Citations and citing ethics Lukas Lehotsky, Martin Jirusek Why do we use any literature? Literature query – rationale (cf. Ridley 2012) • To find out about the field of your research • To identify a topic for your research • To find out what has already been done • Claim your insight into the topic • Connect your research to the existing knowledge and place your research in a context (avoid redundancy) • To find out about different research methods that you might use • Provide you with identified directions of future research Vesa et al. 2020 Why do we cite? Citing/referencing • Support for own claims – improvement of credibility • Connection to established knowledge/claims • Differentiation of already established facts/claims/knowledge from new ones • Improved transparency – ability to track thoughts, but also errors • Proper use of knowledge/claims (intellectual property) • Provision of context and background • Justification of specific (analytical) choices Two types of citations • Direct citation • Verbatim transcription of the content itself • Highlighted/differentiated from the rest of the text (quotation marks, italics) • Non-original sections/cut-outs should be highlighted as well (e.g., in brackets) • Indirect paraphrase • Reformulates/summarizes the content • Information about the content of the cited work • Cited in plain text, without quotation marks/italics There are quite a few studies that discuss the future of Polish coal through scenarios or through past developments and path-dependencies. Coal significance and prospects have been debated, with inconclusive outcomes. Some authors argue coal is not easy to replace, while others expect its decline over time, resulting in oversupply of uncompetitive domestic coal. It is economic performance and factors which are at the centre of analysis (e.g., market liberalization). Aside from economic futures, some authors reiterate the traditional importance of coal for security and stability and suggest the coal power generation should be kept competitive and cleaner through further reforms. On the other hand, this could be seen as a securitization of coal (and the whole energy sector) that results from a strong socio-political pressures that outweigh economic hardships of coal. Cernoch et al. forthcoming There are quite a few studies that discuss the future of Polish coal through scenarios or through past developments and path-dependencies. Coal significance and prospects have been debated, with inconclusive outcomes. Some authors argue coal is not easy to replace [3], while others expect its decline over time [4,5], resulting in oversupply of uncompetitive domestic coal [6]. It is economic performance and factors which are at the centre of analysis (e.g., market liberalization [7]). Aside from economic futures, some authors reiterate the traditional importance of coal for security and stability and suggest the coal power generation should be kept competitive and cleaner through further reforms [8]. On the other hand, this could be seen as a securitization of coal (and the whole energy sector) [9] that results from a strong socio-political pressures that outweigh economic hardships of coal [10]. Cernoch et al. forthcoming What is plagiarism? Plagiarism • Infringement on intellectual property – seen as grave violation of academic standards • Direct copying and pasting • Paraphrasing without proper attribution • Self-plagiarism • Collaboration without credit • Ghostwriting • Plagiarism might be unintentional Plagiarism • Why is plagiarism wrong? • Harms academic integrity • Provides unfair advantage/unearned attribution • Creates inequity • Allows spread of misinformation without transparency How do we cite? Citing/referencing • Proper (academic) references consists of two components • Text references – specific reference in relevant location of the text • Bibliography – complete information on the cited work that allows identification of the source • Bibliography/in-text references alone are not sufficient • All sources used in the text must be referenced both in text and in bibliography • Text references have two common formats • In-text references • Footnotes/endnotes Vesa et al. 2020 (Fisher et al. 2013, p. 73) Fisher, D. R., Waggle, J., & Leifeld, P. (2013). Where Does Political Polarization Come From? Locating Polarization Within the U.S. Climate Change Debate. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(1), 70-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212463360 (Fisher et al. 2013, p. 73) Fisher, D. R., Waggle, J., & Leifeld, P. (2013). Where Does Political Polarization Come From? Locating Polarization Within the U.S. Climate Change Debate. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(1), 70-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212463360 Reference elements (MLA Formatting and Style Guide, n.d.) • Author(s) • Title • Publication date • Container (journal, book, newspaper, website, database, etc.) • Contributor (editor, translator, illustrator, etc.) • Version/edition • Number (journal volume, issue, season, etc.) • Publisher • Additional identifier (ISBN, DOI, link to online content) • Date of access en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation What are citation styles? Citation styles • Chicago manual of style (Chicago) • In-text citation: (Sabatier 2007; Weible, Pattison, and Sabatier 2010) • Bibliography: • Sabatier, Paul A. 2007. Theories of the Policy Process. Edited by Paul A Sabatier. 1st ed. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367274689. • Weible, Christopher M., Andrew Pattison, and Paul A. Sabatier. 2010. “Harnessing Expert-Based Information for Learning and the Sustainable Management of Complex Socio-Ecological Systems.” Environmental Science and Policy 13 (6): 522–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.05.005. Citation styles • American Psychological Association (APA) • In-text citation: (Sabatier, 2007; Weible et al., 2010) • Bibliography: • Sabatier, P. A. (2007). Theories of the Policy Process (P. A. Sabatier, Ed.; 1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367274689 • Weible, C. M., Pattison, A., & Sabatier, P. A. (2010). Harnessing expert-based information for learning and the sustainable management of complex socioecological systems. Environmental Science and Policy, 13(6), 522–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.05.005 Citation styles • Journal-specific citation styles (ERSS) • In-text citation: [1,2] • Bibliography: • 1. Sabatier PA. Theories of the Policy Process. 1st ed. Sabatier PA, editor. New York: Routledge; 2007. 352 p. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000607482 • 2. Weible CM, Pattison A, Sabatier PA. Harnessing expert-based information for learning and the sustainable management of complex socio-ecological systems. Environ Sci Policy. 2010;13(6):522–34. Citation styles • ISO 690 – Czech adaptation • In-text citation: (Sabatier 2007; Weible et al. 2010) • Bibliography: • SABATIER, Paul A, 2007. Theories of the Policy Process. 1. vyd. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780367274689. Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367274689 • WEIBLE, Christopher M., Andrew PATTISON a Paul A. SABATIER, 2010. Harnessing expert-based information for learning and the sustainable management of complex socio-ecological systems. Environmental Science and Policy. 13(6), 522–534. ISSN 14629011. Dostupné z: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.05.005 Fernandez – Lehotsky 2021 What other details are worth mentioning? Citing/referencing • What should be referenced • Evidence/data (even own interviews, notes, newspaper articles, etc.) • Claims/knowledge that are not commonly known among the targeted audience • Different views on known facts/events • What needs no reference • Commonly known facts (“WWII ended in 1945”) Citing/referencing • Choose one reference style and keep references consistent across your papers • Hard to reference materials/original materials/research data (e.g., interviews) should be referenced as well and either included in appendixes or provided on demand • Translation should be accompanied with original language version • Sometimes, unpublished works could be cited as well • Forthcoming/in-press How to cite those papers?