1
GLOBAL
WARMING
Ilona Jančářová
2019
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse
Gases (GG)
*
INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND
 CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(Rio de Janeiro 1992)
 Kyoto Protokol 1997 - 5% reductions (2005 -
2012)
 European - wide GG emission reduction target:
8% during the period 2008 - 2012 comparing to
1990 levels
 (burden sharing for EU MS)
INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND
Doha Amendment 2012
 new obligations for MS in Annex I for the 2nd
period (2013-2020)
 18% reductions
 revision of the list of GG
COP 21- Paris 2015
 new global Climate Change Convention
 new obligations for the period 2020 ….
 voluntary national reductions – EU 43% 2030
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Implementing the Kyoto
Protocol in the EU
GG reduction target:
 Emission trading (ET)
 Joint implementation of obligation to
reduce GG emissions (JI)
 Clean Development Mechanisms
CDM)
EU LEGISLATION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Legislation on emission reductions
2. Legislation on energy efficiency
3. Legislation on renewable sources of energy
Energy and climate package:
 20% GG abatement target
 20% renewable energy target by 2020
 20% energy efficiency target
20% GG emission
reductions target
The Climate and Energy package sets for the Union a 20 % GHG
emission reduction target by 2020 compared to 1990. This effort has
been divided between the sectors covered by:
a) Emission Trading System ('ETS')
b) non-ETS sectors under the Effort Sharing Decision
(ESD 2006/944).
 ETS provides an EU-wide cap
 ESD sets annual emission allocations in the non-ETS
sector for each Member State.
The emissions trading
system (EU ETS) (2013-2020)
„Cap and Trade“ principle a cap is set on the total
amount of certain GG that can be emitted by installations
covered by the EU ETS system: CO2, N2O, PFCS
 A single, EU-wide cap on emissions (absolute quantity
of GG which may be emitted in the EU) applies in place
of the previous system of national caps
 The cap is reduced over time, total emissions will fall
 In 2020, emissions from sectors covered by the system
will be 21% lower than in 2005.
 In 2030, under the Paris commitment, they would be at
least 40% lower.
EU ETS (2013-2020)
 Emission allowance = the right to emit
one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or the
equivalent amount of two more powerful
greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O)
and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
 Emission allowances - free allocation
- auctioning
 Companies can trade these allowances
with one another as they need.
EU ETS (2013-2020)
International credits are financial instruments
that represent a tonne of CO2 removed or reduced
from the atmosphere as a result of an emissions
reduction project. They are generated through:
 Joint Implementation ERUs
 Clean Development Mechanism CERs
Exchange of credits for EU allowances
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NON EU ETS sectors
Effort Sharing Decision
 for most sectors not included in the EU ETS,
such as transport, buildings, agriculture and
waste.
 establishes binding annual greenhouse gas
emission targets for Member States for the
period 2013–2020
 reduction by non-ETS sectors of -10%
compared to 2005 that is then shared out
between EU Member States
While the Effort Sharing targets cover most sectors that fall outside the scope of the
EU ETS, emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and
international shipping are not included.
NON EU ETS NATIONAL AND EU WIDE EMISSION
TARGETS by 2020
Monitoring, reporting and
verification mechanisms
 monitoring anthropogenic GG emissions
 evaluating the progress made by MS and the
EU
 setting up the national and European registries
and programs
 ensuring timely, transparent and correct
reporting
 data submitted in the emissions report must be
verified
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2020 target ….
The EU is on track to meet the 20% target
for 2020:
 EU emissions were reduced by 23%
between 1990 and 2016, while the
economy grew by 53% over the same
period.
 EU emissions decreased by 0.7% in 2016,
while GDP grew by 1.9%.
(https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en)
Key EU targets for 2030
 At least 40% cut in greenhouse gas
emissions compared with 1990
 At least 32% of total energy consumption
from renewable energy
 At least 32.5% increase in energy
efficiency
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/eu_en
Long-term goal
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/eu_en
 By 2050, the EU aims to cut its emissions
substantially – by 80-95% compared to
1990 levels as part of the efforts required
by developed countries as a group.
 Turning Europe into a highly energy
efficient and low-carbon economy will
also boost the economy, create jobs and
strengthen Europe's competitiveness.
The EU ETS legislation
 Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme
for greenhouse gas emission allowance
trading within the Community as amended
 Commission Regulation (EU) No 1031/2010
on the timing, administration and other aspects
of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission
allowances pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC
EU ETS Implementing
legislation
 Regulation (EU) No 389/2013 establishing a
Union Registry pursuant to Directive
2003/87/EC
 Regulation (EU) No 601/2012 on the
monitoring and reporting of GG emissions
pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC
 Regulation (EU) No 600/2012 of 21 June 2012
on the verification of GG emission reports and
tonne-kilometre reports and the accreditation of
verifiers pursuant to Directive 2003/87
Energy and climate
package - renewables
 20% renewable energy target to be attained in 2020
 Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources
 target to be reached by 2020 for the EU is a share of 20% energy
from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy.
 each MS has its own 2020 binding target
 Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources (target 32% of energy from RS
 Date of transposition: 30/06/2021
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Energy and climate
package - energy efficiency
Directive 2012/27/EU on energy
efficiency as amended
 To enhance cost-effective improvements in
energy efficiency. (32% target by 2030)
 Applies to companies involved in the
distribution and sale of energy and final
consumers of energy. It does not apply to
companies subject to the EU ETS (ET Directive)
Energy and climate
package - energy efficiency
Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy
performance of buildings 2018/44
 Calculation of energy efficiency
 Minimum energy efficiency requirements
 Energy performance certificate
Energy and climate
package - carbon storage
 Directive 2009/31/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23 April
2009 on the geological storage of
carbon dioxide
 3 phases – capture, transportation,
permanent storage
Legislation on other
activities
Directive 2009/30/EC (amending Directive
98/70/EC) as regards the specification of petrol,
diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism
to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
(as amended)
 Rules on the specification various fuels have
to meet so that they can be marketed
throughout the EU
Legislation on other
activities
Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of
16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse
gases (F- gases)
 Rules on use, containment, recovery and
destruction of F- gases
Literature:
Jančářová, Ilona: Legal Aspects of Global Warming.
Amsterdam Law Forum, Amsterdam : Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Library, 2/2010, 2, od s. 51-60, 10 s. ISSN 1876-8156. 2010. URL
VOMÁČKA, Vojtěch a Ilona JANČÁŘOVÁ. Transboundary Impact
Assessment from the Central European Perspective. Czech Yearbook of
International Law, Huntington USA: Juris Publishing, Inc., 2012, roč. 3, č.
2012, s. 19-37. ISSN 2157-2976.
Jančářová, Ilona: Vzájemný vztah obchodování s povolenkami na emise
skleníkových plynů a integrovaného povolování.
In Tkáčiková Jana (Ed.). Ekonomické nástroje v právu životního
prostředí. Brno : Masarykova univerzita, 2010. od s. 84-90, 7 s.