Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
1
International Organisations I
International Security Policy, October 7, 2024
Vendula Divišová, FSS MU, vendula.divisova@mail.muni.cz

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
2
Structure
̶International organisations and IR theory
̶Definitions
̶Types of international organisations
̶International security organisations (part I)
̶United Nations
̶NATO
̶

Adobe Systems
Zápatí prezentace
3
Obsah obrázku umění, Svět, snímek obrazovky, grafický design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
Is the international system anarchical?

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
4
International organisations as a way to mitigate anarchy…
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
„an organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and
possessing its own international legal personality“
INTERNATIONAL REGIMES
“principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations
converge in a given area of international relations“ (S. Krasner)
less institutionalized
narrower focus
formal structure

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
5
Types of international organisations
COLLECTIVE DEFENCE ORGANISATIONS [NATO, ANZUS]
̶protection against a common enemy (a commitment to respond jointly to an external threat)
COLLECTIVE SECURITY ORGANISATIONS [UN]
̶maintaining peace and security → states will not resolve common disputes by force (or threat of
force)
COOPERATIVE SECURITY ORGANISATIONS [OSCE]
̶efforts to reduce the risk of war and increase international security
̶limiting and regulating armed force, arms control, relationship building
̶

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
6
Obsah obrázku text, Písmo, menu, rukopis Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
7
United Nations: Key facts
main bodies:
1.General Assembly
2.Security Council
3.Economic and Social Council
4.Trusteeship Council
5.International Court of Justice
6.UN Secretariat
Obsah obrázku Grafika, logo, modrá, grafický design Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
founding document
flag + “UN blue“ colour
founded in 1945 (51 member states)
now 193 member states

Adobe Systems Obsah obrázku kruh, umění Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
International Organisations I
8
United Nations: Purpose
UN Charter - Article 1
1.To maintain international peace and security
2.To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights
and self-determination of peoples
3.To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social,
cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and
for fundamental freedoms for all
4.To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends
̶
settlement of international disputes by peaceful means
sovereign equality for all members
no threat or use of force

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
9
United Nations: Structure
Secretariat
̶Secretary-General + staff members
̶departments with different areas of responsibility
̶based in NYC
̶
Obsah obrázku obloha, venku, mrak, denní doba Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
António Guterres

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
10
United Nations: Structure
General Assembly
̶main policymaking and representative organ
̶forum for multilateral discussion
̶universal representations = equal vote
P GA appoints Secretary-General
P GA elects non-permanent members of
 the Security Council
̶
key issue in San Francisco - how to differentiate between larger and smaller states?
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
11
United Nations: Structure
Security Council
̶primary responsibility - maintenance of international peace and security (powers enshrined in Ch.
VI, VII, VIII, XII)
̶5 permanent + 10 non-permanent members
(2-year term)
̶each member = 1 vote
̶may establish subsidiary bodies
How a decision is made? vote of 9 members (including permanent members!)
(Counter-Terrorism Committee, Non-Proliferation Committee, Military Staff Committee, Sanctions
Committees…)
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
12
United Nations: International Peace and Security
Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes
̶parties to any dispute shall seek a solution by peaceful means
̶Security Council can call upon the parties to settle the dispute by peaceful means
̶Security Council determines whether the maintenance of international peace and security could be
endangered

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
13
United Nations: International Peace and Security
Security Council
̶determines the existence of threat to peace / breach of the peace / act of aggression
̶decides on the use of non-military measures
̶can take military action to maintain or restore international peace and security
̶undertake to make available to SC armed forces, assistance, and facilities
Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of
Aggression

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
14
this option was not included in the original draft of the UN Charter!
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
15
VIDEO

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
16
United Nations: Structure
̶Economic and Social Council - principal body for economic, social and environmental issues
̶Trusteeship Council - international supervision for 11 Trust Territories
̶International Court of Justice - legal disputes by states, advisory role on legal questions
̶International Courts and Tribunals
̶International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY, 1993)
̶International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR, 1994)
̶Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) - advisory body to SC and GA

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
17
United Nations: Activities

Adobe Systems
18
United Nations: Funds and programmes
+ specialised agencies
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/specialized-agencies

Adobe Systems Obsah obrázku symbol, logo, Grafika, kruh Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
International Organisations I
19
NATO: Key facts
political and military alliance
established in 1949 (April 4)
founding document: North Atlantic Treaty (signed in Washington DC)
a collective defence organization (Art. 5)
2 official languages (English + French)
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
20
NATO: Membership
32 member countries
+ security partners in around 40 countries
founding members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
no standing army
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
France left the NATO military command in 1966, rejoined in 2009

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
21
NATO: Purpose
1.Safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means
2.Secure a lasting peace in Europe, based on common values of individual liberty, democracy, human
rights and the rule of law
3.Contribute to peace and stability through crisis prevention and management, partnerships
Stability outside NATO
Sustainable peace in Europe
Collective defence
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen
automaticky Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
International Organisations I
22
United States feared of being drawn into a war through treaty obligations
invoked just once - after 9/11

International Organisations I
23
NATO: Decison-making process and consultations
̶principle of consensus decision-making
̶all decisions are made by consensus after consulation and discussion
̶applied at every committee level
̶facilitated by SecGen
Consultation (Art. 4)
„The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of any of them, the territorial
integrity, political independence or security of any of the Parties is threatened.“
any member can formally invoke Art. 4
invoked 7 times
last time - February 24, 2022
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
24
NATO: Core tasks
A.Deterrence and defence
B.Crisis prevention and management
C.Cooperative security
+ Resilience (Art. 3)
̶both civil preparedness + military capacity
1.assured continuity of government and critical government services
2.resilient energy supplies
3.ability to deal effectively with uncontrolled movement of people
4.resilient food and water resources
5.ability to deal with mass casualties
6.resilient civil communications systems
7.resilient civil transportation systems
enshrined in Strategic Concept (2022)
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
7 baseline requirements for national resilience
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky
„In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and
jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop
their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack“

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
25
NATO: Structure
North Atlantic Council (the Council / NAC)
̶principal political decision-making body within NATO
̶oversees a wide network of committees and working groups
̶member states represented at different levels (Permanent Representatives, foreign or defence
ministers, heads of state and government)
Secretary General
chairs NAC + all major committees
head of International Staff
facilitates consulations and decision-making
principal spokesperson
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
26
NATO: Structure
Nuclear Planning Group (NPG)
̶senior body on nuclear matters in the Alliance
̶reviews the NATO nuclear policy
̶discusses specific policy issues (nuclear arms control and nuclear proliferation)
̶all Allies members of the NPG, except for France
̶
NATO Organization - overview
Organizations and agencies - see the list here

Adobe Systems
NATO Headquarters (Brussels)
̶political and administrative centre of the Alliance
̶home to NAC, national delegations, offices/missions of partner countries = a venue for dialogue
and cooperation
National delegations to NATO
̶represent MSs, contribute to the consultation process
̶each headed by an ambassador/permanent representative
International Staff - headed by the NATO SecGen
̶supports the NAC and national delegations at NATO HQ, helps implement decisions
27
NATO: Civilian structure
(Office of the SecGen, 8 divisions, independent offices)
David Konecký (Czech ambassador)
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
28
NATO: Military structure
Military Committee (MC)
̶senior military authority in NATO
̶Chiefs of Defence of member countries / military representatives (Milrep) of the Chiefs of Defence
̶provides the NAC and the Nuclear Planning Group with consensus-based military advice
̶provides the Strategic Commanders with guidance (military matters)
International Military Staff
̶
(several divisions and offices)
üexecutive body of the MC and the military command structure
üstrategic and military advice for the MC
üensures decisions/policies‘ implementation
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
29
NATO: Structure
Supreme Allied Commander Europe General Christopher G. Cavoli

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
30
NATO: Structure
strategic foresight and planning

Adobe Systems
International Organisations I
31
NATO Enlargement
̶Art. 10 - „Open door policy"
How does a country join NATO?
1.Accession talks with a NATO team
2.Invitees send letters of intent to NATO (timetables for completion of reforms)
3.Accession protocols are signed by NATO countries
4.Accession protocols are ratified by NATO countries
5.The Secretary General invites them to accede to the North Atlantic Treaty
6.Invitees accede to the North Atlantic Treaty (national procedures)
7.Deposition of their instruments of accession with the US State Department   VIDEO
̶
̶
̶
̶
̶
̶
̶
üa functioning democratic political system based on a market economy
üthe fair treatment of minority populations
üa commitment to the peaceful resolution of conflicts
üthe ability and willingness to make a military contribution to NATO operations
üa commitment to democratic civil-military relations and institutional structures
1995 Study on Enlargement - requirements to be fulfilled by potential members
Obsah obrázku černá, tma Popis byl vytvořen automaticky