GREAT LAKES
REGION
Lucie Konečná
B S S n 4 4 5 7 Regional Security C o m p l e x e s
5/12/2024
; - • • ! • : - I -.:-.IIs
"..": -,
Map 2, Patterns of Regional Security Post-Cold War
Great Lakes Region
• Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, DRC
(Malawi, Kenya and Mozambique).
• International Conference on the Great
Lakes (ICGLR) - Its founding history began
in 2000 when the United Nations Security
Council, as stated in its resolutions 1291
and 1304, called for an International
Conference on peace, security, democracy
and development in the Great Lakes region.
Facts about GLR
Around 240 million inhabitants
Geography - African Great Lakes - Victoria and Tanganyika, Mount Kilimanjaro
(4,900 metres), high concentrations of wild animals (big five), Rwenzoris,
Eastern Rift Mountains and Virunga Mountains
Africa map of Koppen climate classification
FSI (FFP) - Burundi (24), Uganda (28), Rwanda (46),
Tanzania (62), DRC (5).
Full democracy
• 9.0-10.0
. 8 0 9C
Flawed democracy
• 7.0 - 3.0
6 0 7C
Hybrid regime
5.0 - 6.0
4.0 - 5.0
Authoritarian regime
• 3 0 - 40
2.0 3.0
• 0 - 2.0
No data
Source: The Econornist Intelligence Umt.
*' t
• Equatorial climate (At)
• Monsoon cllmata (Am)
Tropical savanna climate (Aw)
Warm desert climate (BWn)
•Cold desert climate (BWk)
•Warm •sml-arid climate (BSh)
•Cold seml-arld climate (BSk)
•Warm mediterranean climate (Csa)
•Temperate mediterranean climate (Cab)
"Humid subtropical climate (Cwa)
• Humid subtropical climate/
Subtropical oceanic highland climate (Cwb)
•Warm oceanic climate/
Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)
Temperate oceanic climate (Ctb)
SA - Form of Government
Uganda
48 mil inhabitants, Protestant 45.1%, Roman Catholic 39.3%, Muslim 13.7%
Independence 1962
Apollo Milton Obote x Idi Amin
Kagera war
Civil war 1980-1986 (Bush war)
Lord's Resistance Army
Involvement in the first
and second civil wars in the DRC
GROUP % GROUP %
Bagauda 1 6 . 2 Bagisu 5.1
Iteso S . l Acholi 4.4
Basoga 7.7 Lugbara 3 . 6
Banyaiikore s . o Banyoro 2 . 9
Banyaruanda 5.8 Batoro 3 . 2
Bakiga 7.1 Karamojong 2 . 0
Lango 5.6 Others (est.) 2 0 . 3
Burundi
13 mil inhabitants, Roman Catholic 62.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Muslim 2.5%
Ruanda-Urundi 1919-1962, Independence 1962
U P R O N A - Union for National Progress
Civil war 1993-2005/08
National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-
FDD).
Crisis 2015 - Pierre Nkurunziza x general Niyombare;Popular Force
Imbonerakure.
2020 new president Evariste NHavishimive ffiNinn-Fnrtt
0.9%.
Gitega (New capital city) I r
15.6%
Hutu
Tutsi
• Lingala
Twa Pygmy
other
R w a n d a Kigali Lake
L k
Cohoha
Vw „ Kiruridg)
Luhwa N g o z i Muyinga
River , n N P
Muramvya 40 km Rtfrubu
S™'D
Bujumbura
Dem.' Y Y Mltumba _. _.
j Mts. Gitega Gisuru
_ C o n g o 1 ( ^-Mt -Ruvyironza
§ fa ) H e h a
Rh
° Za\ JQklziT^ T a n z a n i a
"SVBururi c „ ° a
A °
o source RutZr\7/Malagarasi
<s°l \ i XL N
Rwanda
14 mil inhabitants, Protestant 49.5%,Roman Catholic 43.7%, Muslim 2%
Independence 1962, MDR-Parmehutu
The National Revolutionary Movement for Development
(MRND) was the ruling political party of Rwanda
from 1975 to 1994 under President Juvenal Habyariman
Civil war 1990-1994 (RPF - Rwandan Patriotic Front)
Genocide 1994 (Interahamwe, Impuzamugambi
x Inkotanyi)
Involvement in the first and second civil wars in the DRC
DEM. REP.
OF THE
CONGO
UGANDA
Tanzania
• 67 mil inhabitants, Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%
• Independence 1961, Creation of United Republic of Tanzania
1964
• Kagera war 1978-1979
• New capital city Dodoma
DRC
102 mil inhabitants, Christians constituted 93.7%
Independence 1960
First civil war 1996-1997
Second civil war 1998-2003
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the
Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDLC)
RCD - Congolese Rally for Democracy
MLC -Movement for the Liberation of Congo
M23, Mai-Mai, CODECO
Felix Tshisekedi
I L u b a B a n g i and Ngale
| K o n g o Rundi
M o n g o Teke
| R w a n d a | | B o a
A z a n d e other
DRC - Division
between VNSAs
Popular Forces for Peace - People's Army - FPP-AP
NDC-R (Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated)
October 2023
HIV in Africa
State % in the
population
Eswatini ^ | 26% ^ |
Botswana 23,4%
South Africa
Tanzania 5%
Rwanda
Burundi 3%
Uganda
HIV/AIDS
FIGURE 0.8 Distribution of acquisition of new HIV infections by population, global, sub-Saharan Africa and rest of the world, 2021
G L O B A L S U B - S A H A R A N A F R I C A REST O F T H E W O R L D
SEX W O R K E R S
P E O P L E W H O INJECT D R U G S
G A Y M E N A N D O T H E R M E N W H O H A V E SEX WITH M E N
T R A N S G E N D E R W O M E N
CLIENTS O F SEX W O R K E R S A N D SEX P A R T N E R S
O F KEY P O P U L A T I O N S
R E M A I N I N G P O P U L A T I O N
HIV in Africa
Bushmeat theory - Cameroon.
71% of the total HIV population lives in Sub-Africa.
Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation .
UNAIDS - Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
Causes of expansion in Africa: behavioral factors, lack of money, natural disasters and
conflicts, health industry, medical suspicion, circumcision?, religious factors, educational level,
poverty.
Armed conflict can increase the likelihood of exposure I
following ways: a) Population displacement
b) Breakdown of traditional sexu<
c) Vulnerability of womer
d) Rape as a weapon of
e) Collapse of health sy
f) Increased substance
Uganda - AIDS Information Centers, A B C Campaign
Uganda - ABC Campaign
IS AS EASY AS... ,
A -ABSTINENCE
B -BE FAITHFUL
C -CONDONIIZE
@ A MESSAGE FROM THE BVI NURSES ASSOCIATION
CHEATED ON?
Tel. 0200903495
HIV in Africa
• Justus Amuche Nweze - HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Current status,
challenges and prospects.
Reasons for the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa:
a) The initial responses to HIV in Africa and the West
b) Cultural behaviors and beliefs (Postpartum sexual abstinence, Sexual cleansing,
Virgin cleansing fable, Ritualised non-marital sexual intercourse)
c) Multiple sexual partners
d) Poverty, conflict/war, migration, and HIV/AIDS
e) Blood transfusion and HIV
f) HIV/AIDS-associated stigma and discrimination
Food Security - Definition
"Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic
access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life." 1996 World Food Summit.
"Food insecurity, on the other hand, is defined by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) as a situation of "limited or uncertain
availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability
to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways."
4 Dimensions + 2 new dimensions (Agency and Sustainability).
From this definition, f o u r m a i n d i m e n s i o n s of f o o d s e c u r i t y can be identified:
Physical AVAILABILITY
of food
Food availability addresses the "supply side" of food security and is determined by the level of
food production, stock levels and net trade.
Economic and physical
ACCESS to food
An adequate supply of food at the national or international level does not in itself guarantee
household level food security. Concerns about insufficient food access have resulted in a greater
policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets and prices in achieving food security objectives.
Food UTILIZATION Utilization is commonly understood as tfie way the body makes the most of various nutrients
in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by individuals is the result of good care and
feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of the diet and infra-household distribution of food.
Combined with good biological utilization of food consumed, this determines the nutritional status
of individuals.
STABILITY of the other
three dimensions over
time
Even if your food intake is adequate today, you are still considered to be food insecure if you have
inadequate access to food on a periodic basis, risking a deterioration of your nutritional status.
Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors [unemployment, rising food
prices) may have an impact on your food security status.
For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled simultaneously.
unger in the World
Food Security
298.6 (384 worldwide) million people in Africa face hunger (2023).
Food security situation is determined by several drivers including conflicts,
climate variability and extremes, economic slowdowns and downturns, and the
unaffordability of healthy diets.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO (1945).
The biggest deterioration occurred between 2019 and 2020.
138.5 million people live in Eastern Africa, followed by Western Africa (70.4
million), Middle Africa (62.2 million), Northern Africa (20.7 million) and Southern
Africa (6.f hiMll prevalence of undernourishment, 2005-2023
Prevalence of undernourishment
2005 2010 2 0 1 5 2017 2 0 1 S 2019 2020* 2021* 2022* 2023*
WORLD 12.2 8.7 7.7 7.1 7.2 7.5 8.5 9.0 9.1 9.1
AFRICA 19.9 15.9 16.0 16.7 17.1 17.4 18.8 19.3 19.9 20.4
Northern Africa 7,8 6.2 5.6 6.2 6,2 6.0 6.2 7,1 7.4 7.8
Sub-Sana ran Africa 23.0 18.2 18.4 19.2 19.6 20.0 21.7 22.1 22.7 23.2
Eastern Africa 32.2 24.4 24,5 26,3 26.5 27.4 28,5 29.0 29.6 28.6
Middle Africa 33.7 22.7 23,3 23.8 24,5 25.1 27,8 28,2 27.5 30.8
Southern Africa 4.7 7.1 8.3 6.9 7 0 7.1 8.1 9,1 9.5 9.6
Western Africa 12.2 11.6 11.5 11,5 12.0 11.8 13,7 13,8 15.0 16.0
iFood Security
Central Africa
FAO highlights four factors having a negative
impact on food security in Africa:
a) Conflict: Prolonged or new conflicts disrupt food
production, markets, and access, displacing
millions and exacerbating hunger.
b) Climate variability and extremes: Changes in
climate patterns, including droughts, floods, and
extreme weather, reduce agricultural productivity
and increase food insecurity.
c) Economic slowdowns and downturns: Global
economic instability, exacerbated by events like
COVID-19, has led to reduced income and
employment opportunities, limiting access to
nutritious food.
d) Structural challenges: These include ineffective
governance, policies that fail to address systemic
issues in agriculture and food distribution and
entrenched social inequalities.
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Conge
Democratic Republic cf the Congo
Gabon
Sao Tome and Principe
Eastern Africa
Djibouti
tth cpia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Somalia
United Republic of Tanzania
WORLD AND REGIONS AFRICA
„
i World
- Africa
Asia
Latin America
and the Caribbean
— Africa
Eastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
— Southern Africa
— Western Africa
Food Security
• The Food Insecurity Experience Scale - (FIES):
a) Moderate food insecurity (uncertain ability to obtain food
and have been forced to reduce, at times over the year, the quality
and/or quantity of food they consume due to lack of money or other
resources.
b) Severe food insecurity (run out of food, experienced
hunger and, at the most extreme, have gone for days
t\| t\| t\| U\| -r\| -ry
Africa Central Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa
3 ilWestern Africa
I Severe food insecurity • Moderate food insecurity
-57.9-5B.0—
C M15...2019M2O20212CI222CI23
2O15...20192O202(C120222(123
WORLD AFRICA
• Severe food i nsecurity Moderate food insecurity
Food Security
• Food security and nutrition indicators:
a) Undernourishment
b) Food Insecurity Experience Scale
c) Stunting, wasting and overweight in children under five years of age (Data from
WHO)
d) Low birthweight (under 2,5kg)
e) Adult obesity (BMI index,)
f) Anaemia in women of reproductive age (hemoglobin concentration less than
120 g/L)
g) Exclusive breastfeeding (Exclusive breastfeeding for infants under 6 months)
Food Security
Shared vision of humanity and a social contract between the world's leaders.
J f t ^ t . SUSTAINABLE A 1 O
ki^mjj DEVELOPMENT V 7 ^ M L O
1 7 G O A L S T O T R A N S F O R M O U R W O R L D ^
| NO
I POVERTY
f f f f t f
n ZERO
C HUNGER
Q GOOD HEALTH
Ü AND WELL BEMG
J QUALITY
4 EDUCATION
III
C GENDER
9 EQUALITY
n CLEAN WATER
D AND SANITATION
f
7 AfFOBOABLE AND
/ CLEAN ENERGY
V 1 /
Q DECENT WORK AND
0 ECONOMIC GROWTH
Ü
If! REDUCED
I I I INEQUALITIES
e
11 SUSTAMABLE CITIES
II AND COMMUNITIES
n i i i
19 RESPONSIBLE
I t . CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
CO
1Q CLIMATE
10 ACTION
4 &
11 BELOW WATER
IE l | T [
IÜ ON LAND
1
| C PEACE.JUSTICE
ID AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS
17 PARTNERSHIPS
1/ FDR THE GOALS
S U S T A I N A B L E
D E V E L O P M E N T
G O A L S
Global Hunger Index
GHI score and Indicators Year* Countries Severity scale
• Around 20% of people in Africa are facing chronic hunger, compared with only 10% globally.
• Russia's war on Ukraine has exacerbated food supply problems, while climate change and the
pandemic have also contributed.
Global Hunger Index
Undernourishment Child stunting Child wasting
©Child mortality
• Measures inadequate food access, an important
indicator of hunger
• Refers to the entire population, both children
a n d adults
• Is used as a lead indicator for international
hunger targets, including Sustainable
Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger)
• Go beyond calorie availability, consider aspects of
diet quality and utilization
• Reflect children's particular vulnerability to
nutritional deficiencies
• A r e sensitive to uneven distribution of food within
the household
• A r e used as nutrition indicators for S D G 2 (Zero
Hunger)
• Reflects that death is the most serious
c o n s e q u e n c e of hunger, and children are
the most vulnerable
• Improves the G H T s ability to reflect
deficiencies of essential vitamins and
minerals
• Stunting and wasting only partially capture
the mortality risk of undernutrition
Land Grabbing: A New Challenge to
Global Food Security
Table 5.1 Recently Signed "Land Grab" Deals
investor Type of investor Target antrittx Fht size (ha)
Bahrain government Philippines 10 0 0 0
C h i n a ])rivjnc entity i/'I'li; l ) k Coti^o 2 »00 0 0 0
C h i n a private iZTly: 700 000
C h i n a government Zimbabwe 101 171
government Sudan Unspecified
(land to grow
2 million tons
ot*wheat annually:
India private companies J.lhi, i| iLi :t.r
)9 100
Ji >\ d.iii government Sudan 25 (KKI
J jl n ; i gove] limetil M a l i 100 OCX)
|jl>\ ;i government Ukraine 250 000
Qatar government K e n y a 40
Qatar government Philippines 1 CK) IKX)
Saudi Arabia private company Sudan 9 2 0 0 - 1 0 117
S o u ih K o r e a private company Sudan (,'.>
Su i t / i i lam 1 private company Sierra L e O M 26 000
I \ K private company Klkhl.lll 324 (KKI
I \ K government Sudan 378 0(X)
I K private company Ukraine. 100 OCX)
Land Grabs in Africa
Hectares
r*~l 2500 - 36520
I 1 36520 - 153200
I I 153200 - 348829
• 348329 - 673400
• 678400 - 4884779
No Data
Thank you for your
attention