Freshwater and Groundwater Pollution Allison Wickman, Ctibor Prokop, Lucie Rybníčková and Kristýna Ševčíková Brainstorm 1. Where do I notice water pollution? 2. What sources of water pollution do I know? 3. What solutions to water pollution do I know? Join at slido.com #76460688 ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to display joining instructions for participants while presenting. Where do I notice water pollution? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. What sources of water pollution do I know? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. What solutions to water pollution do I know? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Water pollution risks and major water pollution sources Importance of Freshwater Systems (= Natural capital) Ecological Services - Climate moderation - Nutrient cycling - Waste treatment - Flood control - Groundwater recharge - Habitats for many species - Genetic resources and biodiversity - Scientific information Economic Services - Food - Drinking water - Irrigation water - Hydroelectricity - Transportation corridors - Recreation - Employment - Ethical concerns Sources of water pollution - Water pollution = any change in water quality that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for human use Types of water pollution - Point - identifiable, at specific locations, easier to monitor and regulate - Nonpoint - broad, diffuse areas Main sources of water pollution - by activity Agricultural - eroded sediments - fertilizers and pesticides - livestock bacteria (...) Mining - land disturbance leading to erosion of sediments - runoff of chemicals Industrial - organic and inorganic chemicals - heavy metals - oils and greases - leakage of coal ash from slurry ponds (...) + Factor of climate change - downpour intensity Most common pollutants (1/2) Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites) - Human and animal waste Oxygen-demanding wastes (biodegradable animal wastes and plant debris) - Sewage, animal feedlots, food-processing facilities, paper mills Plant nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) -> excessive algae growth - Sewage, animal waste, inorganic fertilizers Toxic Organic chemicals (oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, fertilizers, cleaning solvents) - Industry, agriculture, households, runoff from urban areas Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilizers Harmful algal blooms Sewage water leakAnimal feedlots Most common pollutants (2/2) Sediments (soil, silt) -> photosynthesis disruption, food web disruption - Land erosion - farms, construction sites, mining: heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium etc.) - Unlined landfill, household chemicals, mining waste, industrial discharges - Thermal - Electric power and industrial plants Landfill lining Impact of population growth = more people will lead to more pollution Growth in population -> growth in resource use -> growth in waste / ecological footprint Pollution problems in rivers and lakes Pollution problems in rivers and lakes ● Waterways are connected - problem in one place may cause problems in other places too ● Concrete in cities causes polluted rainwater to quickly flow into rivers instead of soaking into the ground. This increases nutrient levels in the water and can lead to the growth of algae and harmful algae blooms. Sources of pollution ● Point pollution ○ You can trace the contaminamination to a culprit ○ dumping of industrial waste, effluent from sewage treatment facilities, illegal dumping ○ other hazardous chemical deposition (e.g. nuclear waste). ○ Heat can also be a pollutant. ○ Plastics and other solid materials (sometimes they even melt toxins in the water) ○ Easier to control Sources of pollution ● Nonpoint pollution ○ Contamination, that gets into the water system (that cannot be traced to a person, source and a place) ○ Agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers, manure), acid rain, nitrate deposition, and leaching from septic tank Problems of a lake ● Eutrophication ● The clarity and quality of the water may decrease and that causes deaths of fish (especially bioindicators) ● Industrial heavy metals can be found in food chain - that causes death and diseases not only the fish, but also their predators (that consume them) ● Atmospheric pollutants can get in the water by acid rains River’s self-cleaning capacity Physical processes ● Dilution (ředění) ○ the mixing of discharged wastewater with the stream water ● sedimentation ○ the settling down of solid particles onto a river bottom and their removal from the watercourse (when floods come, they can reverse the effect and pollute the water again) ● Straining/filtering (Scezování/filtrace) ○ mainly the interception of floating particles by the movement of water through gravel and sand in a river bottom where small bits of organic matter or inorganic material may be filtered Physical processes ○ Aeration (provzdušňování) ■ the process of transferring gases, especially oxygen, from the air into the water and helps reduce pollutants (it supports bacteria that feed on organic matter and help decompose it) ○ Grinding and dissolution (Mletí a rozpouštění) ○ Adsorption ■ When pollution sticks to the surface of particles or solid materials, it reduces their toxicity Chemical processes ● Oxidation and reduction ○ Contribution to decomposure of dead organic substances ● hydrolysis ○ Transformation and disintegration of organic pollutants with groups that are easily hydrolyzed (chemically broken down due to reaction with water) - Transformace a rozklad organických znečišťujících látek se skupinami, které se snadno hydrolyzují (chemicky rozkládají reakcí s vodou). Chemical processes ● Photolysis ○ Decomposition under the influence of light ● Absorption/assimilation ○ Uptake or dissolution of atoms, molecules or ions (přijímání nebo rozpouštění atomů, molekul nebo iontů) ● Handled by organisms living in the water, mainly by decomposers Biological processes If we overload the river… ● It can lead to: ○ Dying of organisms ○ Destruction of the aquatic ecosystem ○ Reduced agricultural productivity ○ Degradation of the water’s quality Eutrophication in lakes due to excessive nitrogen and phosphorus What is eutrophication? A process that occurs when an environment becomes enriched by nutrients (lakes and rivers it’s usually nitrogen and phosphorus). Excess plant growth leads to oxygen depletion. What are the consequences? ● So many nutrients cause the growth of algae and other plants ● Decrease of oxygen ● Death of fish and other aquatic organisms ● Disruption of the food chain ● Decrease of biodiversity ● The blooms of the algae can release toxins(like cyanotoxins) in the water ● Contaminated water is no longer drinkable ● Decrease of recreational activities (smell and appearance) ● Decrease of the availability of potable water (pitná voda) ● Contamination of underground water Groundwater Pollution by Chemicals, and Purification Methods Groundwater Pollution by Chemicals Groundwater is found beneath the Earth's surface, stored in soil and rock layers called aquifers. It is a crucial source of drinking water for billions of people worldwide, and contaminants can pose serious human health and environmental risks. Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water 49% 35% USA Czech Republic Agricultural Contaminants Modern agricultural practices utilize several innovations to increase crop production, such as: - Fertilizers - Pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides) - Extensive irrigation Agricultural Contaminants Fertilizers and pesticides contain many chemicals that, when ingested by humans, cause a variety of detrimental health effects. Modern agriculture overuses these chemicals, and they leech into our aquifers. Agricultural Contaminants Modern irrigation practices promote nutrient leaching and increases infiltration into the soil, which increases the concentration of contaminants in aquifers. Industrial Contaminants Common sources of industrial groundwater pollution: - Industrial liquid effluent - Underground and surface storage tanks - Industrial sewers - Bulk chemical storage areas - Accidental/ catastrophic discharge Industrial Contaminants Industrial effluent: the wastewater generated by industrial facilities, containing various contaminants including heavy metals, nitrates, pharmaceuticals, POPs, etc. Transportation-related Pollution Rainwater and snowmelt from roads carry contaminants into the soil: - Oils, lubricants, tars - Exhaust gas components (heavy metals, carbon & nitrogen oxides) - Particles from worn out tires or brake discs - Worn road surfaces - Winter road maintenance substances Transportation-related Pollution Road salts are used in the winter, and they are easily carried by snowmelt into the soil. This increases the salinity of the groundwater, making it: - Unfit to drink - Unfit to be used for irrigation - Detrimental to plant and animal life Domestic Contaminants Domestic contaminants include: - Landfill waste leaching - Domestic wastewater (sewage network) - Household fuel pollution Excess fluoride can cause skeletal fluorosis and dental problems Enter the bloodstream and cause oxygen deprivation - “Blue Baby Syndrome” in infants Fluoride Nitrates/ Nitrites Impacts on Human Health Can be carcinogenic, and cause liver, kidney, and intestinal damage Heavy Metals An industrial contaminant that can be carcinogenic and damage the kidneys Radionuclides Environmental Impacts Ecosystem disruption: - Polluted groundwater can seep into rivers, lakes, and wetlands, harming aquatic life - Excess nutrients can cause algae blooms - Accumulation of chemicals in groundwater decreases soil quality Methods of Groundwater Purification The Case for Pollution Prevention Unlike other sources of freshwater, groundwater cannot cleanse itself very well due to the very slow movement of water through the earth. Cleanup solutions are costly and often too difficult to implement - many cities have turned to investing in prevention efforts instead. Case Study New York City, USA - faced spending $6 billion to build water purification facilities to provide drinking water for its residents. Instead, the city invested in the restoration and protection of the forests and wetlands in the area within their watershed. This method cost only $1.5 billion, and allows the groundwater to be naturally filtered. Solutions Solutions ● Structure: ○ General information ○ Different categories ○ Selected types of solutions Categories of solutions ● preventive X subsequent ● human made X natural ● in urban areas X in nature ● small scale X big scale ○ point X non-point pollution ○ average person X big organizations (companies, government etc.) ● different technologies ● sustainable Laws ● Major part in fighting water pollution ● Czech republic: ○ Water pollution fee (§ 88, § 89 of the Water law - 254/2001) ○ Efficiency? ● Depends on how the definitions are set ● Exceptions ● How low the cap on pollution levels is set ● Discharge trading Agriculture solutions ● Less fertilizers and pesticides ● Slow-release substances ● Think about area of use (no slope land) ● Buffer vegetation ● Organic farming ● … etc. Limiting plastic pollution ● General plastic waste ○ Doesn’t decompose ○ Causes clogging ○ Toxic chemicals ● Microplastics ○ Harmful in general ● Microbeads ○ Cosmetics and cleaning products - Simple solution: Use alternatives - Not so simple solutions: reverse osmosis, distillation, ultrafiltration Reverse osmosis Distillation Ultrafiltration Sewage treatment ● Septic tanks in rural areas ● Sewage treatment in urban areas ○ Primary, secondary, tertiary ● Separate networks of pipes in cities ○ Better but expensive ○ Paris Septic tank systems Sewage treatment systems Average person solutions ● Use of technologies (filters) ● Agriculture solutions in small scale ● General use of water resources ● Education ○ Informing and educating ○ STOP to: ■ Water fresheners in toilets ■ Flushing medicine down the toilet ■ Pouring harmful chemicals (paints, solvents, pesticides etc.) down the drain Case Study Flooding throughout the Czech Republic in September impacted wastewater treatment facilities in Ostrava Case study - Wastewater treatment plant in Ostrava + effect on Ostrava coking plant - September floods -> Wastewater treatment plant out of order for 3 to 4 months - Household and industry waste -> river Odra (-> Poland) - Bacterial (E. coli) and pharmaceutical pollution + nitrogen and phosphorous (-> oxygen depletion) - Reaction: doubling the water flow (dilution) - Hygienists say: health hazard is low - when not used for gardening or for swimming Case study - Wastewater treatment plant in Ostrava + effect on Ostrava coking plant - Ostrava coking plant: storing phenol-ammonia wastewater - Transport to Deza in Krásná nad Bečvou - In total, 10 wastewater treatment plants out of order after the floods in CZE QUIZ TIME! Join at slido.com #76460688 ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to display joining instructions for participants while presenting. What is one major impact of nitrate contamination in groundwater? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. What is NOT a categorical method of groundwater purification? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. What is eutrophication? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Aeration is what type of process? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Which category of solutions doesn't exist? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Is water pollution fee an effective solution? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic in water sources are primarily dangerous because: ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Freshwater ecosystems are important for which of the following reasons? ⓘ Click Present with Slido or install our Chrome extension to activate this poll while presenting. Sources ● Beat the Microbead. (2024). [November 6, 2024], from https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/ ● Complete Solutions for Water Pollution - English. (2018). YouTube. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OahDdvKVy2c ● Effective Water Pollution Solution. (2023, October 30). H2O Global News. [November 6, 2024], from https://h2oglobalnews.com/effective-water-pollution-solution/ ● How Does Water Work in Alexandria? (c2024). River Renew. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.riverrenew.com/learn-more/how-water-works ● One Liter of Bottled Water May Contain 240,000 Tiny Plastic Fragments. (2024, January 8). Smithsonian magazine. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/roughly-240000-plastic-bits-are-in-a-liter-of-bottled-water-180983554/ ● Plastic microbeads ban enters force in UK. (2018, January 9). The Guardian. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/09/plastic-microbeads-ban-enters-force-in-uk ● Polluters pay Czech Republic. (2021). [November 6, 2024], from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/document/download/ce9c3d41-a151-488b-b62b-61d469fb8a81_en?filename=Czech%20Republic.pdf ● Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads. (September 2015). Research Gate. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-showing-the-route-that-microbeads-take-from-our-homes-to-the-aquatic_fig1_281 454119 ● Splachování záchodové mísy. (2018). IStock. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.istockphoto.com/cs/fotografie/splachov%C3%A1n%C3%AD-z%C3%A1chodov%C3%A9-m%C3%ADsy-gm958980980-261863059 ● Spraying of soy field in early summer. (n/a). Depositphotos. [November 6, 2024], from https://depositphotos.com/photo/agriculture-8912164.html ● Taylor Miller, G., & Spoolman, S. E. (2012). Living in the Environment (17 ed.). Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. [November 6, 2024], from https://is.muni.cz/auth/el/fss/podzim2024/ENSb1303/um/Living_in_the_Environment__17th_Edition__by_G._Tyler_Miller___Scott_Spoolman. pdf ● Wastewater Treatment : The Definitive Guide. (2019). Lanyu Gustawater treatment. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.gustawater.com/blog/wastewater-treatment.html ● Water protection. (c2008–2023). Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.mzp.cz/en/water_protection ● ● What Is Ultrafiltration? (Definition & Applications). (2023, May 25). SimPure. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.simpurelife.com/blogs/blogs/what-is-ultrafiltration ● Why Distillation? (2017). Precision Water USA. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.precisionwaterusa.com/blog/why-distillation ● Woodard, J. (2023, October 16). What Is a Reverse Osmosis System and How Does It Work? Fresh Water Systems. [November 6, 2024], from https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog/what-is-reverse-osmosis ● https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts ● https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/Groundwater%20Pollution-%20HUman%20and%20Natural%20Sources%20and%20Risks.p df ● https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722008968 ● https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119709732.ch10 ● file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/impact%20industrial%20activity%20groundwater%20quality.pdf ● chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/downloads/themes_sheets/Industry.pdf ● chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1433/cir1433.pdf ● https://www.hcr-llc.com/blog/a-comprehensive-guide-to-groundwater-remediation#:~:text=The%20three%20most%20common%20groundwa ter,plants%20to%20clean%20contaminated%20groundwater. ● https://www.solitudelakemanagement.com/water-pollution-how-it-affects-lakes-ponds-and-its-sources/ ● https://water-detective.net/teachers/guidebooks/how-can-a-river-clean-itself/ ● https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/effects-of-water-pollution/ ● Industrial releases of pollutants to water and economic activity in the EU-27 https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/industrial-pollutant-releases-to -water?activeAccordion= For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School: https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school Instructions for use If you have a free account, in order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide. Please refer to the next slide to read the instructions for premium users. As a Free user, you are allowed to: - Modify this template. - Use it for both personal and commercial projects. You are not allowed to: - Sublicense, sell or rent any of Slidesgo Content (or a modified version of Slidesgo Content). - Distribute Slidesgo Content unless it has been expressly authorized by Slidesgo. - Include Slidesgo Content in an online or offline database or file. - Offer Slidesgo templates (or modified versions of Slidesgo templates) for download. - Acquire the copyright of Slidesgo Content. As a Premium user, you can use this template without attributing Slidesgo or keeping the "Thanks" slide. You are allowed to: ● Modify this template. ● Use it for both personal and commercial purposes. ● Hide or delete the “Thanks” slide and the mention to Slidesgo in the credits. ● Share this template in an editable format with people who are not part of your team. You are not allowed to: ● Sublicense, sell or rent this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template). ● Distribute this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template) or include it in a database or in any other product or service that offers downloadable images, icons or presentations that may be subject to distribution or resale. ● Use any of the elements that are part of this Slidesgo Template in an isolated and separated way from this Template. ● Register any of the elements that are part of this template as a trademark or logo, or register it as a work in an intellectual property registry or similar. For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School: https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school Instructions for use (premium users) This presentation has been made using the following fonts: Magra (https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Magra) Capriola (https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Capriola) #000000 #ffffff #324766 #7d9dcd #dbb950 #728463 ##efefef #dc9fbd #a36483 #ffda6b Fonts & colors used Create your Story with our illustrated concepts. Choose the style you like the most, edit its colors, pick the background and layers you want to show and bring them to life with the animator panel! It will boost your presentation. Check out how it works. Storyset Pana Amico Bro Rafiki Cuate You can easily resize these resources without losing quality. To change the color, just ungroup the resource and click on the object you want to change. Then, click on the paint bucket and select the color you want. Group the resource again when you’re done. You can also look for more infographics on Slidesgo. Use our editable graphic resources... JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE PHASE 1 PHASE 2 Task 1 Task 2 Task 1 Task 2 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL PHASE 1 Task 1 Task 2 You can resize these icons without losing quality. You can change the stroke and fill color; just select the icon and click on the paint bucket/pen. In Google Slides, you can also use Flaticon’s extension, allowing you to customize and add even more icons. ...and our sets of editable icons Educational Icons Medical Icons Business Icons Teamwork Icons Help & Support Icons Avatar Icons Creative Process Icons Performing Arts Icons Nature Icons SEO & Marketing Icons