PROCEDURAL ELEMENTS JUDR. PAVEL LOUTOCKÝ, PH.D., BA (HONS) MAIN PRINCIPLE §First comes – first served §The domain name is immediately registered §What if the holder of domain name is not the one who should own it? §Cybersquatting, typosquatting, etc. § § C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg 0 +3 +1 +20 +5 +14 +3 +10 56 days UDRP Criticism •Froomkin says, that such a short terms are in contradition with public order •On the other hand some of the terms can be prolonged C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCESS Advantages: •Fast – the case can be decided within 2 months •Inexpensive •Co - existing with local legal systems •Global solution •Law accessible – decisions are freely available •Price: http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/fees/ C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCESS Disadvantages: •Hard to control (are we getting good decisions?) •Transparency of panellists •Inconsistent decisions •Only transfer (cancellation) of the domain name is decided (not damages) C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCESS Storey v. Cello Holdings LLC (american court decision) §The agreement with UDRP is implemented by chains of contracts and it is involuntary §ICANN as the only regulator does not offer any other solution §The decision is contractually binding just between the parties (no rei iudicata) §The parties cannot be prevented from submitting their dispute to the court C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP SHIELDED BY COURT Classmates Online, Inc. v. John Zuccarini §Possibility to file additional information (an exception) § §„To avoid any misunderstanding that the decision establishes a precedent, we call for caution and recommend to submit complete documentation of the case when filing a complaint.“ C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP CASE STUDY IN GENERAL Problems: Forum shopping: •Complainant win percentages: •WIPO – 82% •NAF – 83% •eResolution – 63% (not working any more) 2011 •WIPO – 19.123 cases •NAF – 16.134 cases •eResolution – 277 cases • • C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCES - CONS Problems Case allocation bias: •One panelist (83% probability to transfer domain name) •vs •Three member – panels (60% probability to transfer domain name) !! 3 member panel is more expansive and there is lower probablity to win the case !! (however it can be part of the tactics !!) 3 member panel decides only 10% of cases C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCES - CONS Also choosing one or three member panel is problem: •One panelist – decided by ODR provider •Three members •each party proposes three members from defined list of panelists; provider chooses one from each list •Third panelist is chosen from 5 panelists list where each party crosses out 2 panelists (the last one remains) The parties thus cannot influence who will be member of one member panel UDRP contain rules how to exlude panelist… HOWEVER – usualy the panelists are lawyers who are specialists in trademarks, thus they prefer trademark protection • C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCES - CONS Flexibility of the rules •It is OK that the rules are not covering only trademarks •The problem is with spreading it wider – e.g. in geographical indications •.zulu (new gTLD) is considered as geographical indication (but it is language) Really bad decisions: •Domain name bodacious-tats.com was found as confusingly similar to trademark „Tata & Sons“ C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCES - CONS There is not only UDRP itself There are also Rules for UDRP https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/udrp-rules-2015-03-11-en UDRP - substantive rules (mainly) Rules for UDRP – procedural rules C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES Do you need a lawyer? (And who is the lawyer?) C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •No.. •There is not such a demand •However it could be helpful.. C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES Who carries a burden of proof? C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •the Complainant.. •the Complainant is required to substantiate its claims beyond mere allegations •a fact is considered established when it is more likely than not that the fact is true •Neusiedler Aktiengesellschaft v. Kulkarni, WIPO Case No. D2000-1769; •Dow Jones & Company and Dow Jones LP v. The Hephzibah Intro-Net Project Limited, WIPO Case No. D2000-0704. • C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES Are there in-person hearings? C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •Paragraph 13 of the Rules - there shall be no in-person hearings (including hearings by teleconference, videoconference and web conference) •…unless the Administrative Panel determines, only as an exceptional matter, that such a hearing is necessary •no in-person hearing has been held in any WIPO proceeding to date! C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •Is UDRP confidetial? C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •Paragraph 16 of the Rules •The provider publishes the following case-related information on its web site: •the domain name(s) in issue, •the date of formal commencement of the proceeding, •the case number assigned by that provider. •Unless the Panel has decided to hide certain portions of its findings, it publishes in full on its web site all decisions rendered under the UDRP. C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES What language of the Complaint? C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •Paragraph 11 •the Complaint must be submitted in the same language as the domain name registration agreement •Unless agreed otherwise •Attachments to the Complaint may be in their original language (could be ordered to translate it) •The final authority to determine the language of the proceeding lies with the Administrative Panel. C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES •Problem: •Ets Leobert, SARL v. Jeonngon Weo •Agreement in Korean language •Panel decided to have the proceedings in two languages (to improve comfort of the parties – it was however not agreed) •LEGO Juris A/S v. Linecom •Agreement in Korean language •Complaint of LEGO in English and then whole proceedings in English (without agreement) •The argument of panel was, that the domain name consisted of English words (mindstormslego.com) •At least there could be bilingual process as it happened in previous case… C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg SOME PROCEDURAL ISSUES C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCESS C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCESS Cumulative condition Complainant has to prove: •Domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark in which complainant has rights •No rights or legitimate interests in respect of current domain name •Domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg UDRP PROCESS The test: •comparison between the trademark and the domain name itself to determine likelihood of Internet user confusion. •the relevant trademark would generally need to be recognizable as such within the domain name •the content of website is irrelevant •E.g. guiness.com C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg 1) IDENTICAL OR CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR MISPELLED IS CONFUSINGLY SIMMILAR •Wachovia Corporation v. Peter Carrington, WIPO Case No.D2002-0775, , Tansfer •Fuji Photo Film U.S.A., Inc. v. LaPorte Holdings, WIPO Case No.D2004-0971, , Transfer •Express Scripts, Inc. v. Whois Privacy Protection Service, Inc. / Domaindeals, Domain Administrator, WIPO Case No.D2008-1302, , Transfer What is legitimate interest? •Bona fide offering of goods or services •Commonly known as domain •Legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name ▫without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers ▫or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue. • •Article 4(c) of the rules •See e.g. DaimlerChrysler A.G. v. Donald Drummonds, WIPO Case No.D2001-0160, Not transferred C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg 2) LEGITIMATE INTEREST 3) BAD FAITH What is bad faith? •Attempt to sell, lease, etc. the domain (cybersqatting) •Disrupt competitor‘s business •Attract (for commercial gain) the visitors to the site via confusion Article 4 (b) of the rules C:\Users\Loutocký\Desktop\icann.jpg 3) BAD FAITH MUST READ ! WIPO Overview of WIPO Panel Views on Selected UDRP Questions, Third Edition (“WIPO Jurisprudential Overview 3.0”) http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/search/overview3.0/ WIPO Guide to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/guide/ FUTURE •1th October 2016 – expiration of the agreement between IANA and National Telecommunications and Information Administration (Part of US Ministry of Commerce) • •Control of ICANN completely out of US gouvernement •More complicated control of the decision making authorities and possible loss of transparency and quality of the process THE RULES - CCTLDS §National authorities (does not have to be governemental) §Contract with ICANN §In Czech Republic – CZ.NIC §https://www.nic.cz/page/314/pravidla-a-postupy/ THE RULES - .EU §Not an arbitration clause! (again) §Competence of arbitration courts enacted by regulation 874/2004/EC §https://eurid.eu/en/ THE RULES - .EU § § § §Set of eu regulations: §http://ec.europa.eu/ipg/basics/urls/doteu_en.htm LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN EU •Regulations ▫733/2002/EC; 874/2004/EC; 1654/2005/EC; 1255/2007; 560/2009 ▫http://ec.europa.eu/ipg/basics/urls/doteu_en.htm •Including ▫.eu domain name registration rules ▫Domain Name Registration Terms and Conditions ▫Sunrise period Rules for .eu domains ▫.eu Domain Dispute Resolution Rules (ADR Rules) •Rules of Procedure of the ADR provider (adr.eu - based in Prague!) DOMAINS .EU §boost e-commerce in the EU §create a clearly identifiable link between the domain name holder and the EU §EURid administrator § AUTHORISED USERS DOMAIN NAME DISPUTES IN .EU Litigation against speculators •Active legitimation: trade mark owner •Passive legitimation: Domain holder Disputes against the domain administrator •Active legitimation: Domain name registrant •Passive legitimation: Domain administrator DISPUTES AGAINST SPECULATORS Article 21 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 874/2004 of 28 April 2004 laying down public policy rules concerning the implementation and functions of the .eu Top Level Domain and the principles governing registration A registered domain name shall be subject to revocation, using an appropriate extra-judicial or judicial procedure, where that name is identical or confusingly similar to a name in respect of which a right is recognised or established by national and/or Community law, such as the rights mentioned in Article 10(1), and where it: (a)has been registered by its holder without rights or legitimate interest in the name; or (b)has been registered or is being used in bad faith. LEGITIMATE INTEREST X BAD FAITH §Article 21/2,3 § https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=celex:32004R0874 DOMAIN NAME DISPUTES .CZ LEGAL BACKGROUND § §Primarily rules (binding between the parties) §https://www.nic.cz/page/314/pravidla-a-postupy/ §The possibility of appealing to the courts afterwards: §Usnesení Nejvyššího soudu ČR ze dne 26. ledna 2010, sp.zn. 29 Cdo 3580/2009 §Rozsudek Nejvyššího soudu ČR ze dne 17. prosince 2013. sp.zn. 23 Cdo 3895/2011 § § § ANNEX 3: RULES FOR ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ARTICLE 3) §The Holder agrees to submit to dispute resolution in accordance with these ADR Rules and the Regulations, in the event that the Complainant files a claim with the Administrator claiming that the Holder's Domain Name is identical or confusingly similar with the Protected Designation to which the Complainant has rights, if at the same time: §3. 1.1. such Domain Name has been registered or acquired without the Holder having rights to the Domain Name or Protected Marking pursuant to Section 3.3; or §3.1.2. such Domain Name has been registered, acquired or used in bad faith. CZECH COURT DECISIONS §Suzuki.cz (sp. zn. 23 Cdo 3895/2011) §Globtour.cz (sp. zn. 23 Cdo 3407/2010) §Ceskapojistovna.cz (dostupné zde: http://www.itpravo.cz/index.shtml?x=218427) §And many more § § §https://ictjudikatura.law.muni.cz/wiki/Kategorie:Dom%C3%A9nov%C3%A1_jm%C3%A9na §http://www.adr.eu/ UDRP VS NATIONAL SOLUTION OR .EU? Did you understand how it works? What is the relationship? Please discuss.. Obrázek1.jpg QUESTIONS? THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!