Empirical measures of social stratification positions: social classes, prestige ratings, socioeconomic indexes -Socio-economic inequalities in the labour market -What are jobs? Occupations – nominal categories - -The transfer of classification of occupations into sociologically meaningful variables -How to transform nominal categories into ordinal or continuous (measured) variables? - -result 1: social classes, categorical approach to social reality -result 2: prestige ratings, hierarchical/continuous approach -result 3: socioeconomic indexes – hierarchical/continuous approach - -All these measures are ISCO based - - - What is the base of differences between people in modern societies? -ILO: International Labour Organization in Geneva -original idea comes from 1921, the need for an ISCO -the first elementary version of ISCO has been proposed in 1958 -ISCO68 -ISCO88 -ISCO08 -ISCO – 4 digits - ISCO – International Standard Classification of Occupations Categorical approach to occupation stratification -Class approach -Limited number of discrete categories -External heterogeneity (members differ from other members) -Internal homogeneity (similarity to other members of the same category) -Criteria that define heterogeneity and homogeneity are tested in empirical research -Conditions (income, working time, vacation time, type of contract) -Opportunities (mobility odds, financial bonuses, promotions) - -How social classes are relevant for description and explanation of social phenomena -Social classes = social mobility -Multidimensionality, social mobility patterns differ -Social classes are theoretical concept that is empirically tested - - - - Continuous approach to occupation stratification -Hierarchical approach -Indexes are similar to prestige scales, but differences in construction -Unlimited number of distinctions among occupational groups -Differences in occupations can be captured in one dimension -Represented by one parameter is statistical modeling -Advantage when external heterogeneity and internal homogeneity do not work in the case of social classes -Can solve the problem of “intervening” variable in mobility analysis (gender, age, ethnicity) -Indexes (ISEI) = status attainment process -Reproduction is part of attainment process, social mobility is not directly measured Social classes: categorical approach -Generally: social classes are connected to modern society -In market economies: occupations are fundamental for social inequalities -Life-chances are largely determined by the position in the labour market - -The labour market is the axis of modern life -Job = money that are necessary for life in society = the level of quality of life -living conditions - -Jobs (and labour markets in nation states) mean the organization of life, time and individual biographies - - - -Social classes are groups of people in the same labour market position - -People with the same labour market chances -The same odds to get certain type of work -The same odds to get the similar salary -The same odds to do certain type of paid activity - -Are social classes the social groups today? -Is job/employment so important that makes social class? - - - - Social classes in modern societies Fathers of social classes: Karl Marx and Max Weber - -Karl Marx (1818–1883), German philosopher, economist, sociologist. -Two classes in modern society: class antagonisms under capitalism between the bourgeoisie and proletariat -Classes are defined by the relationship to production -Bourgeoisie owns means of production -Proletariat owns just labour power -Structural specification of social classes - -Max Weber (1864–1920), German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist -Class position means the labour market position -Jobs -Many classes and specific cultural behaviour (explanation!) -Cultural specification of social classes - - -Theory of social classes must answer two key questions: - -What criteria and why these criteria differentiate positions in the labour market? -How many social classes? - -Who belongs to which social class? -Does the social class exist as a social group? What have social class representants similar? - - Theory of social classes -Up to 1980’s huge distance between class theory and empirical indication of class differences -A lot of authors wrote about class differences in the modern labour markets but the problem was how to indicate them -Need of a common socio-economic classification based on employment relations - -Purpose is to arrange a set of entities into groups, so that -each group is as different as possible of all other groups -each group is as internally homogeneous as possible - -Empirical indication of class differences = operational definition -operationalization -Theory is a base of concept of social classes - -Why social classes cannot be derived from empirical reality? - - Empirical measurement of social classes -EGP and ESeC => ESeG -The most popular social class empirical indications today -EGP (Erikson, Goldthorpe and Portocarero) -Origins in 1980s -It was developed for occupational structure for Great Britain in 1980s. - -ESeC is updated EGP -ESeC is developed for contemporary european countries - - - - - Empirical social class schemas What is the ESeC? •The Harmonized European Socio-economic Classification •A statistical tool for for understanding the differences in social structures and socioeconomic inequalities across the EU •Completed in 2006 by Eurostat •Consortium of academics from six different EU countries • •Why is ESeC needed? –Monitoring social structure and social change –Unifying role (common language) , international comparisons –Discriminatory analytic tool and allows us to see if the effects on life-chances of social organization (position in labour market) are significant –Background variable in social statistics –Explanatory tool in social research –Cross-national patterns of life-chances –Politic recommendations • The ESEC Classes •There are 4 main distinctions: • 1.Employers: Buy the labour of others and assume some degree of authority and control over them –Large –Small •Professional •Non-Professional 2.Self- Employed: Neither buy labour nor sell their own labour to an employer •Professional •Non-Professional 3.Employees: Sell their labour and thus place themselves under the authority of their employer –Different labour market situation and work situation –Categories defined by how employees are regulated by employers though employment contracts –There are 2 main employment regulation: •Labour contract –wage •Service relationship –salary •Mixed – –Employment regulations – respond to 2 problem – faced by employers: •Work monitoring •Asset specificity – Wage: úkolová mzda (plnění konkrétních úkolů) Salary: trvalý plat (hodiny v týdnu) 4.The Excluded: Are barred from an employment relationship because they have never worked (involuntarily) or are long-term unemployed (retired, sick and disable, maternity leave, short-term unemployed, students) • • • • Tabla Descripción generada automáticamente Operationalizing the model • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •Information needed for empirical identification of ESeC position: 1.Occupation 2.Employment status 3.Size of organization (mainly for employers) •Each combination of occupation, employment status and size of the organization is then assigned an ESeC class position • -Questions for questionnaire -ISCO - - -Additional questions: - - - - - - - - - Empirical variables for identification of ESeC positions Proportion of ESeC and EGP in the Czech Republic (6 class version, 2012) Trends in ESeC in the Czech Republic (6 class version) Prestige ratings - SIOPS -SIOPS - Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS) scores -constructed by Donald J. Treiman: Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective (1977) -averaging the results of prestige evaluations from 60 countries -evaluative judgments -sample of population or experts -prestige judgments of occupations -general desirability of occupations -ISCO code = prestige rating code - - - ISEI: International Socio-economic Index of Occupational Status -ISEI is generated on the base of optimal scaling procedure -EDUCATION -> occupation -> INCOME -EDUCATION -> ISEI -> INCOME - -Zero correlation EDU-INCOME -ISEI is empirical concept without theoretical support - - - New class scheme? -YT video with Mike Savage about research of social classes in Britain: https://youtu.be/m1rSJedkoQ4 - -