The EU's actorness and policies in the Caucasus region have evolved since 2022, particularly following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The EU has attempted to redefine its role in mediation and peace-making processes, aiming to increase its visibility and effectiveness in the region. However, its success has been limited due to insufficient commitment and inefficient tools. The EU's policy transformation includes developing a common approach for all ethnic and inter-confessional conflicts in the post-Soviet space. Despite these efforts, the EU's actorness remains challenged by the irreconcilable interests of conflict parties and competition from other regional powers, particularly Russia and Turkey.

Mandatory literature: 

Freire, M. R., & Simão, L. (2013). The EU's security actorness: the case of EUMM in Georgia. European security, 22(4), 464-477.

Costa, O., & Barbé, E. (2023). A moving target. EU actorness and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Journal of European Integration, 45(3), 431-446.

Jibuti, N. (2024). The EU in Nagorno-Karabakh: Irreversible Rapprochement or Elusive Partnership?. THE ‘NEW’GEOPOLITICS IN THE CAUCASUS: WHAT ROLE FOR THE EU?, 145.