Obsah obrázku osoba, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Why don’t women run? PMCb1121 WOMEN, POLITICS, AND MEDIA Fall 2023 Women less likely to participate in electoral politics… (remember lecture 2?) • •“We would like more women in politics but they are not interested.” • •Why don’t women run for office as much as men do? •What are the main barriers??? (good topic for interviews) • •Social structure •Psychological barriers > Obsah obrázku obloha, oblek, oblečení, snímek obrazovky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky The supply side of political representation •Supply side = a pool of political aspirants with the will and capacities to run • •What is the demand side?? • • Obsah obrázku osoba, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Social structure Structural factors (Paxton et al. 2020) •1) Money •2) Time •3) Civic skills and community participation •4) Education •5) Work and Economic power •6) Informal networks •7) Media and pop culture • Money: gender pay gap •OCED pay gap 2022 •Difference in median wages of employees •OEDC average: •A woman earns 0,88 cents for every EURO a man earns Obsah obrázku snímek obrazovky, řada/pruh, Barevnost, Vykreslený graf Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Why money matters? •Campaigns costly •Running for office requires material security •Politicians: wealthy, good networks •Pinto-Duschinsky 2002: 104 countries, 59% no limits on campaign spending, 72% no limits on financial contributions by individuals •Campaign limits: increase competition, more less wealthy candidates •“The best way to make a small fortune from politics is to start with a large one“ • > Obsah obrázku text, oblečení, pohřeb, vlajka Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Adriana Munoz (President of the Senate, Chile) •“Being a candidate is difficult for a woman because you need to have a lot of money. We have little help economically. Men have access to circles or networks where money is let – they are friends with bank managers. But we are not supported this way. For us, it’s pretty complicated, this arena of power and money.“ •(quoted in Franceschet 2001) • > Obsah obrázku osoba, Lidská tvář, oblečení, žena Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Case studies: Chile 2017 legislative election (Piscopo et al. 2021) •Gender electoral financing scheme •Electoral reform 2015-16 •Candidate money •From parties •From banks •From private donors •Their own money •Candidate expenditure reimbursed by state •40% quota – state money for every women elected •Women reported less financial support from parties then men Obsah obrázku osoba, oblečení, tým, venku Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Chile 2017 •“a successful woman candidate recalled how men candidates in her party requested and received more money, even though the party previously pledged equal financial support to all candidates..“ (p. 230) • Obsah obrázku text, Písmo, snímek obrazovky, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, diagram, Obdélník, Plán Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Women less overall funding The gap applies for new-comers Incumbents = no gender gap Disadvantage for women without pre Case study: USA governor races (Sanbonmatsu and Rogers 2020) Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, Písmo, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, Písmo, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, Písmo, účtenka Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Case study: the UK (Murray 2023) > Obsah obrázku radnice, interiér, oblečení, osoba Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Candidates reported selection costs (before being selected) •Money = significant advantage •Especially for Conservatives •Time investment •Lost economic opportunity, loss of income (reduced hours at work) •Family lives, relationships, friendships, health and wellbeing •Length of campaign matters •Women struggling financially more •Outsourcing childcare increases financial burden Resources and household composition •Political economy of the household may prevent ambitious women from running •Income constraint •Lower income prevents poorer women from political ambition •Breadwinner constraint •Women responsible for household income •Household composition •Women without no support from other earners Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, Paralelní, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, číslo, řada/pruh Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, účtenka, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, řada/pruh, Paralelní Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Positive impact of: > Obsah obrázku text, plakát, Písmo, kniha Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Public financing of elections •Campaign founding regulation •Free allocated broadcast time •NGOs •State incentives to parties • •Most famous organization: EMILY‘s list (Early Money Is Like Yeast ) •https://www.emilyslist.org/pages/entry/women-we-helped-elect •Shifts in strategies, nowadays they choose already viable candidates • Time •Valuable resource •Political involvement is time demanding •Women‘s burden: care, child bearing, housework, family responsibilities •Second shift (Arlie Hochschild 1989) •Is politics a third shift? •https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/minutes-spent-on-leisure •Women politicians less often married, more often childless •It is a structural problem. Because there are differences in female participation in electoral politics across countries with different social welfare and culture • • • • Family support/resources and ambition Family patterns, gender roles Differences between the Nordic and the Mediterranean model Women in politics in Spain need more family support! Obsah obrázku osoba, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Psychological barriers Obsah obrázku obloha, oblek, oblečení, snímek obrazovky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Lack of political ambition? •Gaps in confidence •Gaps in political ambition •Gaps in electoral/risk aversion, conflict avoidance etc. •Gaps in political knowledge/interest •Role models in politics? Self-confidence •Women less confident •Undervalue achievements •Less confident in their skills •Socialization effect • •Lower self-confidence decreases •Interest in politics •Political efficacy Obsah obrázku text, diagram, Písmo, řada/pruh Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, diagram, řada/pruh, Paralelní Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Political ambition •Politics as a reasonable career mostly for men not for women •Eligible women consider political career far less often •Lots of research with consistent results •Most famous research: Fox and Lawless •Interviews and survey (pipeline job professionals) •Lawers, Educators, Business leaders, Political activists, Local officials •Gaps in ambition consistent across geneerations • Gaps in pol. ambitions > Obsah obrázku kresba, skica, klipart, ilustrace Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •Political socialization •Traditional gender roles/ Family dynamic •Self-Perception and candidate viability •Perception of the environment •Party recruitment dynamics • •External. Factors more impactful. (Lawless and Fox 2004) • Ambition among ordinary men and women? Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, menu, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Self-confidence Encouragement Much more important for women (Crowder-Meyer 2020) Obsah obrázku text, Písmo, snímek obrazovky, algebra Popis byl vytvořen automaticky •The role of gendered political socialization! •Children internalize gender stereotypes •Leaders typically male •Girls less likely to imagine political leaders as women with age •Girls less politically interested and ambitious with age • Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, diagram, řada/pruh Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku kreslené, snímek obrazovky, ilustrace, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Symbolic representation matters? •Impact of role models! •Descriptive representation •Substantive representation •Feedback to voter that women can win • •Descriptive underrepresentation creates psychological barriers •Signals uneven status • • • Obsah obrázku text, řada/pruh, snímek obrazovky, diagram Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, řada/pruh, účtenka Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku text, řada/pruh, účtenka, snímek obrazovky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Wolbrecht and Campbell 2007 Comparative data (Europe plus USA) The effect moderated also by age (socialization hypothesis) Also effects on anticipated involvement of girls (through increased discussions of politics with parents) Research also suggests: •Women motivated to run by the costs of non-running •Reported feelings of urgency and threat •US 2018 midterm • > Obsah obrázku oblečení, Kalhoty, boty, kreslené Popis byl vytvořen automaticky