pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT_en Zápatí prezentace Law of Succession 19th-20th century www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Zápatí prezentace 2 Basic overviews of privat law acts on Czech territory n1811 – ABGB n1918 – 1920 - Trialism (ABGB, BGB, custom law + special acts) n1920 – 1939 - Dualism (ABGB, custom law + special acts) n1920-1938 – Efforts for the codification – Draft 1924, Draft 1931, Draft 1937 n1939- 1945 – Influence of Nazi law and ideology (ABGB) n1945-1948 – Dualism n1948-1950 - Two-years project – recodification of law – unification and new law for „people-democratic“ republic nCivil code 1950 n1960 – Socialistic constitution – new recodification nCivil code 1964 n1991 – Novelization after the fall of communist regime (1989) n2012 - New civil code (valid from 2014) n www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Zápatí prezentace 3 ABGB characteristic of the law of succession nBuilt on continental tradition of reception of Roman law and natural law nPreference to the will of the testator - testament, bequest (possible to exhaust all the estate) + preference to private acquisition (relatively little formal requirements) nInspiration from German law – contract of inheritance x only for spouses nMedieval institutions – „aristocratic“ fideicommissum (on our territory cancelled by the Act of 1925) nLiability for debts – complete except for inventory n„The Liberal Spirit“ – combination of delinquent reasons (all three ones, alternatively more testaments side by side) n1811-1917 – possibility of derogating clause – in case testator´s newer will did not fulfil requirement set by the older will, then the older will was valid (it should be allegedly a protection against enforced wills) – cancelled by III. Amendment 1917 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Hungary nCustom law + special acts nAct about formal requirements of testament nPreference to public acquisition over notary nSpecific institutions of medieval law: nMaterna maternis – paterna paternis nIf spouses do not have children, the property of the deceased spouse is not transferred to the spouse. The property returns back to the original family of the deceased spouse. nLimited liability for debts n Zápatí prezentace 4 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Zápatí prezentace 5 BGB nNew classification in comparison to ABGB nBGB respects disposition of the will nPublic testament preferred – private testament and private holographic testament were not possible even in the original proposal (influence of ALR, legacy of the justinian tradition) nInheritance agreement – possible to make with anyone nNazi regime (amendment 1938) n– reflection of rasial regulations x changes were not as big as in other law areas n-mitigation of formal requirements for holographic testaments (personal wish of A. H. – influence of ABGB) – preserved to this day n n www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Law od succession in the Communist bloc nSSSR n – Decree of 27 April 1918, which confiscated the whole heritage higher than 10 000 rubles x not applied to the property gained by work n– 1925 – it was abandoned x inherihance tax was counted according to the seize of heritage n nPoland nDecree of 8 Ocrober 1946 no. 238 (PD 46), Kodex ciwylny 1964 n nHungary(HCC59 – act IV/1959) nFormal testament remains nThe System materna maternis preserved in limited extent n ngenerally – preference to the intestinal succession over the testamental succession n n Zápatí prezentace 6 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Civil code 1950 Zápatí prezentace 7 nClassification – ABGB – property rights, law of succession, obligations nClassification - CC 1950 (and CC 1964) - property rights, obligations, heir n nReason: „Statutory succession is caused by the family relationships and it strengthens the family as a foundation of the development of nation...“ (The explanatory report to the sec. 512 CC 1950) nGai Inst. 2.99: „.. nam vel ex testamento vel ab intestato ad nos pertinent.“ nBy way of contrast: nSuccession can occur under the law or by testamentary disposition n(Sec. 599 par. 1 HCC IV/1959, Sec. 512 CC 1950) n nDifference between CC 1950 and CC 1964 – CC 1950 reacts to ABGB, CC 1964 did not have many regulations like this www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 nCode civil 1950 nInheritance agreement – explicitly abolished nTestament - restrictions: n- obligatory date of the testament n- non-existence of privileged testaments n– only one person (a contrario joint testament of spouses according to § 1248 ABGB) n- not possible to impose a condition (any condition is invalid) n- not possible to restrict heir to time (reaction to the substitution in trust – fideikommisarische Substitution v ABGB) nBequest – only for things of infinitesimal value; if all bequests exceed ¼ of heritage, the bequested people become heirs nLiability to debts limited to the seize of shares n nCivil code 1964 nInheritance agreement – no reference nTestament – identical to CC 1950 nBequest n– not provided, nor mentioned n- replaced with „individual succession“ – possible to inherit particular thing, not only share (as well CC 1950 x parallelly to bequest) nAfter 1989 only moderate adjustment of parties form nLiability to debts limited to the seize of shares – preserved after 1989 n nIn comparison against CC 1950: not explicitly mentioned necessity to respect the will of testator with the reference to the fact, that it stands for general legal action Zápatí prezentace 8 www.law.muni.cz PF_PPT_nahled PF_PPT_en2 Main limitations nRequired part in CC 1964 – adult heir: ¾ of legal patrimony, minor forced heir: the whole legal part n n„respect“ for will – division of shares in accordance with the testament – only if all heirs agree – if at least one of heirs does not agree, it was divided otherwise Zápatí prezentace 9 pruh+znak_PF_13_gray5+fialovy_RGB PF_PPT_en Zápatí prezentace 10 Thank You for Your attenttion Pavel Salák jr.