Basic structure of argumentation Lukáš Lehotský How does argumentation differ from other speech acts? Basic components of persuasion Context Substance Delivery Context Let's meet at 8 Zdroj: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-33099289 Substance Why do we need model? "I can make an egg bounce" Bouncy egg • Ground • Liquid objects with thin membrane cover are able to bounce off the hard surface • Warrant • Cured egg is a liquid object with thin membrane cover • Conclusion • Cured egg is able to bounce off hard surface • Backing • If an egg is cured in vinegar for 24 hours, calcium carbonate in the egg shell reacts with vinegar and dissolves. Outer shell of an egg is decimated into flexible membrane, which allows egg to bounce off a hard surface Simple argumentation model Claim Explanation Evidence Chinese food • Claim • Chinese cooking is healthy food to eat • Explanation • Food containing vegetables is healthy food to eat • Chinese cooking uses lots of fresh vegetables in many dishes • Evidence • Fresh vegetables provide vitamins and other nutrients while having little fat • Data from The World Obesity Foundation show that the percentage of population suffering from obesity is 3% in China while in EU countries such as Slovakia it is 18%. Common use of argumentation Claim Evidence Delivery Structure Rhetoric More academic approach Various models of argumentation Classical Rogerian Toulmin Classical model Toulmin model Toulmin model - advanced Rogerian model Types of reasoning Inductive Deductive Analogical Narrative Causal Rebuttal Proposition of solution Common reasoning fallacies We can see how good Biden administration is doing, because economic performance of the USA improved after he became president. Post hoc reasoning/ correlation is not causation Two out of three patients who were given green tea before bedtime reported sleeping more soundly. Therefore, green tea may be used to treat insomnia. Hasty generalization/ Unrepresentative sample Professor Berger has published numerous articles in immunology. She must be an expert in medicine. Does not follow/ Non sequitur A: We should decriminalize marijuana, as criminalization ruins lives of young people. B: The legalization of cannabis will turn people into drug addicts. Straw man Once all gun-owners have registered their firearms, the government will know exactly from whom to confiscate them and we loose all our freedoms. Slippery slope We either get our ground troops involved in Syria or the Islamic State is going to take it all False dilemma