[USEMAP] Problematic smartphone use & Attention economy Jana Blahošová Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Autumn 2023 Current issues in research of media and audiences 01 PROBLEMATIC SMARTPHONE USE (PSU) Translation: Digital addictions are the new pandemic, Czechs are destroyed mainly by social media QUIZ QUESTION 1 What percentage of the world's total population uses a mobile phone? Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, symbol, logo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky KEY NUMBERS ABOUT PHONES 68% of the global population Use mobile phone (5.44 billion of people) 3 hours 46 minutes Average daily time spent using the internet on mobile phones 64.4% of the global population Use internet (5.16 billion of people) Kemp (2023) QUESTION 2 How much time do you spend on your mobile phone daily (in hours)? Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, symbol, logo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky WHY IT IS SO HARD? oInnacurate or incomplete recollection of events by study participants RECALL BIAS oSmartphones are typically used in rapid and fragmented ways throughout the day oHard to correctly estimate RAPID & FRAGMENTED USAGE oRespondents give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others oStudies on sensitive topics (e.g., drug use, sexual behavior) SOCIAL DESIRABILITY [USEMAP] HOW ARE CZECH ADOLESCENTS USING THEIR PHONES? o12-months research, project FUTURE, WP4 o201 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years old oSpecial research app called IRTIS App that participants installed into their mobile phones o REPORT LINK METHODS May 2021 June 2022 1. burst May/June 2. burst September/ October 3. burst January/February 4. burst April/May 4 surveys per day daily objective measurement of app use 14 days, 2 weekends RESULTS Obsah obrázku text, snímek obrazovky, řada/pruh, diagram Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Comparison of the average daily time spent on the phone by adolescents (in minutes per day) Adolescents spent more than 4 hours per day on their phones. CONCLUSION Adolescents spent 4 hours and 11 minutes per day on their smartphones (on average) IS IT TOO MUCH? IS IT OK? QUESTION 3 How much time spent on the phone daily is too much (in hours)? Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, symbol, logo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky IS TIME GOOD INDICATOR OF ADDICTION? oAn individuals can be considered as problematic users if their time exceeds a predefined usage amount othe time vary across studies between 4 to 8 hours per day WHAT IS TOO MUCH? INCONSISTENT oSmartphone development oIncreased internet access via smartphone oThey are used for a variety of activities (substite of computer) TIME DOES NOT NECESSARILY INDICATE A PROBLEM Ryding & Kuss, 2020 QUESTION 4 What is the best indicator to determine that someone is using the phone problematically? o Phone use negatively affects individual's overall normal functioning in life Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, symbol, logo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky PROBLEMATIC SMARTPHONE USE „An inability to regulate one‘s use of the smartphone, which eventually involves negative consequences in daily life.“ Billieux (2012), Billieux et al. (2015) Terms used in literature: o oSmartphone addiction oSmartphone dependence oNomophobia ● Kruh rukou držící smartphony Pathological gaming Behavioral addictions or non-substance addictions BEHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS Drugs, alcohol, nicotine… Substance addictions oProblematic smartphone use is generally conceptualized as a behavioral addiction together with pathological gambling or compulsive shopping oThe diagnostic manuals distinguishes two categories of addictions: A picture containing text, slot machine Description automatically generated Icon Description automatically generated oDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders oDiagnostic tool published by American Psychiatric Association (APA) oActual versions is DSM-5 DSM DIAGNOSTIC MANUALS ICD [USEMAP] oInternational Classification of Diseases oDiagnostic tool published by World Health Organization (WHO) oActual versions is ICD-11 BEHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS oSmartphone „addiction“ or internet „addiction“ are not officially recognized as the behavioral addictions by these diagnostic manuals oOnly Internet Gaming Disorder was included into DSM-5 (2013) and ICD-11 (2019) as disorder requiring another research Behavioral addictions A picture containing text, slot machine Description automatically generated 2 groups of researchers: oUse the term smartphone addiction oAvoid the term smartphone addiction and even behavioral addiction and use problematic smartphone use COMPONENT MODEL OF ADDICTION Salience Mood modification Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms Conflict Relapse [USEMAP] [USEMAP] Griffiths (2005) The increase over time of daily hours spent using smartphones Mood changes experienced through the use Total preoccupation of smartphone use Negative feeling when unable to use Intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts Repeated use after period of abstinence Behavioral addiction can be identified by the presence of six core components: MEASUREMENT SCALE OF PSU salience Csibi et al. (2021) conflict mood modification tolerance withdrawal symptoms relapse All symptoms have to be fullfilled to be able to say that somebody is addicted. CRITIQUE OF COMPONENT MODEL oEvidence supporting the identification of PSU as behavioral addiction LACK OF EVIDENCE oComponents were directly transposed from those diagnosing other addictions oThey do not consider specifics of mobile phones ORIGIN OF COMPONENTS TOLERANCE CRITERIA PATHOLOGIZATION OF COMMON BEHAVIOR oSubstance use context: higher and higher dose of drug to receive the same reward oSmartphone use: increase in the frequency of mobile use OR still new and new devices oBUT – we can use the phone more in some situation Billieux et al. (2015a) CRITIQUE OF COMPONENT MODEL oWhen using different approach than addiction model: oIntensive use of mobile phone was result of other issues, e.g., higher impulsivity, reassurance behavior, bad coping strategies (regulation of emotions through smartphone use) OTHER ISSUES HIDING BEHIND „ADDICTION“ SYMPTOMS oCase study of Thalia from assigned reading oShe fullfilled several smartphone „addiction“ criteria (different set) - she could be perceived as smartphone addict oE.g., she was not able to control her phone use, she constantly called and wrote messages to her boyfriend Billieux et al. (2015b) BUT QUESTION 5 Which of the following can be connected with problematic smartphone use? oBoredom proneness oPoor sleep oPoor relationships with parents oFrequent smartphone checking oLoneliness o Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, symbol, logo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky RISK FACTORS & CORRELATES OF PSU Factors that are often present in people using their smartphones problematically. Mostyn Sullivan & George (2023), Tossell et al. (2015), Billieux (2012), Pivetta et al. (2019) Loneliness and stress Obsah obrázku klipart, kreslené, ilustrace, Kreslený film Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku snímek obrazovky, symbol, kruh, číslo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Cause and consequence? Directionality of the relationship is often unknown RISK FACTORS & CORRELATES OF PSU oOlder adolescents & young adults oLoneliness and stress oParents education oMonthly income oRestrictive mediation oPoor quality of relationships with parents oParental neglect oParental addiction (substance abuse or gambling problems) o Sociodemographic characteristics & environmental factors Mostyn Sullivan & George (2023), Tossell et al. (2015), Billieux (2012), Pivetta et al. (2019) Obsah obrázku kreslené, Kreslený film, ilustrace, úsměv Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku klipart, kreslené, ilustrace Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku klipart, kreslené, ilustrace, Kreslený film Popis byl vytvořen automaticky RISK FACTORS & CORRELATES OF PSU Personality traits Mostyn Sullivan & George (2023), Tossell et al. (2015), Billieux (2012), Pivetta et al. (2019) oNeuroticism oEtraversion oImpulsivity oLow self-esteem oSensation-seeking oEmotional instability oInsecure attachment style oBoredom proneness o o Mental health outcome oDepression oAnxiety oPoor sleep o o Use patterns oSmartphone checking behavior oUsage short in duration and more frequent oProactive use – checking for notifications or messages without any trigger o o [USEMAP] DEVICE OR CONTENT? „Individuals are no more addicted to the internet and smartphones than alcoholics are addicted to bottles.“ orelative consensus that smartphone content or more specifically smartphone applications are the primary object of problematic smartphone use (Elhai et al., 2019; Griffiths, 2021) o Griffiths (2021) TYPES OF SMARTPHONE USE/CONTENT CONNECTED WITH PSU oSocial networking sites (Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat) oChatting, instant messaging (Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram) oVideo and phone calls SOCIAL SMARTPHONE USE PROCESS SMARTPHONE USE Chan, Yeo & Handayani, (2023) oGaming oWatching videos, movies (YouTube, Netflix) oMusic, radio and podcasts Obsah obrázku logo, symbol, Grafika, Písmo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku Grafika, klipart, grafický design, symbol Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku Grafika, symbol, Písmo, červená Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, Barevnost, grafický design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku Grafika, Barevnost, kruh, kreslené Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku snímek obrazovky, Grafika, Barevnost, červená Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Mostyn Sullivan & George (2023) oSystematic review of 44 studies oInvestigating motives categories that are associated with PSU MOTIVES ASSOCIATED WITH PSU Mood regulation motives Self-identity/conformity motives Pass time Social motives Entertainment to reduce negative emotions, to maintain positive emotions to gain approval from a social group, to avoid social disapproval to avoid boredom to maintain relationships, to obtain social benefits Social smartphone use (social media & instant messengers) Self-identity/conformity motives Pass time Social motives Entertainment Process smartphone use (gaming, watching videos, movies, etc.) Mood regulation motives 02 ATTENTION ECONOMY ATTENTION ECONOMY Human attention is perceived as a scarce recource, a commodity or a form of capital, and therefore it is regarded as valuable. Human attention as a commodity It is a system that‘s all about seeking, receiving and paying the attention of other human beings (that is limited and not replaceable) (Goldhaber, 2006) Natural economy of cyberspace Icon Description automatically generated Obsah obrázku kruh, klipart, Grafika, kreslené Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Icon Description automatically generated our time, our attention money ADDICTIVE FEATURES OF PLATFORMS UNPREDICTABLE VARIABLE REWARDS A picture containing graphical user interface Description automatically generated Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) Obsah obrázku symbol, Grafika, kruh, snímek obrazovky Popis byl vytvořen automaticky oRewards, mainly in form of dopamine, are random, at unknow frequencies oRewards from usage vary Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) oSlot machines work in similar way – you never know when you‘ll win money and you tend to repeat the behavior that can lead you to the reward oAnticipation of reward is almost as good as the reward itself at releasing dopamine Slot machine effect Graphical user interface Description automatically generated Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) Pull-to-refresh o oSeen in a number of social media platforms oIt mimics the motion and variable reward schedule of a slot machines oYou never know what you‘ll get (the anticipation of the reward) Pull-To-Refresh Action: Kleine Animationen mit großer Wirkung Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) Not fully visible content o oThe content is arranged zigzag, some images appear to be cut off oTo relieve their curiosity, the users have to scroll down to reveal the full picture Graphical user interface Description automatically generated with medium confidence Pinterest – Logos Download Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated ADDICTIVE FEATURES OF PLATFORMS DESIRE FOR SOCIAL VALIDATION & SOCIAL RECIPROCITY Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019), Eastwick & Finkle, (2009) Obsah obrázku Grafika, symbol, kruh, Písmo Popis byl vytvořen automaticky oTo be in contact with others, to be validated by significant others – one of the main psychological needs oCraving for validation – to be part of group, consistent with group norms oReciprocal liking – the tendency of liking those people who like us o o Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) Like button, comments o oIt may be the reward that user is expecting while using social media oForm of social validation – we belong to other, we are consistent with a group norms A picture containing text Description automatically generated Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) Notifications o oReciprocal liking – when a user gives a Like to someone, it is then likely that the individual will also give him a Like oSocial media notify their users that these things happened – Likes, comments, shares Text Description automatically generated A picture containing logo Description automatically generated ADDICTIVE FEATURES OF PLATFORMS REDUCTION OF NATURAL STOPPING CUES (EXTENSION OF TIME OF USE) Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Montag et al. (2019) Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, logo, symbol Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Infinite scroll o oBefore that – at the end of the page, user have faced some decisions (to load the next page, to exit platform, and so on) oInfinite scrool removed the opportunity to make such decisions, to reflect their behavior, to decide what to do next o Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated Logo Description automatically generated ADDICTIVE FEATURES OF PLATFORMS Double ticks o oMarking the read messages by coloured double ticks oBoth sides of the conversations know these rules oSocial pressure – if the message has been read, both sides expect a fast answer o What do the WhatsApp check marks mean? | nextpit SOCIAL PRESSURE Obsah obrázku symbol, Grafika, logo, kruh Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Montag et al. (2019) ADDICTIVE FEATURES OF PLATFORMS Snapstreaks o oSunk cost bias – the more the individuals invest in something (time, money, effort), the more they tend to persist in the behavior oSnapstreaks – the number of consecutive days that individuals have been snapping on Snapchat oPressure to continue with these streaks o PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTMENT Graphical user interface, text, application, chat or text message Description automatically generated Bhargava & Velásquez (2020), Griffiths, 2018 Obsah obrázku Grafika, kruh, logo, symbol Popis byl vytvořen automaticky TAKE-HOME MESSAGE What's the most interesting thing you learned today? What will you take away from the lecture? Obsah obrázku Barevnost, Grafika, design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky [USEMAP] REFERENCES oBillieux, J. (2012). Problematic Use of the mobile Phone: A Literature review and a Pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520522 oBillieux, J., Maurage, P., López-Fernández, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015a). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y oBillieux, J., Philippot, P., Schmid, C., Maurage, P., De Mol, J., & Van Der Linden, M. (2015b). Is dysfunctional use of the mobile phone a behavioural addiction? Confronting Symptom-Based versus Process-Based approaches. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(5), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1910 oBhargava, V. R., & Velásquez, M. (2020). Ethics of the Attention Economy: The problem of Social Media Addiction. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(3), 321–359. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2020.32 oBlahošová, J., Lebedíková, M., Tancoš, M., Plhák, J., Smahel, D., Elavsky, S., Tkaczyk, M., & Sotolář, O. (2023). How are Czech adolescents using their phones? Analysis using objective smartphone data. Brno: Masaryk University oCsibi, S., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Szabo, A. (2021). Analysis of Problematic Smartphone Use Across Different Age Groups within the ‘Components Model of Addiction’. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 616–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00095-0 oEastwick, P. W. & Finkel, E. J. (2009). Reciprocity of liking. In Encyclopedia of human relationships. London: Sage oElhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2019). Cognitive- and emotion-related dysfunctional coping processes: Transdiagnostic mechanisms explaining depression and anxiety’s relations with problematic smartphone use. Current Addiction Reports, 6(4), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4 oGoldhaber, M. H. (2006). The value of openness in an attention economy. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v11i6.1334 oGriffiths, M. D. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359 oGriffiths, M. D. (2018). Adolescents social networking: How do social media operators facilitate habitual use? Education and Health, 36(3). oGriffiths, M. D. (2021). Internet use disorders: What's new and what's not? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(4), 934–937. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00072 o [USEMAP] REFERENCES oChan, S. J., Yeo, K. J., & Handayani, L. (2023). Types of smartphone usage and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A review of literature. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(2), 563. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i2.22909 oKemp, S. (2023). Digital 2023: Global overview report. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report oMeng, S., Cheng, J., Li, Y., Yang, X., Zheng, J., Chang, X., Shi, Y., Chen, Y., Lu, L., Sun, Y., Bao, Y., & Shi, J. (2022). Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102128 oMontag, C., Lachmann, B., Herrlich, M., & Zweig, K. A. (2019). Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142612 oMostyn Sullivan, B., & George, A. M. (2023). The association of motives with problematic smartphone use: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 17(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2023-1-2 oPivetta, E., Harkin, L., Billieux, J., Kanjo, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.013 oRyding, F. C., & Kuss, D. J. (2020). Passive objective measures in the assessment of problematic smartphone use: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100257 oSohn, S. Y., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x oTossell, C., Kortum, P., Shepard, C., Rahmati, A., & Zhong, L. (2015). Exploring smartphone addiction: Insights from long-term telemetric behavioral measures. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 9(2), 37–43. [USEMAP] THANKS! DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS? Jana Blahošová jana.blahosova@mail.muni.cz