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LEGACY
doc. JUDr. P. Salák jr., Ph.D.

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WHAT IS LEGACY?
nGift of personal property through a will by the writer of the will (the 'testator') to an
individual or organization (the 'legatee').
nis the institute of law of succession consisting of unilateral legal action in the case of death,
by which the testator gives a certain property advantage to the recipient of the estate.
n
nHeir
n universal succession – liability for debts
nLegatee
n singular succession AFTER universal succession
n he doesn‘t participe in inheritance procedure
nLegacy is a debt on the inheritance
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Legacy in Roman law
nLEGATUM
n-based on ius civile
n-only as a part of testament
n(only the Roman citizens may be the legatees)
n-very formal
n-four types (2 basic, 2 supplementary)
nPer vidicationem
n Per praeceptionem
nPer damnationem
n Sinendi modo
nFIDEICOMMISSUM (Trust)
nAbsolutely informal
nnot proteceted by ius civile
nProtection by „morality“
nMay exist withoout will (fideicommissum ab intestato)
n
nChange at Augustus time
nBeginning of protection x also beginning of  formalization and limitation (Flavius)
nJustinian – the type which will be more profitable for the legatee, will be used, regardless of
the words that the testator used
n
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FIDEICOMMISSUM
nCODICILLI
n fideicommissum in the letter – as supplement of testament or ab intestato
nCodiciar clause  - at the end of testment „if this testament will be invalid due to lack of form,
but the form would be sufficient for codicil, let it be a codicil“
nFIDEICOMMISSUM HEREDITATIS
nthe heir has the obligation to issue the whole testator´s estate to the trustee
nHe has the obligation to pay all debts
nLimitation by SC Trebelianum and SC Pegasianum
nthe heirs keep religious rights (sacra privata, iura sepulchrum)
nFIDEICOMMISSARY SUBSTITUTION
nthe heir must, after a certain period of time, hand over testator´s estate to another person - who
is not an heir (semel heres, semper heres), but trustee
n FIDEICOMMISSUM FAMILIAE RELICTUM
nThe order of the testator that some esate (typically farmhouse, or manor) must remain in the
family
n
n
n

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LEGACY TODAY
nGerman legal tradition
n– different between the heir and legatee like in roman law
n
nFrance
-System  of „reserve“ – difference is not so strong
n
nHungary
-Only terminologically different, the legatee also has responsability for debts (but limited)
n
nCzech republic (1964-2012) and Slovakia (1964-today)
n-non existing regulation of legacy – the heir has the whole estate, a part, or a certain thing
(car)  - he is an heir and has (limited) liability for debts
n
n
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LEGATUM today
nTerminological
n – in ABGB „Vermächtnis“ x legatee is „Legatar“
n
nLegacy today is a mix of legatum and fideicommissum
-It is formal (mostly the same form, like the will)
-X not only in testament – may be also in codicil (F. ab intestato)
n
nNot limited (most codes) x limitation by Falcidian portion (CZ CC 2012)
n
n
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FIDEICOMMISSSUM today
nCODICILLI -  codicil (dovětek)
nSUBSTITUTIO FIDEICOMMISSARIA
nSubstitution in trust  - only terminology (in fact the second one is not a trustee, but also an
heir)
nNo „substitution“ but „institution“
nFIDEICOMMISSUM HEREDITATIS
nIn Roman law limited for 4 generations x in Middle Ages without limitations nMiddle Ages
„Fideikomiss“ – inspiration from Spain and Italy, from 17th century until 1924
nCzCC 2012 – sec. 1448 „Trust“ – inspiration in CC Quebec
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Altenklingen (Switzerland) – trust from 1595
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenklingen_Castle

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Thank you for attention
P. Salák jr.
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