Modern Technologies and Conflicts Space Security 18.10.2023 Marek Dvořáček •Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin •Pete Conrad, Alan Bean, •Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, •David Scott, James Irwin, •John Young, Charles Duke, •Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt • Jamming - Typically, this is achieved by bombarding a satellite and/or its receivers with noise on the same radio frequency as its intended transmissions. Eutelsat is among the world's largest satellite operators and broadcasts thousands of television and radio stations throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. •1) Outer space and Kármán line -the atmospheric boundary at the altitude of 100 km (62 miles)the highest achievable point for ordinary aviation: Aeronautics -the highest achievable point for ordinary aviation: Aeronautics - -the lowest point under which the atmosphere is too dense for a spacecraft to remain on a stable orbit without a continuous pull of its drive: Astronautics - -(altitude where the speed necessary to aerodynamically support the airplane's full weight equals orbital velocity (assuming wing loading of a typical airplane). In practice, supporting full weight wouldn't be necessary to maintain altitude because the curvature of the Earth adds centrifugal lift as the airplane reaches orbital speed) 2) history – 1942 - Vergeltungswaffe 2 - 1957 Sputnik-1 Satellites Satellites Satellites GeoInt Copernicus •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGJss4lDaBo •Support to EU External Actions (implemented in partnership with the European Union Satellite Centre and the Emergency Management Service); • • •Maritime surveillance (implemented in partnership with the European Maritime Safety Agency, EMSA); • • •Border surveillance (implemented in partnership with FRONTEX). Space Security Definition: •Clay Moltz: •the ability to place and operate assets outside the Earth’s atmosphere without external interference, damage, or destruction • The three dimensions of space Security by Jean-François Mayence: • „Secure and sustainable access to space and its use, as well as freedom from threats emanating from space.“ -Definition based upon Outer Space Treaty principles (of 1967) -Outer space should remain freely sustainable for all to peaceful use now and in the future Three dimensions - interrelated areas •I) Outer space for security: •Satellite systems contributing to security and defence initiatives • •II) Security in outer space: •Keeping space assets and infrastructure intact against natural and human risks. Maintaining sustainable development •III) Security from outer space: •Protecting humanity and the environment from natural threats and risks originating in outer space Risks and threats •1) Space debris •Kessler syndrome •2) Anti-satellite weapons •Conventional •Nuclear •Direct energy – radiofrequency, microwave and laser techniques •Jamming / disruption / destruction •3) Cyber • •Only non-kinetic capabilities are actively being used in current military operations • Sources Launches (rocket bodies, payloads, mission related objects) Fragmentations (explosions, collisions) Non-fragmentation debris (surface degradation, solid rocket motor particles) Sinks Natural decay (atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, lunisolar perturbations) Active Removal (de-orbit, non-propulsive maneuvers) Space Debris 1.Space Surveillance & Tracking / Space Situational Awareness •radars and telescopes 2.Conjunction Assessment or Collision Avoidance (CA) •Based on ephemeris and a catalog of objects, predict potential collisions in space and inform operators (e.g. Sentinel 1A 2016) or Cosmos 2251 Iridium 33 collision 2009 Iridium Cosmos Satellite Collision Bing video Space Surveillance & Tracking / Space Situational Awareness •Objects are detected and tracked/monitored by a range of radars and telescopes, military, civilian, commercial • Starfish Prime SM-3 missile Fengyun-1C 1962 2008 2007 2019 Mission Shakti 2021 Russia conducted a direct-ascent anti-satellite (DA-ASAT) test Current trends •Privatisation + commercionalisation •Turism •Asteroid mining? •Growing number of actors NewSpace / Space 4.0 Rosetta Mission - a detailed study of comet Hayabusa2 – asteroid sample return mission •Asteroid Bennu •Start 2016, collection 2020, September 2023 return to Earth •250 grams material, goal of mission was 60 grams • •Technological progress = large amount of actors and assets •Cheaper development, production and operation of satellites and launchers •Various industrial sectors - such as IT companies, investment and media companies •New approaches, emphasis on innovation, lowering the overall price due to competition •Products are not perfect but sufficient •Priority is given to a lower price before a perfect performance, reliability and endurance •More efficient and simpler manufacturing processes •Cheaper components, 3D printing, open source software, adaptable production model NewSpace What topics to follow? •Private sector •Legal system •Miniaturization – microsatellites •Evolution of autonomous systems •Antisatellites system •Planetary Defence •Fifth NATO operational domain • • •http://spacesecurityindex.org/ssi_editions/space-security-2019/ •https://espi.or.at/news/public-espi-report-64-security-in-outer-space-rising-stakes-for-europe •https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/31/us/psyche-asteroid-ultraviolet-trnd-scn/index.html?utm_source=f bCNNi&utm_content=2020-10-31T15%3A09%3A31&utm_medium=social&utm_term=link&fbclid=IwAR19p6YUeNxv4B8V v7fWfgDbpIIt8I55LSgBrAPq31f4wa48AJuRXIkzaOQ •https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4056/1?fbclid=IwAR3iKGDTs9VY3y2DXMz4hhxAmKSXeosjxS056AkAInx 62W5ht1aA_PLIc5w •https://www.japcc.org/portfolio/space-natos-newest-operational-domain/ •https://spacenews.com/pentagon-issues-new-strategy-to-defend-u-s-dominance-in-space/ •https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/04/22/nato-and-outer-space-now-what/ •https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/04/mission-extension-vehicle-succeeds-returns-aging-satellite -into-service/ •https://phys.org/news/2020-03-planetary-defenders-validate-asteroid-deflection.html •MAYENCE, Jean-Francois. 2010. Space Security: Transatlantic Approach to Space Governance •MOLTZ, James Clay. 2011. The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests •DRMOLA, Jakub a Tomas HUBIK. 2018. Kessler syndrome: System dynamics model. Space Policy. Dostupné také z: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0265964617300966 •https://www.businessinsider.com/space-race-anti-satellite-china-russia-war-us-2017-07#ampshare=htt p://www.businessinsider.com/space-race-anti-satellite-china-russia-war-us-2017-07 •http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3331/1 •https://www.ted.com/talks/will_marshall_the_mission_to_create_a_searchable_database_of_earth_s_sur face •ASBECK, Frank, 2015. Policy Framework for Space Security Activities in the EU. In: Youtube.com [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGKdT8oYBX0 •THE UK MILITARY SPACE PRIMER. 2010. An introduction to potential military uses of space. [online. Dostupné z: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/336 91/SpacePrimerFinalWebVersion.pdf •SATCEN EU. 2018b. EU Satellite Centre Annual Report 2017. European Union Satellite Centre [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.satcen.europa.eu/key_documents/EU%20SatCen%20Annual%20Report%2020175af3f893f9d71b08a8d9 2b9d.pdf •https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-dart-mission-impact-changed-asteroid-s-motion-in- space •