coverEmboss.png coverAccentBottom.png coverAccentTop.png Utrecht European University Network, IP Summer School Brno Cluster Two: Recurrent Nationalisms National Narcissism and Pan Europeanism John A. McCarthy Vanderbilt University/Universiteit Utrecht interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png 800px-Europe_satellite_image_location_map.jpg interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png � Textové pole: Europe ca. 800 Europe ca. 800 europe_map_0800 Europe ca 800 Europe ca. 1900 interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png interiorEdging.png Sebastian Munster, Europa (1570) The map was made in 1570 in Basel (Switzerland) by cartographer Sebastian Munster. In their description of this map, the sellers add: “During the late 16th century, a few map makers created these now highly prized map images, wherein countries and continents were given human or animal forms. Among the earliest examples is this map of Europa by Munster, which appeared in Munster’s Cosmography. interiorEdging.png Europe 1763-1789.jpg Europe 1763 - 1789 Nationalism - “In spite of the existence of an intellectual community, “European” did not mean anything other than French, English, Spanish and so on” (Fontana 119). European nations •Separate entities •Connected by Commerce •Divided by: Economic Dynastic Territorial Rivalries •Necessarily competitive “to love one’s country meant necessarily to militate against the success of other nations” (Biancamaria Fontana, “The Napoleonic Empire and the Europe of Nations,” Pagden [2007], 119). So, Europe at the time of Napoleon was a group of distinct monarchies or dynasties rather than a larger political entity. As Fontana states, “In spite of the existence of an intellectual community, “European” did not mean anything other than French, English, Spanish and so on.” Connected through cultural and commercial trade, the European nations were still divided by economic, dynastic, and territorial forces. The environment was necessarily competitive. It could be said that nations, in their origins, are often defensive – formed by fighting the enemy and defending the homeland. In turn, there is a heroic need to expand that nation culturally and territorially, which turns into an offensive nationalism. That is why Fontana states that, “to love one’s country meant necessarily to militate against the success of other nations.” For these reasons, the great powers believed in stability throughout the balance-of-power system. So, the 18^th century saw some vague sense of a larger European identity, but none that people would ascribe to as equally as their national identities. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Linguistic Diversity �Operative principle of “diversity of cultures, customs and beliefs. This includes languages.” �The official languages of the EU are drawn from three language families: �Indo-European �Finno-Ugric �Semitic �Other continents boast many more language families �Article 21 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights prohibits discrimination based on language �Article 22 requires the EU to respect linguistic diversity Original: 2006-03-09 Vector version: 2007-03-09 AUTHOR: Urion Argador (Urion Argador) [ http://www.argador.info ]. Vectorization: Chabacano from Image:Europe continents.svg by Júlio Reis This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one. Official license interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Geography--Language--Diversity Article 22 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights states: “The Union respects cultural, religious, and linquistic diversity.” �“Today the European Union is home to 450 million people from diverse ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds. �The linguistic patterns of European countries are complex - shaped by history, geographical factors and the mobility of people. �At present, the European Union recognizes 23 official languages and about 60 other indigenous and non-indigenous languages are spoken over the geographical area.” � � (Special EUROBAROMETER 243 “EUROPEANS AND THEIR LANGUAGES,” February 2006.) The European Union has 23 official and working languages. They are: Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish and Swedish. interiorEdging.png captionAccent.png Predominant religions in Europe and neighboring regions: � Roman Catholic Christianity Eastern Orthodox Christianity Protestant Christianity Sunni Islam Shia Islam Buddhism Judaism interiorEdging.png scrollwork-Bottom.png scrollwork-Bottom.png scrollwork-Top.png scrollwork-Top.png captionLongAccent.png Fields of Tension �http://www.solarsystemscope.com/ P1000845.JPG interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A3v8msZAYE The Idea of Europe Stanislaw Mucha, Die Mitte (2004) Stansilaw Mucha’s entertaining travel documentary in search of Europe’s center is quite representative of the difficulty Europeans have in deciding not only where the outer boundaries of their geographical region are, but also where its center is. This semester we will search for Europe’s defining center, that point from which we can trace outward its defining territory and its defining cultural characteristics. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png A Flat World. Tops among Friedman’s ten flatteners is 2005 #1: Collapse of Berlin Wall – 11/9/89 • The event not only symbolized the end of the Cold War, it allowed people from other side of the wall/iron curtain to join the economic mainstream. [economic] • "11/9/89" is a discussion about the Berlin Wall coming down, the "fall" of communism, and the impact that Windows powered PCs (personal computers) had on the ability of individuals to create their own content and connect to one another. [technical] • At this point, the basic platform for the revolution to follow was created: IBM PC, Windows, a standardized graphical interface for word processing, dial up modems, a standardized tool for communication, and a global phone network. [communication] "I Told You So" by Ed Miracle 1st edition, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, ISBN 0-374-29288-4 – The original jacket illustration, reproducing a painting called "I Told You So" by Ed Miracle, depicting a sailing ship falling off the edge of the world, was changed during the print run due to copyright issues interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png “Europas blinde Sterne” SZ Nr. 72, Seite 4, 20.April 2012 �Der Artikel behandelt die “temporären Grenzschließungs-programme” (etwa Dänemark) �“Ganz Europa ist Inland” �der Euro und die offenen Grenzen machen Europa “zur Gewohnheit und zur Gewissheit” �aus Sicherheitsgründen jedoch wollen einige Mitgliedstaaten ihre Grenzen zeitweilig schliessen. Somit wird die kleine Welt des Nationalstaats der grossen Welt Europa vorgezogen. �Antieuropäische, popullistische und rechtsextreme Parteien kommen fast überall in Europa voran – dieser Satz steht an der Spitze aller europäischen Bekenntnisse – vgl. Schengen! Schengen in der Krise: immer mehr Politiker profilieren sich auf Kosten Europas Schengen sieht eine vorübergehende Binnengrenzkontrolle vor, begrenzt auf 30 Tage. Diese Klausel ist berufen worden, und zwar bei Großereignissen, etwa dem NATO Gipfel (Straßbourg) oder der Fußball WM interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Fussball und Nationalismus �EM �EM Motto: RESPECT �Paradox: integrated teams versus national patriotism (Comic Strip in der FAZ am 2. Juli) �EM = subtitute for historical wars �Migrants as Merceneries? interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Recurring Tensions �Human Rights �Democratization �Loss of Heimat �decline of elite groups �Xenophobia interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Public Opinion http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm �Since 1973, the European Commission has been monitoring the evolution of public opinion in the Member States �Helps in the decision-making process �EU surveys and studies address major topics: European citizenship: enlargement, social concerns, health, culture, information technology, environment, the Euro, defense interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png First Annual Survey �EU Communication and the citizens �Decision Makers �Analytical Report �Fieldwork: October 2006 �Report: January 2007 interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png �Flash Eurobarometer Series #189b (2006) �EU Communication and the Citizens. Decision Makers �By The Gallup Organization Hungary �Survey organised and managed by Directorate-General Communication �This document does not reflect the views of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. The Gallup Organization Hungary interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png �“European decision makers are frustrated that citizens are not provided with sufficient information about the EU. 72% agree that the national media provides “too little” EU-related information. Less than a quarter of European decision makers think that people in their country are sufficiently well-informed. Hardly any EU decision makers (2%) feel that their citizens are over-supplied with such information.” interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Future of Europe �Future of Europe �A Eurobarometer on the « Future of Europe » was published today [2012] to coincide with a workshop of the European Commission’s Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA). Perhaps unsurprisingly, citizens feel there is a gap between public opinion and the decisions taken by political leaders. However, over half of Europeans express confidence in the ability of political leaders in the EU to face the main global challenges. More than six in ten Europeans agree that the EU has sufficient power and tools to defend Europe’s economic interests in the global economy, even if the proportion of Europeans who disagree has increased since spring 2011. The survey also reveals that Europeans agree that globalisation requires common global rules. � interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Belfast (1-12 August 2011) http://www.bordersofeurope.eu/Theme2011/ �In Belfast we focused on migration anf cultural identity. � What does "Europeanness" mean today? How has migration affected Europe’s sense of self? Who is European � Historically mobility has figured centrally in commerce, intellectual exchange. art, tourism. �But the external borders of European nations were less mobile and did not always take ethnic difference into account. �By contrast, Culture is marked by internal borders; these include questions of race and racialization, access to internal markets, and social constructions within a state. �questions of minority rights are central to broader sociological discussions of multiculturalism and cultural protectionism. Nonetheless, the historical facts of migration and demographic change are of importance to us. Access to universal human rights is central to today’s discussions. However, human rights are related, I suggest, to the hospitality one had to extend to travellers, even to one’s enemies, in times past. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png �We will speak of cultural landscapes (Kulturlandschaften) because the term “landscape” contains the following elements: �Regional differences (demographic change; urban, small town, rural) �Dependence on climate, soil pecularities, vegetation (“Bodenbeschaffenheit”) �Determinants of terrain (rivers, mountains, plains) �What is the ideal climate for culture vis a vis nationalism? �Extremes or Moderation? �Sameness or Seasonal Change? �Homogeneity or Diversity? Space has emerged as a major concept in theoretical thinking about cultural issues. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png �Daniel Kehlmann, Die Vermessung der Welt (2005) �A novel combining the fictive double biography of the Mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777–1855) and the natural scientist/explorer Alexander von Humboldt(1769–1859). �It quickly became a bestseller, reaching top spot on the Spiegel best seller list and remaining their for 37 weeks. �The New York Times listed it in April 2007 as the second most sold book of the year 2006. �By 2008 it has sold 1.4 million copies in German. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Europeanization and the Nation State: The Three Ps �Politics �Polity �Policy The Language of Art & Music - "A Three Piece Puzzle: The Relationship between Culture, International Relations and Globalization over the next Two Decades" (International Conference, London, August 25th - 29th, 2011 - Held Parallel to “The Notting Hill Carnival 2011”) www.icd-languageofartandmusic.org interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Europeanization as Sensitizing Discourse �Europeanization defines processes of �Construction �Diffusion �Institutionalization �It involves formal and informal ways of doing things, shared beliefs, policies and strategies Source: Constance Pary Baban, “The Idea of the European Union as an Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice: Exploring the Europeanization of Germany’s Domestic Security Policy,” AICGS Transatlantic Perspectives (Nov. 2010). 10 pp. www.aicgs.org Avalable as a PDF. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Europeanization as Sensitizing Discourse �EU sets the policy and instigates the politics, which then enters the national discourse on policy, structural transformation, and identity �Discourse (in social sciences) is an ensemble of concepts, ideas, and categories through which meaning is given to phenomena �In the humanities, discourse is the means by which new ideas take shape, consolidate, disseminate, and recalibrate sensitivities and ultimately reconfigure social norms �Self-reflexivity and tolerance of differing opinions and beliefs are sine qua non. � interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Identity: Theoretical Considerations �European identity complements but does not displace national and regional identities (7). European integration opens up the possibility of multiple identities across national borders. The context (of political identification) is the crucial factor. �In this way, “national identity is a springboard, not the gravedigger, of European identity, with national identity providing a model of what it is to belong to a remote political community” (8). interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Theoretical Considerations �The socialization process and trust development –fostering multiple identities, and European identity in particular – could be enhanced by several factors: �expanding media impact coming from and reporting about the European level (9), �increasing free movement of people across European borders (tourism, work) �increasing number of students in university exchange programs �fast-growing daily [digital] communication across borders. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Theoretical Considerations on Identity �mythological deep structure of cultural memory (“Erinnerungskulturen”) Jan Assmann, “Collective Memory and Cultural Identity,” New German Critique 65 (1995): 125-33; Matgorzata Pakier und Bo Stråth, A European Memory: Contested Histories and Politics of Remembrance (2010) �Cultural Patterns: “Kulturmuster […] sind im wesentlichsten Perzeptions- und Handlungsmuster” und sorgen für Reaktivierbarkeit (Werner Rossade, “Kulturmuster in der DDR. Ein Werkstattbericht,” in: Lebenstile und Kulturmuster in sozialistischen Gesellschaften, 1990) �“Europe [is] a society of exchange, transfer, communication, and commingling” Wolfgang Kaschuba, “Old and New Europe: Representations, Imaginations, Stagings,” in: Representations on the Margins of Europe (2007), 28. �“Kulturmuster sorgen für die Reaktivierbarkeit von Verhaltens-mustern, für die Reaktivierbarkeit etwa von Rollen und einzelnen Handlungstypen in zeitlich weit auseinander liegenen Situtationen.” Nik. Luhmann, Einführung in die Systemtheorie, hg.von Dirk Baecker (Heidelberg 2002), S.32. Stefan Matuschk, Mythologisierung als Kulturmuster der Aufklärung,” in: Kulturmuster der Aufklärung, Kleine Schriften der IZEA 2/2010 S.34-52. Nikolas Luhman writes that “Kulturmuster sorgen für die Reaktivierbarkeit von Verhaltensmustern, für die Reaktivierbarkeit etwa von Rollen und einzelnen Handlungstypen in zeitlich weit auseinander liegenen Situtationen.” Nik. Luhmann, Einführung in die Systemtheorie, hg.von Dirk Baecker (Heidelberg 2002), S.32. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Cultural Borders: Summary �Migration patterns / Cultural and linguistic diversity �Nature of “Europeanness” �Nature of Integration �Cultural Capital / Kulturkampf / Kleinstaaterei �Social Cohesion (Christianity, social conscience, humanism) �Families, Communities, Countries �The Limits of Tolerance � interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Defining “European” as Unifying Concept cf. Anthony Pagden �The History of the Idea of Europe; �The Role of Christianity; �Cultural and linguistic diversity; �European Democratic Values. �However, the rise of the individual, focus on personal merit, and human rights since the Enlightenment complicates matters, because culture is collective by nature. �Globalization complicates matters too by moving in the opposite direction. Relevant factors include the following. The Enlightenment was a watershed moment/movement. It introduced a new set of values that focused on individual improvement. To be sure, this improvement was to benefit society as well as self. However, the strong emphasis on individualism since the Beat generation of the 1950s and especially since the cultural revolutions of the late 1960s has loosened the traditional ties of societal and cultural identification. The dilemma posed by the rise of individual freedom for defining “European” is this: how can individual freedom and cultivation of the self serve to bond newcomers to European society? interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Cultural Maps: The “C” Approach �Commerce �Concern �Communication, types of �Community, levels of �Cohesion Factors �Clash of Civilizations �… and Culture? The emergence of socially excluded communities across Europe, particularly in urban areas, has far-reaching consequences for the social fabric of the EU member states. This is already clear in the make-up of the national teams (Germany, Italy, France) interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png EU Commission on Culture Directorate General for Education and Culture http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/culture-programme-%282007-2013%29_en.htm �Androulla Vassiliou, Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism, Youth �The EU’s Culture programme (2007-2013) has a budget of €400 million to celebrate Europe’s cultural diversity and enhance Europe’s shared cultural heritage through the development of cross-border co-operation between cultural operators and institutions. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png EU Culture �The Culture programme has 3 main objectives: �to promote cross-border mobility of those working in the cultural sector; �to encourage the transnational circulation of cultural and artistic output; �and to foster intercultural dialogue. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png �The unit ‘Culture Policy and Intercultural Dialogue supports new approaches for cultural involvement. �It views culture as a vital part of the EU’s external relations. �It seeks to accord culture a more prominent role in the European Union as a tool for social change. �This unit of the Directorate General for Education and Culture is charged with implementing the European agenda for culture, as approved by the Council in November 2007, with its three main objectives. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png Culture Program & Actions Unit �Its main task is to put into effect the Culture Program (2007-2013) in co-operation with the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency. �finances hundreds of projects promoting the transnational mobility of cultural actors, encouraging the transnational flow of art works and of cultural and artistic products, as well as encouraging intercultural dialogue. �also manages the “European Capitals of Culture” scheme and European prizes in the field of culture (esp. cultural heritage), contemporary architecture, literature and contemporary music. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png EU Award for Contemporary Music/The European Border Breakers Awards (EBBAs) �modern popular music and the repertoire of emerging European artists showcases Europe's rich cultural diversity. The circulation of the new repertoire is important developing new attitudes. �the European Border Breakers Awards aim to stimulate the cross-border circulation of new music. Popular access points are crucial for the artists' capacity to build up relations with the wider European public. The EC acknowledges that European music contributes significantly to the economy, together with its other creative industries. �The 2012 ceremony was hosted by British musician and broadcaster Jools Holland on the opening night of the Eurosonic festival in Groningen, Netherlands, on 11 January 2012. The ceremony was recorded and broadcast by the Dutch National Television (NOS/NTR) interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png European Border Breakers Awards http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/prizes/songs-ebba-2012_en.htm �Selah Sue (Belgium) �http://www.europeanborderbreakersawards.eu/content/selah-sue-ebba-awards-2012-artist-video �Afrojack (Netherlands) �http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/prizes/european-border-breakers-awards_en.h tm �Boy (Switzerland, Germany) �Anna Calvi (UK) �Agnes Obel (Denmark) �Swedisch House Mafia (Sweden) �Alexandra Stan (Romania) interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png EU Prize for Literature EUPL �EUP was established in 2010 to celebrate the diversity of European literary life by selecting emerging writers from around Europe and taking their work beyond national and linguistic borders. �The aim of the European Prize for Literature is to put the spotlight on the creativity and diverse wealth of Europe’s contemporary literature in the field of fiction, to promote the circulation of literature within Europe and encourage greater interest in non-national literary works. �The selected countries for the European Prize for Literature in 2012 are Austria, Croatia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden. interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png …and Literature? �Not as easy to combat prejudice with literature �Literature is a much more private matter. Compared to music that speaks directly to the emotions, the printed word gets filtered through the brain. �Literature requires a special kind of focus and time for reflection �Pascale Casanova, “The Assimilated,” in: P. C., The World Republic of Letters, trans. M. B. Debevoise (Cambridge MA: Harvard U P, 2004), 205-219 �LITERATURE European Literature Links: http://www.lit-across-frontiers.org/links.php interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png YOUTUBE EUROPE http://www.youtube.com/eutube/ �Europeana = 1,381 viewshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN1N9sQyWOM&feature=plcp �World literature = 5,000 views �Naked bikini prank = 11 million views! �Dumb European = 9 million interiorEdging.png pageAccent-Full.png EUPL �Three of past EUPL winners, Kalin Terziyski (Bulgaria), Rǎzvan Rǎdulescu (Romania) and Tomáš Zmeškal (Czech Republic) discussed how the prize “makes literature travel” and what it means to be translated into other languages at the Prague Book Fair “Debate with EUPL Winners” on May 18 �In 2011 winners came from: Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Greece, Iceland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Montenegro, Serbia, The Netherlands,Turkey and United Kingdom �In 2010, countries of origin: Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Romania, Slovenia, Spain and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia �2009: Austria , Croatia , France , Hungary , Ireland , Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Poland , Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden �European Literaure Links: http://www.lit-across-frontiers.org/links.php Selection Process The winning authors are selected by qualified juries set up in each of the countries participating in the award. The new emerging talents will be selected on the basis of requirements stipulated by the European Commission. and fulfill in particular the following requirements: 1. Be a citizen of one of the 12 countries selected 2. To have published between 2 and 4 books of fiction 3. The books should have been published during the five years before the prize