PF_PPT pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB Zápatí prezentace Law of Succession Concept and Principle www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled Zápatí prezentace 2 Concept of Law of Succession nLaw of succession serves primarily to identify those who will succeed in the legal position of the deceased (P. Bonfante) n nLaw of succession – a set of rules governing the transition of the property of a deceased individual to other subjects (E. Tilsch) n nSuccession – a transfer of the property rights and obligations of the deceased citizen, that was not determined at the moment of death, to his / her legal successor (Hromada a kol., Právnický slovník, Orbis: Praha, 1966.) n pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT Zápatí prezentace 3 LAW OF SUCCESSION PRINCIPLE www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled Zápatí prezentace 4 The principle of preserving values Foto Harry Burton (1879-1940) www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of preserving values nAfter whom to inherit nWhat to inherit (movable x real estate from beginning) n nPremises: nPrivat ownership of individual person nThe relationship between the person and his property finish with the death nPrimitive religions – property was destroyed together with the defunct n„taboo“ – the thing belongs to the deceased even after his death, a disposition with it is forbidden nGradual retreat - replacement for symbolic things, symbolic redemption from the dead, etc. nDoes it matter today? Zápatí prezentace 5 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of preserving values nToday: nImportant mostly at real estate nBut also: industrial enterprises and factories, copyright, etc. Zápatí prezentace 6 Meaning/importance(?): this principle manifests the unity of mankind in the future, the solidarity of generations about themselves - it allows the continuation of quality of cultural level and the pursuit of goals that go beyond one human life pictures: www.mojeauto.cz a http://auta5p.eu www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of the transition to an individual person nPrivat ownership of decendent x what after the death? ntransition to an individual person ntransition to society as a whole – Bentham, St. Just, St. Simon nRestriction of succession in favor of society as a whole Zápatí prezentace 7 Zdroj: www.wikipedie.cz www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of the transition to an individual person nProtagonists nMotivation for productive activity nIt supports the effort to preserve for the next generation nLeaving would reduce productivity and start tendency to spend all income n„Instead of general well-being, general poverty would be“ (Glasson, dle Tilsche) n nOponents nMaintaining inequality in society nProfit without working nIdea of abolishment of law of succession (Bakunin) x Karel Marx on 4th General Congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA) in Basel, 1869 in opposition to this idea – inheritance law is the consequence, not the cause of social relations Zápatí prezentace 8 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of the transition to an individual person nRestriction of succession in favor of society as a whole nRestriction of freedom of disposition nRestriction of intestacy nQualitative restrictions- property that can be disposed of (for example: only movable property) nQuantitative restrictions – i.e. the value at which it is available nWas partly applied in law in years 1948-1989 (not all) Zápatí prezentace 9 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The Principle of freedom of disposition nIs succession on indiviudal person x Who may be it? nPrinciple of coercion (objectiv) – Solus deus facere potest heredem, non homo nPrimitiv society, equable kind of life nAlso in Middle ages nPrinciple of freedom (subjectiv)- UTI LEGASSIT SUPER PECUNIE TUTELAVE SUAE REI ITA IUS ESTO (LDT V.3) nMore developed society (monetary system and credit) nIt can be said that it is a manifestation of ius disponendi n n Zápatí prezentace 10 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The Principle of freedom of disposition nPrinciple of coercion nPro: It strengthens family ties with equal access to everyone at the same level of kinship /x in history prefered first-born heirs, male descendant etc./, can mitigate unfair behavior in life /descedent in favour x not in favour/ nCon: weakening the authority of the head of the family, forces co-ownership, or to disperse property (pauperisation of czech aristokracy in 14th century), may lead to an attempt to transfer assets inter vivos nPrinciple of freedom nPro: it strengthens the sense of responsibility and care for care, ensures unity of property and prevents its fragmentation, allows for better continuity of work and solution of complicated property conditions nCon: unequal position of the heirs, perpetuation of property inequality, the possibility of the testator arbitrarily, the heir may be unduly burdened, to limit inheritance (Trust etc.) Zápatí prezentace 11 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The Principle of freedom of disposition nLimits of the principle nDisposition limited to a number of future generations (Substitution in Trust x Trust) nThe need to respect the rights of forced heirs n“la réserve héréditaire” (influence of Code Civil) – the testament is available only for a certain part of the property (in ABGB at prodigal), the rest is for the legal heirs nForced heirs – compulsory part for forced heirs, the rest can be disposed of nDetermining the heir by a third person – such as a family council, or the state - it is not possible, even if the testator pronounced it by himself n Zápatí prezentace 12 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of equality nThe principle of equality nAll potential heirs have equal position x aristocratic principle (first-born heirs, male descendant etc.) nTypical for intestacy x it is also important for testacy (the intestacy is on its background and it also looks like it will be tested) ncould be contrary to the principle of preserving values – therefore it is regulated by principle of freedom of disposition Zápatí prezentace 13 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled Principle of universal succession nInheritance is univesitas - roman law nx old german law tradition - the inheriting asset is held in the whole by the person of the deceased and his death is disintegrated – there are different regimes of different assets (movable x real estate – e.g. England, "feminine" x "male" things - Magdeburg law) nPlurality of heirs – each of them receives only a certain part of asset, it is not possible to inherit a specific thing (heres ex re certa) nDebts – full responsibility of heir (classical roman law) x responsibility for debts limited by the value of the estate (german and english tradition, also justinian roman law) Zápatí prezentace 14 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT2 PF_PPT_nahled The principle of freedom of heir acquisition and the principle of official ingerence at acquisition nThe principle of freedom of heir acquisition nArchaic law – heir ipso iure – the heir did not have to manifest, he became the heir at the moment of death of the deceased person nRoman law – principly of addition – the heir (voluntarii) must decide whether to inherit the inheritance ( x heredes necessarii) nBGB, ZBG – acquisition ipso iure (tradition + law implies a more typical situation - that is, that the heirs accept, not that they reject the inheritance) nABGB (§ 799, 823)– the addition principle nNOZ – acquisition ispo iure nthe principle of official ingerence at acquisition (ABGB, ZGB) nDefunctus die – the heir accept the inheritance – the court shall confirm and the estate shall be surrendered by the heir nEvery estate must be heard by the court n Zápatí prezentace 15 pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT Thanks for your attention JUDR. P. Salák jr., Ph.D. Zápatí prezentace 16