Figure 1: Components of global environmental change. Growth in the size of and resource use by the
human population is expressed through growing industrial and agricultural (including forestry,
grazing, etc) activity. These have caused a set of relatively well-documented global environmental
changes (well-documented both in the sense that they are occurring, and in that they are
human-caused), including increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the
production and distribution of novel and persistent compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (with
their attendant effects on stratospheric ozone) and PCBs, global-scale alteration of the
biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements, changes in land use and land cover,
the removal of top predators from most terrestrial and many marine ecosystems, and biological
invasions by exotic species. These components of change interact; they will also drive changes in
global climate, and losses of biological diversity. After Vitousek (1994).

Published in 1997: INTRODUCED SPECIES: A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT OF HUMAN-CAUSED GLOBAL CHANGE

P. Vitousek, C. D’Antonio, L. Loope, M. Rejmánek, R. Westbrooks




Anthropogenic fixation of nitrogen in terrestrial  ecosystems


3. Anthropogenic fixation of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems over time compared with the range
of estimates of natural biological nitrogen fixation on land. Redrawn from Vitousek et al. (1997).





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