Waste management Jakub Hanák Basic aims of waste legislation proper waste management = without adverse impacts on environment and human health imit hazardous substances in waste improve resource efficiency = waste can be a resource tea Take Make Product legislation • standards • labelling • requirements Consume Dispose Waste legislation: • collection • transport • handling • disposal SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Waste prevention Share of policy instruments awareness campaigns labelling examples of good practice fee for plastic bags public procurement • re-use centers • community composting Regulatory Market-based ■ Voluntary agreements ■ Informative SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 10 zero waste bloggers you should know Kathehne Martinko I March 2, 2017 The amount of trash created by Kathryn Kellogg in one year Sources: https://www.treehugger.com/green-home/io-zero-waste-bloggers-you-should-know.html https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/progressing-towards-waste-prevention-in (chart) Waste management hierarchy—> SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 ... —> circular economy Lg^ + "te * TOT Make Consume Discard Product legislation • labelling - • standards •durability • requirements • repair manuals • recycled content • recyclable material Waste legislation: • collection (infrastructure) • transport waste management operations CLICK OH THE GRAPHICS FDR MORE INFO SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Waste management: results Waste generation by economic activities and households, EU, 2018 (% share of total waste) Agriculture, forestry and Energy fishing Services 3.4 % 0.9 % (except wholesale of waste and scrap) 4.2 % Households 8.2 % Waste/ water 9.8 % Manufacturing 10.6% Wholesale of waste and scrap 0.5 % Construction 35.9 % Municipal waste treatment EU, 1995-2020 (kg per capita) Mining and quarrying 26.6 % ■ Material Recycling i Landfill ■ Incineration ■ Com posting Other Note: estimated by Lurostal. Sources: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Municipal_waste_statistk https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php?title=Waste_statistics#Total_waste_generation SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 6 EU waste legislation: system • general framework • Directive 2008/98/ECon waste (WFD)-since 1975 • BMä!lM.9..ü. (EC)1013/2006 on shipments of waste (WSR) • waste management operations • Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste • Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions: for waste incineration • specific waste streams (e.g.) • Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste • Directive 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles (ELV) • Directive 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators • Directive 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 2023 WFD revision Despite existing legislation, municipal waste generation has increased over the last decade. Low recycling rates, as well as lower quality recyclates, are in part due to inefficient waste-collection systems For some specific streams, such as waste oils and textile, evidence indicated that the polluter pays principle is not fully implemented and that some waste may be illegally disposed of, leading to pollution. Therefore, the Commission is currently working on a targeted revision of the Waste Framework Directive. This revision aims to improve the overall environmental outcome of waste management in line with the waste hierarchy and the implementation of the polluter pays principle, potentially via Extended Producer Responsiblity schemes It will focus on the following policy areas: prevention, separate collection, waste oils and textiles. The call for evidence J is now open for feedback until 22 February 2022. More information is on Have Your Say: WFD revision https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/waste-framework-d SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Definition of waste & scope of WFD • „cmy object which the holder discards or Mends oris required to discard11 • these types of waste are excluded: • e.g. gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere • radioactive waste • land (in situ) including unexcavated contaminated soil and buildings permanently connected with land (see case C-i/03 Van de Walk) • excluded to the extent that they are covered by other Community legislation • wastewaters • waste from extractive industries (—> Directive 2006/21/EC) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Definition of waste (2) • European List of Waste: Commission Decision 2000/532/EC 01 Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, physical and chemical treatment of minerals 02 Wastes from agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, food preparation and processing --------- 03 Wastes from wood processing and the production of panels, furniture and paper 04 Wastes from the leather and textile industries 05 Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal 03 WASTES FROM WOOD PROCESSING AND THE PRODUCTION OF PANELS AND FURNITURE. CARDBOARD 03 01 wastes from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture 03 01 01 waste bait and cork 03 01 04+ sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer containing hazardous substances 03 01 05 sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer other than those mentioned in 03 01 04 03 01 99 wastes not otherwise specified 20 MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND SIMILAR COMMERCIAL. INDUSTRIAL AND I] WASTES) INCLUDING SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS 20 01 separately collected fractions (except 15 01) 20 01 01 paper and cardboard 20 01 02 Glass 20 01 08 biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste 20 01 10 Clothes 2001 11 Textiles SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 10 Hazardous waste • which? • is mentioned in the List of waste (*) • displays one or more of the properties listed in Annex III ofWFD; Regulation (EU) No 1357/2.014 • duties: • packaging and labelling requirements • traceability from production to final destination • ban on the mixing of hazardous waste with other waste or substances SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Definition of waste: interpretation (3) • definition: „cmy object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard" • restrictive interpretation is forbidden: high level of protection • classification as waste' is to be inferred primarily from the holder's actions • —> only the holder of the products can prove that he intends not to discard those products (C-113/12; 38,64: burden of proof) • it is necessary to consider all circumstances —> see 12 SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Definition of waste: indications (4) • the object is produced intentionally =^> product! (C-235/02) • <3> no danger to environment • <£> substances which are capable of economic reutilization (recovery) are not excluded • but-significant commercial value (C-247/72) • Q the object is a production residue • Q the object holder accepts that it is waste (e. g. transports or stores it in a way that could damage it) • Q the object cannot be used for the original purpose (C-9/00) • Q substance is a burden on producer SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 S0C044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 14 By-products • substance (object) is result from production process • but primary aim is not the production of the substance (see slide 12) • conditions: • the substance is produced as an integral part of a production process • the substance can be used directly without any further processing other than normal industrial practice • further use is lawful • i.e. the substance fulfils all relevant product, environmental and health protection requirements for the specific use • will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impact • further use of the substance is certain SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Commission Regulation (EU) No 1179/2012 establishing criteria determining when glass cullet ceases to be waste Commission Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 establishing criteria determining when certain types of scrap metal cease to be waste Commission Regulation (EU) No 715/2013 establishing criteria determining when copperscrap ceases to be waste https://ec.europa.eu/environment/news/commission-starts-develop-end-waste-criteria-plastic-waste-2022-04-05_en F ] Product j Waste New bottle 'recovery' means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 End-of-waste criteria • waste has undergone a recovery and complies with specific criteria based on these conditions: • the substance is commonly used for specific purposes • a market or demand exists for such a substance • the use of the substance will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impacts • the substance fulfils the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products • C-358/n (Lapin): also products from dangerous waste SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Proper waste management • MS shall take the necessary measures to ensure that waste management is carried out without endangering human health and the environment • hand waste over to persons licensed to handle waste • permits for waste treatment facilities • may be granted for a specified period • shall contain • the types and quantities of waste that may be treated • the method to be used for each type of operation • new facility: EIA, IPPC, planningand buildingacts SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 18 Proper waste management (2) C-297/08: failing to ensure that, Campania region has sufficient installations enabling it to dispose of its urban waste close to the place where that waste is produced, the Italian Republic has failed to meet its obligation to establish an integrated and adequate network of disposal installations (see 88) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Landfi 11 i n g of waste • landfi I ling is the worst waste management option • greenhouse gas-loss of resources-soil and water pollution • landfill: „waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land (i.e. underground)" • landfill classes • for hazardous - non-hazardous - inert waste • closing and after-care • closed after final on site inspection carried out by competent authority • operator remains responsible for maintenance and control of the site SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 20 Targets: landfills (e. g.) • by 2016/2020. biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35 % of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in 1995 (art. 5 Landfill directive) • by 2035. the amount of municipal waste landfilled is reduced to 10 % or less of the total amount of municipal waste generated (by weight). Possible measures Separate collection of waste Landfilling ban Higher landfilling fee Subsidies SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Municipal waste • definition: mixed waste and separately collected waste from households, including paper and cardboard, glass, metals, plastics, bio-waste, wood, textiles, packaging, waste electrical and electronic equipment, waste batteries and accumulators, and bulky waste, including mattresses and furniture; + from other sources, where such waste is similar in nature and composition to waste from households • separate collection at least for paper, metal, plastic and glass (by 1/1 2025 for textiles) • by 2025: the preparing for re-use and the recycling of municipal waste shall be increased to a minimum of 55 % by weight (art. 11 WFD) SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Economic instruments • Art. 14 WFD-„/tf accordance with the polluter-pays principle, the costs of waste management shall he borne by the original waste producer or by the current or previous waste holders." • motivation-income-compensation • broad discretion by MS • landf\\\ingfee(CZ0) • incineration fee (CZlEI) • local fee for handling of household waste (CZ0) • payment for recovery and recycling of packaging waste and other specific waste (CZ0)-see slide 26 SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Figure 4.4* Laud filling of municipal waste is encouraged through low landfill taxes Municipal waste landfilling and tax rates. 2013 ■ Maximum landfill tax rate (EURi ■ Landfill rate (%) 100 r 90 - 80 - I I 70 - Notes: tax rates refer to Flanders for Belgium, to New South Wales tor Australia, to Catalonia for Spain, and to New Jersey, North Carolina, Mississippi and Indiana for (tie United States. Landfill rate: Australia are 2015 data. Ireland are 2012 data. Source: OECD (2017), "Municipal waste", OECD Environment Statistics (database); OECD (2017), "Environmental policy instruments" OECD Environment Statistics (database). Source: http://www.oecd.org/governance/czech-republic-2018-9789264300958-en.htm - page 177 SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 PPP: guiding principle 'Pay as you throw' cuts waste and encourages recycling, French report finds By Marine Jobert | Journal de i'environnement | translated by Samuel White 139.3.2016 Recycling habits improve with "pay as you throw" schemes. [KaiiAntye/Shutterstock] | thrOW-CUtS-WaSte-and-enCOUrageS-recycling/ SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 25 C-335/16 (VC Cistoca d.o.o. v Vladika) • financing an urban waste management and disposal service • the competent national authorities have a wide discretion with regard to determining how prices are calculated • the price charged shall not result in the imposition on certain 'holders' of costs that are manifestly disproportionate to the volume or to the type of waste that they are liable to produce • criteria relatingtothetypeof property that the users occupy, its surface area and use, the productive capacity of the waste 'holders', the volume of the containers provided to the users, and the frequency of collection, i n so far as those parameters are liable to have a direct impact on the amount of the costs of waste management and disposal. SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 Extended producer responsibility (EPR) • duties of producers of products from which the waste came • an acceptance of returned products • subsequent management of the waste (organisational responsibility) and financial responsibility for such activities • costs of waste management could be borne partly or whol ly by the producer of the product + ecomodulation • e.g. packaging waste, batteries, electric and electronic equipment or end of life vehicles SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 The Czech Republic will not introduce a PET bottle deposit refund system The Czech Republic will not introduce an across-the-board system of PET bottle deposit refund, says Environment Minister Richard Brabee Slovakia first country in region to adopt deposit scheme for plastic Bottles By Marián Koreň | EURACTIV.sk S 5. 1. 2022 Sources: https://news.expats xz/weekly-czech-news/the-czech-repuM httpsV/www.euractivxom/section/politics/shortj https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/tris/en/search/?trisaction=search.detail&year=2022&num=72 SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 28 Plastic carrier bags directive (EU) 2015/720 of 29 April 2015 aim: sustained reduction in the consumption of lightweight plastic carrier bags (wall thickness below50 micron) • annual consumption level does not exceed 90 lightweight plastic carrier bags per person by3i December 2019 • orby3i December2018, lightweight plastic carrier baj}?' are not provided free of charge at the point of sale gfyoods England's plastic bag usage drops 85% since 5p charge introducecL*' Number of single-use bags handed out dipped to 500m in first six months since charge, compared with 7bn the prewp^year https://www.theguardianxom/environment/20i6/iul/30/england-plastic-bag-usage-drops-85-per-cent-since-5p-charged-introduced SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 29 EU Plastic strategy • directive (EU) 2019/904 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment • by 3 July 2021 • re-usable alternatives • 25 % recycled plastics • payments SOC044- EU Waste Management-spring 2022 30 COVID pollution: impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global plastic waste footprint I ^» Nsikak U. Bensona \ David E. Bassey1^ Thavamani Palanisamic'" 1 Analytical and bnwrunmcnkd CIiLmislry Unii, Department, of CJtemistry, Cavenanl University, Ota, Nigeria b UK Energy Servian inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 17 Glviial Innovators Centre far Advanced Nunomalerials, Sciaxjl af Engineering, University of Newcastle, CaUagfian, NSW, 2306, Australia. ABSTRACT Plastic products, have played significant roles in protecting people during the COVJD 19 pandemic. The wide spread use of personal protective gear created a massive disruption in the supply chain and waste disposal system. Millions of discarded single use plastics (masks, gloves, aprons, and bottles of sanirJzers} have been added to the terrestrial environment and could cause a surge in plastics washing up the ocean coasdines and littering the seabed. This paper attempts to assess the environmental Footprints of the global plastic wastes generated dining GOV ID 19 and analyze the potential impacts associated with plastic pollution, 'the amount of plastic wastes generated worldwide since the outbreak is estimated at 1.6 million tonnes/day. We estimate that approximately 3,4 billion single use facemasks/face shields are discarded daily as a result of COVID 19 pandemic, globally. Our comprehensive data analysis does indicate that COVID 19 will reverse the momentum of years long global battle to reduce plastic waste pollution. As governments are looking to turbo charge the economy by supporting busi nesses weather the pandemic, there is an opportunity to rebuild new industries that can innovate new reusable or nan plastic PPbs. The unanticipated occurrence of a pandemic of this scale has resulted in unmanageable levels of biomedical plastic wastes. This expert insight attempts to raise awareness for the adoption of dynamic waste management strategies targeted at reducing environmental contamination by plastics generated during the COVID 19 pandemic. ARTICLE INFO Keywords: ODVID-19 Sin^u-Luc |)lu.