lomami ..
ANGOLA
DRC - Division
between VNSAs
October 2023
HIV in Africa
State % in the
population
Eswatini ^ | 26% ^ |
Botswana 23,4%
South Africa
Tanzania 5%
Rwanda
Burundi 3%
Uganda
HIV/AIDS
FIGURE 0.8 Distribution of acquisition of new HIV infections by population, global, sub-Saharan Africa and rest of the world, 2021
G L O B A L S U B - S A H A R A N A F R I C A REST O F T H E W O R L D
SEX W O R K E R S
PEOPLE W H O I N J E C T D R U G S
G A Y M E N A N D O T H E R M E N W H O H A V E SEX W I T H M E N
T R A N S G E N D E R W O M E N
C L I E N T S OF SEX W O R K E R S A N D SEX P A R T N E R S
O F KEY P O P U L A T I O N S
R E M A I N I N G P O P U L A T I O N
HIV in Africa
• Bushmeat theory - Cameroon.
• 7 1 % of the total HIV population lives in Sub-Africa.
• Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation .
• UNAIDS - Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
• Causes of expansion in Africa: behavioral factors, lack of money, natural
disasters and conflicts, health industry, medical suspicion, circumcision?,
religious factors, educational level, poverty.
• Uganda - AIDS Information Centers
HIV in Africa
• Justus Amuche Nweze - HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Current status,
challenges and prospects.
Reasons for the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa:
a) The initial responses to HIV in Africa and the West
b) Cultural behaviors and beliefs (Widow inheritance, Postpartum sexual
abstinence, Sexual cleansing, Virgin cleansing fable, Ritualised non-marital sexual
intercourse)
c) Multiple sexual partners
d) Poverty, conflict/war, migration, and HIV/AIDS
e) Blood transfusion and HIV
f) HIV/AIDS-associated stigma and discrimination
Food Security - Definition
"Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic
access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life." 1996 World Food Summit.
"Food insecurity, on the other hand, is defined by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a situation of "limited or uncertain
availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability
to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways."
4 Dimensions + 2 new dimensions (Agency and Sustainability).
From this definition, four main dimensions of food security can be identified:
Physical AVAILABILITY
of food
Food availability addresses the "supply side" of food security and is determined by the level of
food production, stock levels and net trade.
Economic and physical
ACCESS to food
An adequate supply of food at the national or international level does not in itself guarantee
household level food security. Concerns about insufficient food access have resulted in a greater
policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets and prices in achieving food security objectives.
Food UTILIZATION Utilization is commonly understood as tfie way the body makes the most of various nutrients
in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by individuals is the result of good care and
feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of the diet and infra-household distribution of food.
Combined with good biological utilization of food consumed, this determines the nutritional status
of individuals.
STABILITY of the other
three dimensions over
time
Even if your food intake is adequate today, you are still considered to be food insecure if you have
inadequate access to food on a periodic basis, risking a deterioration of your nutritional status.
Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors [unemployment, rising food
prices) may have an impact on your food security status.
For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled simultaneously.
unger in the World
Food Security
281.6 million people in Africa face hunger (2021).
Food security situation is determined by several drivers including conflicts,
climate variability and extremes, economic slowdowns and downturns, and the
unaffordability of healthy diets.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO (1945).
The biggest deterioration occurred between 2019 and 2020.
125.1 million people live in Eastern Africa, followed by Western Africa (75.2
million), Central Africa (57.1 million), Northern Africa (17.4 million) and Southern
Africa (6.8 million).
TABLE 1
Prevalence of undernourishment (percent)
• 2000 2010 2014 2015 2019 2020 1
World 13.0 9.2 8.3 8.3 a.4 9.9
Africa 24.B ls.o 16.7 16.9 la.o 21.0
Central Africa 41.4 28.9 27.9 28.7 30.3 31.8
Eastern Africa 39.9 23.4 24.7 24.8 25.6 28.1
Northern Africa 9.2 . 7.3 • .9 6.1 6.4 LI
Southern Africa 5.8 6.2 6.3 7.5 7.6 10.1
Western Africa 16,9 11.3 11.6 11.5 12.9 18./
Food Security
FIGURE2
Prevalence of undernourishment
in Africa by subregion
4-j
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Central Africa
Angola
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Democratic Republic ofthe Congo
Gabon
Sao Tome and Principe
Eastern Africa
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Somalia
United Republic of Tanzania
— Africa
— Central Africa
Eastern Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Food Security
Shared vision of humanity and a social contract between the world's leaders.
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G O A L S
Food Security
• The Food Insecurity Experience Scale - (FIES):
a) Moderate food insecurity (uncertain ability to obtain food and have been
forced to reduce, at times over the year, the quality and/or quantity of food
they consume due to lack of money or other resources.
b) Severe food insecurity (run out of food, experienced hunger and, at the
most extreme, have gone for days without eating)
so
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Africa Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa
• Severe food Insecurity • Moderate food insecurity
Food Security
• Food security and nutrition indicators:
a) Undernourishment
b) Food Insecurity Experience Scale
c) Stunting, wasting and overweight in children under five years of age
d) Low birthweight
e) Adult obesity
f) Anaemia in women of reproductive age
g) Exclusive breastfeeding
https://wwwvoutube.com/watch?v=ZxPLxU8-Hxq
https://wwwyoutube.com/watch?v=5YcvKvxWaCE
Global Hunger Index
I Hunger in Africa:
iThe Situation is Serious
• Around 20% of people in Africa are facing
chronic hunger, compared with only 10% I G r a
? i n
S o f
, " T t r i e s
|n Africa according
i u i i to the Word Hunger ndex 2021
globally. 5
Global Hunger Index
2022 GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
Extremely alarming (> 50.0)
Alarming ( 3 5 . 0 - 4 9 . 9 )
Serious (20.0 - 34.9)
Moderate (10.0 - 19.9)
Low (< 9.9)
Not included or not designated
Global Hunger Index
Undernourishment Child stunting Child wasting
©Child mortality
• Measures inadequate food access, an important
indicator of hunger
• Refers to the entire population, both children
and adults
• Is used as a lead indicator for international
hunger targets, including Sustainable
Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger)
• Go beyond calorie availability, consider aspects of
diet quality and utilization
• Reflect children's particular vulnerability to
nutritional deficiencies
• Are sensitive to uneven distribution of food within
the household
• Are used as nutrition indicators for SDG 2 (Zero
Hunger)
• Reflects that death is the most serious
consequence of hunger, and children are
the most vulnerable
• Improves the GHTs ability to reflect
deficiencies of essential vitamins and
minerals
• Stunting and wasting only partially capture
the mortality risk of undernutrition
Thank you for your
attention