REGION OF
SOUTHERN AFRICA
(LAND ISSUES)
Lucie Konečná
BSSn4457 Regional Security Complexes
28/11/2024
- - - - - subramptexboundaries
^ — ^ — RSC boundaries
• — Suparcomplex boundary
Map 2. Patterns of Regnal Security Post-Cold War
COMOROS
Q»Moroni .
Victoria ^6
SEYCHELLES
MAURITIUS
Port L o u i s *
lanaparivo
AGASCAR
Southern African
Region
theodora.com/maps
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SADC vs. SACU
Facts about SAR
SAC - South Africa, Malawi, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia,
Mozambique, Angola, Lesotho and Eswatini.
Population - 187 mil (SA 60 mil)
FSI (FFP) - Zimbabwe (18), Mozambique (25), Angola (2
Zambia (50), Malawi (52).
Africa map of Koppen climate classification
Full democracy
• 9.0-10.0
• S.0 - 9.0
Flawed democracy
• 7.0 - 8.0
5.0-7.0
Hybrid regime
5 . 0 - 6 0
4.0 - 5.0
Authoritarian regime
I 3.0 - 4.0
2 0 3C
• 0 - 2.0
No data
Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit.
*' t
• Equatorial climate (At)
• Monsoon cllmata (Am)
Tropical savanna climate (Aw)
•Warm desert climate (BWn)
• C o l d desert climate (BWk)
Warm suml-arld climate (BSh)
• C o l d semi-arid climate (BSk)
•Warm mediterranean climate (Csa)
•Temperate mediterranean climate (Cab)
"Humid subtropical climate (Cwa)
"Humid subtropical climate/
Subtropical oceanic highland climate (Cwb)
•Warm oceanic climate/
Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)
Temperate oceanic climate (Cm)
ACLED - Political violence and protest
trends
HfefHJ
SA - Form of Government
Conflict Map
South Africa
• 60 mil inhabitants, Christianity
78%
• Anglo-Zulu war, Boer wars.
• Union of South Africa 1910,
Apartheid 1948, RSA1961.
• African National Congress (ANC).
• South African Border War.
• ANC, DA vs. uMkhonto weSizwe.
Eswatini and Lesotho
Kingdom, absolute monarchy
1,2 mil inhabitants, Christianity 90%.
Independence 1968.
Constitutional monarchy.
2,2 mil inhabitants, Christianity 95%.
Independence 1966. Luanda
CONGO
ANGOLA
South
Atlantic
Ocean
Etosha
NP
Dar es Salaam
Indian
Ocean
ZAMBIA
Lusaka*
* Victoria .Harare y i ^
wee***™* ^°
NAMIBIA * -:
z!SbaBWe'
BOTSWANA
Gaborone*
+
Windhoek
Kruger_ p r e t 0 | i a a N P
River • + * Maputo
Canyon Johannesburg *Mbabane
" ' " W M a s e r , * S W A T , N I
/' "Durban
(SOUTH AfRICA L
^ ) T H 0
Antananarivo
Indian
Ocean
500 k m
Cape Town Port Elizabeth
S o u t h e r n A f r i c a
• 2,5 mil inhabitants,
Christianity 90%.
• South African Border War
(1966-1990)
• Independence 1990.
• Caprivi War 1999 - CLA
Caprivi Liberation Army.
• SWAPO - South-West
African People's
Organization
• Ovambo 35%, Kavango
9%, San 7%, Afrikaner 8%,
Herero 5% etc.
Botswana
2,5 mil inhabitants, Christianity 58%
1885 Bechuanaland.
Independcence 1966.
Botswana Democratic Party (BDS) 2019,
Umbrella for Democratic Change 2024
The lowest perceived corruption
ranking and the highest level of
democracy
Tswana 79%, Kalanga 11%, San 3%.
Religions in Botswana
0,065* 1*
Bad mo
Muslim
Zambia
• 18,5 mil inhabitants, Christianity 95,5%.
• Barotseland-North-Western Rhodesia and NorthEastern
Rhodesia, 1911 Northern Rhodesia,
1953-1963 the Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland.
• Independence 1964.
• United National Independence Party (UNIP),
Kenneth Kaunda, 1964-1991.
• Change of political regime 1991.
• Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (1991-
2011), Patriotic Front (2011-2021), United Party
for National Development (2021-).
Zimbabwe
Z a m b i a
N a m i b i a
Lusaka _
Zambezi
River •
M o z a m b i q u e
Lake
Kariba
15 mil inhabitants, Christians constituted 86%
1923 Southern Rhodesia.
Rhodesian Bush War 1964-1979 (ZANU, government forces
Rhodesian Front led Ian Smith/Abela Muzorewa,
ZAPU-Zimbabwe African People's Union).
Independence 1965/1980 (In 1965, the white separatist
minority government unilaterally declared independence).
Riots in Matabele (1980-1987), Gukurahundi genocide,
ZAPU (Michael Nkomo) + ZANU.
Victoria
Falls
•
Kariba
nga
Hwange C H
[f,A
L;|R A
n
HwangeNat Park
MAFUNGABUSA
PLATEAU
Mana Pools
Nat. Park
Chinhoyi
M unyati H a r a r e
pR/Ver C h i t u n g w i z a ^
Alt. Nyangani
Kadoma
Zimbabwe
Matobo Masvingo $ a v e
Bulawayo Nat Park • * R i v
^
Great Zimbabwe
MATOPO ^ o t
- Monument
Runde
Mutare
HILLS
River •
•
125 k m
Z I M B A B W E
L O W / H I L L S / M O U N T A I N S
Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-P;t ;n i c c o m p o s m o n { 2 0 0 3 )
Robert Mugabe 1987-2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa.
Beitbridge Gonarezhou
.. • Nat. Park
Limpopo 7
River Kruger
S o u t h Nat. Park
A f r i c a •
©GraphicMaps.corr
Shona
Maebele
other African
white
mixed race/Asian
Ě Encyclopaedia Brnanraca, inc.
Mozambique
• 32 mil inhabitants, Christianity 60%, Islam 19%,
• Independence 1975 - FRELIMO - Liberation Front
of Mozambique.
• Civil war 1977-1992 (RENAMO - Mozambican
National Resistance vs. FRELIMO).
• 1994 - first multiparty elections.
• RENAMO insurgency (2013-2021).
• Conflict in Cabo Delgado, Ansar al-Sunna - Abu
Yasir Hassan (2017 -).
ETHNICITY IN M O Z A M B I Q U E
• Makuana • Makua Tsonga Lomwe BTswa BOthers BSena BChwabo
Angola
33 mil inhabitants, Christians constituted 92 %.
Angolan War of Independence 1961-1974.
Independence 1975.
Civil war 1975 - 2002 (People's Movement for the Liberation
of Angola MPLA, National Union for the Total Independence
of Angola UNITA, National Front for the Liberation of Angola F
Cabinda War (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabind
FLEC).
Jose Eduardo dos Santos (MPLA) 1979 - 2017, Joao Loureng
Kwango R.
Kwilu R
Dem. Rep.
of Congo
Kasai R.
Ocean
Sumtx
N'dalatando
• Malange
Cuanza R.
\
1
I
Lucapa"
'iCuilO R,
{ Lubiiash
R
Saurimo
Ovimbundu
Kimbundu
Kongo
Lwena
(Luvale)
Chokwe
Kwanyama
Nyaneka
Luchazi
Ambo (Ovambo)
other
Malawi
• 19,9 mil inhabitants, Christians constituted 77 %, Muslims 14%.
• 1907 British protectorate Nyasaland, 1953 Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland.
• 1964 independence, Malawi Congress Party (MCP) - one-party system
until 1993.
• United Democratic Front 1994 - 2009, Democratic Progressive Party 2009 •
Tanzania-Malawi dispute over Nyasa/Malawi lake.
Territorial Disputes among States
PARTITION
OF AFRICA
1885-1914
Rio De Oro
Spanish
M o r o c c o _
Algeria
oro ceo ( F r )
I F r J
^ Libya
( i t )
Colonial Powers
| | British
| | French
German
I I Portuguese
| | I t a l i a n
| | Belgian
I I Spanish
| | I n d e p e n d e n t
French West Africa
Gambia (Br.)
Port. Guinea
Sierra Leone
(Br.) Liberia
Gold c o a s t
(Br.) TOGO
Eritrea (It.)
French Sornaliland
ritish
sornaliland
Italian
Sornaliland
(Ger.j
Rio Muni
(Sp.:
Cabin did
(Port.)
German
Southwest
Africa
Union of
South Africa (Br.)
British
East Africa
rman East Africa
o z a m - / Madagascar
° . u e
1 / ( F N
(Port.) ^
orange Free
State (Br.)
Land Reforms
• Land reforms in SA - 1996 (87% owned by
White), 2012 (67% owned by White), 1997
White Paper on Land Reform, 2011 Green
Paper on Land Reform, since 2017 attempts of
Land Expropriation without Compensation
(LEWC).
• Land reforms in Namibia - "Wiling buyer, willing
seller" principle applies, Land Reform Act of
1995 - three pillars, 2004 land value tax.
• Land reforms in Zimbabwe - Lancaster House
Agreement 1980, Zimbabwean Land
Acquisition Act of 1992, Zimbabwe National
Liberation War Veterans Association
(ZNLWVA), 2005 - Constitutional amendment
Fast Track.
• Situation in Botswana (70% of land in
Botswana is tribal land, 25% is state land, and
5% privately-owned freehold land).
• Situation in Zambia (Land Act 1975 Customary
tenure, Leasehold tenure, Free
tenure).
White
Genocide
• 2001 - Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks.
• The number of farmers of European descent had
decreased by one third since 1997.
• Creation of private armed patrols - „Farmwatch"
• Protests Cape Town and Prayer meeting in
Bloemfontein 2017, murder of Klapmuts farmer Joubert
Conradie, #BlackMonday convoy, 2020 Senekal, 2022
Kirkwood
• Motives for farm attacks: pervasiveness of violence,
increasing poverty, unemployment and socio-economic
crisis, retaliation, history of land dispossession and
forceful evictions, untenable labour practices and
labour-employers power relations, free access to
armament, failed land reform schemes, breakdown of
community policing, and ineffective security apparatus.
- "Three roots - grievance, socioeconomic
inequalities, weak security apparatus."
• SA police definition on Farm attack: „Attacks on farms
and smallholdings refer to acts aimed on the persons
of residents, workers and visitors to farms and
smallholdings, whether with the intent to murder, rape,
rob or inflict bodily harm. In addition, all actions aimed
at disrupting farming activities as a commercial
concern, whether for motives related to ideology,
labour disputes, land issues, revenge, grievances or
intimidation, should be included."
(08-10-2020
Haha..,yes who would have known?! All the racist blacks & woke
whites are suddenly very outspoken about noting - NOW it's
wrong!!!
twitter.com/LoneStar_Skye/...
|08-10-2020
Great to see South Africans suddenly become such an anti-rioting,
law-abiding and property-respecting nation.
White people should've Nipped a police vehicle decades ago.
Tweet categorising fawn attacks as hate crimes
•05/10/2020
IB rend in Horner, young South African (21), ANOTHER victim of a
|bruta! farm murder! Hung on a pole, stabbed several times, broken
fists as lie fought for his life Government deni*s that these hate
crimes (on our minority) are serious- MARCH at Senekal magistrate
court, 6 Oct. 11:00
O 20 LI 256 O 372
Year Farm attacks Farm murders
2011 96 48
2012 174 53
2016 357 70
2021 415 55
2022 333 50
2023 153* 33*
Table 3: Trends in the prosecution of alleged attackers on farms
Escaped 52%
Apprehended 45%
Arrested 41%
Released 7%
Charged 39%
Appeared in Court 29%
Convicted 23%
Sentenced 23%
Julius Malema
• Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) - 2013
• Was elected to a seat in the National Assembly in 2014, re-elected in 2019 and 2024
• "Kill the Boer, Kill the Farmer,,
• Hate speech, threats to journalists
• Charged with fraud, money-laundering and racketeering (case was dismissed by the courts in
2015 due to excessive delays by the National Prosecuting Authority)
Homicide Rate by Country
(Per 100k)
<2per 100k
I 2-4 per 100k
• 4-6 per 100k
• 6-10 per 100k
• 10-U per 100k
• >15per 100k
• NoDoig
H i g h L e v e l o f
C r i m i n a l i t y
Crime rate: SA 76,80 (3rd),
Namibia 65,2 (15th), Angola
66,4 (13th), Botswana 52
(42nd), Zimbabwe 59 (25th),
Zambia 43 (74th).
1 919 495 serious crimes
were reported in SA in 2020.
Created wihh mopthüiJ.ner
High Level of Criminality
Crime Rate by Country 2022
1. Venezuela (83.76)
2. Papua New Guinea (80.79)
3. South Africa {76.86)
4. Afghanistan {76.31)
5. Honduras (74.54)
6. Trinidad and Tobago (71.63)
7. Guyana (68.74)
8. El Salvador (67.79)
9. Brazil (67.49)
10. Jamaica (67.42)
Crime Index
10 • 20 • 20 • 40 • 50 • 60 • TO • SO • 90
High Level of Criminality
CRIME CATEGORY 2010/2*11 2011/2012 2012/2013 2012/2014 2024/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019 201Í/202Ů Case Biff % Change
CONTACT CRIMES 4 CRIMESAGAINST THE PERSON]
Murder 15 S9a IS 554 16213 17 023 17805 18673 19016 20 326 21022 21325 302 1,4%
SeKU-al Offences 60 539 SÜS8S S6 580 52617 51895 49660 50108 52420 53293 8B 1,7%
Attempted murder IS 360 14730 16236 16 989 17537 18127 18 205 18233 18980 18635 •345 -1,8%
Assault with the intent to inflict grievous bodily h^nn 197470 191612 us eso 132 333 182 556 182 933 170 616 167 352 170 979 166720
4259
-2,5%
C o m ™ asau: 1S4103 ISO 165 171653 166031 161486 164958 1S6450 156 243 162012 165494 3482
y%
Common robbery 54442 52 566 S3196 53 505 54927 54110 53418 50720 51765 51325 60 0,1%
Robbery with igravatine. c m mstances M O B 100 769 105 488 113963 129045 132527 140956 138 364 140 032 143990 3958 2,8%
Total Contact Crimes (Cri mes Against "Tie Person| 633 :2; 615915 608 724 611574 616973 622222 608 321 601 366 617210 621 282 4 072 0,7%
Total Sexual Offences
Rape 48158 47069 43403 45349 43195 41503 39828 40 025 41583 42289 706 1,7%
Sexual Assault 7 006 7194 6 967 6597 6 087 6212 6271 6 786 7437 7749 312 4,2%
Attempted Sexual Offences 3599 3S35 3293 2913 Z641 2 573 2 OB 2066 2146 2076 •70 -3,3%
Contact Sexual Offences 6158 2741 2220 1821 1694 1607 1483 1221 1254 1179 -75 -6,0%
Total Sexual Offences 64 921 60S39 eosss 56 680 52617 51395 49 660 50108 52420 53293 873 1,7%
SOME SUBCATEGORIES OF AGGRAVATED ROBBERY
ta'jaikinj! 10S41 9417 9 931 11180 12772 14602 16717 16 325 16026 18162 2136 13,3%
Robbery at residential premises jbbS 16766 17950 19 284 20281 20 820 22343 22261 22431 21 I B •1301 -5,8%
Robbery at non-residential premises 14 637 15912 16343 IS 573 19170 19 698 20 680 20 047 19991 20651 660 33%
Robbery of cash in transit 290 182 145 145 119 137 152 238 183 164 •19 •10,4%
Bank robbery 29 35 7 21 17 6 3 13 4 0
4 •Mß
Truri hijacking 999 S I 943 JJ1 1279 1184 1133 1202 1132 1202 20 1,7%
Í
Urbanisation in African regions
mm II1950 1980 2000 2015 2050
Sub-Saharan
Africa
10.7 22.4 30.8 37.9 54.8
Africa 14.0 26.7 34.5 40.4 55.9
Eastern Africa 5.6 14.5 20.6 25.6 43.6
Middle Africa 14.0 27.5 36.8 44 60.8
Northern Africa 26.0 41.3 48.4 51.6 63.3
Southern Africa 37.7 44.7 53.8 61.6 74.3
Western Africa 8.4 23.6 34.7 45.1 62.7
„The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHabitat)
defines a slum as an urban area with lack of
basic services (sanitation, potable water, electricity),
substandard housing, overcrowding, unhealthy and
hazardous locations, insecure tenure, and social
exclusion."
List of the 10 biggest slums in Africa by
population
1. Kibera, Kenya 700,000
2. Mathare, Kenya 3g: 500,000
3. Ajegunle, Nigeria I •: 500,000
4. Shomolu, Nigeria • •: 400,000
5. Khayelitsha, South Africa 400,000
6. Cazenga, Angola Q : 400,000
7. Makoko, Nigeria 11: 300,000
8. Alexandra, South Africa 200,000
9. Mukuru Kwa Njenga, Kenya 100,000
10. Agbogbloshie, Ghana 80,000
Slums in SA (Soweto)
and Namibia
(Katutura)
(Kyanyama)
Thank you for your
attention