Data Vizualization
                                     Univariate vizualizations



•    Univariete = only one variable is visualized



•    Different ways of visualizations for different data types

•    Categorical – „names“ or short ordinal variables, numbers just labels for categories

•     comparing categories (bar chart)

•     Fraction – value relative to the whole (pie charts)

•    Cardinal – numbers have meaning as numbers

•      distribution = „spread of data“ (histogram, box plot)

Pie chart

•    Only small number of categories (max about 7)

•    Not very informative when all slices are of similar size

•    Only when it is part of whole



Pivot table

Making of pie chart

•    Counts for categories are needed







Bar chart

•    Useful for almost any situation

•    Base for numerous other charts

•    Very easy for interpretation

•    Unlimited number of categories

•     (then it is turned into histogram)





If we want percentages, we have to calculate them



Stacked bar plot

Stacked bar plot



Histogram



•    Avoid the usage of 3D versions

•     They can be very misleading

•    Always make titles, subtitles and labels as parsimonous as possible

•     (parsimony means to be maximally simplistics and maximally informative simultaneously)