Date of dispatch to the parties: May 12, 2005
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT
OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES
WASHINGTON, D.C.
TWEEN
ON COMPANY
IMANT)
AND
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
(RESPONDENT)
CASE NO. ARB/01/8
IN THE PROCEEDING BE
CMS GAS TRANSMISSI
(CLA
AWARD
e Tribunal
Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuña, President
The Honorable Marc Lalonde P.C., O.C., Q.C., Arbitrator
H.E. Judge Francisco Rezek, Arbitrator
Secretary of the Tribunal
Ms. Margrete Stevens
M mbers of the
2
Representing the Claimant
d
Bruckhaus Deringer LLP
New York, NY
f America
. Nigel Blackaby
hfields Bruckhaus Deringer
s
France
and
ido Santiago Tawil
M. & M. Bomchil Abogados
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Representing the Respondent
Guglielmino
o de la Nación
ocuración del Tesoro de la Nación
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Ms. Lucy Ree
Ms. Sylvia Noury
Freshfields
United States o
Mr
Fres
Pari
Dr. Gu
H.E. Osvaldo César
Procurador del Tesor
Pr
3
THE TRIBUNAL
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Makes the following Award:
A. Introduction
1. The Claimant, CMS Gas Transmission Company, is a company established under the
laws of the State of Michigan, United States. It is represented in this proceeding by:
cy Reed
Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP
520 Madison Avenue
34th floor
New York, NY 10022
United States of America
Ms. Lu
Ms. Sylvia Noury
4
Mr. Nigel Blackaby
khaus Deringer
anne
5 Paris Cedex 08
France
go Tawil
bogados
ha 268, piso 12
C1008AAF Buenos Aires
Argentina
e Argentine Republic, represented in this proceeding by:
H.E. Osvaldo César Guglielmino
Procurador del Tesoro de la Nación
Procuración del Tesoro de la Nación
os
Argentina
3. By letter of April 8, 2005 the Secretary of the Tribunal informed the parties that the
Tribunal had declared the proceeding closed in accordance with Rule 38(1) of the Arbitration
Rules. This Award contains the Tribunal’s Award on the merits rendered in accordance with
Arbitration Rule 47, as well as a copy of the Tribunal’s Decision on Objections to
Freshfields Bruc
2-4 rue Paul Céz
7537
Dr. Guido Santia
M. & M. Bomchil A
Suipac
2. The Respondent is th
P adas 1641
CP 1112 Buenos Aires
5
Jurisdiction. In rendering its Award, the Tribunal has taken into account all pleadings,
documents and testimony in this case insofar as it considered them relevant.
B. Summary of the Procedure
1. Procedure Leading to the Decision on Jurisdiction
stment Disputes
CMS), an entity
incorporated in the United States of America, a Request for Arbitration against the Argentine
Republic (Argentina). The request concerned the alleged suspension by Argentina of a tariff
ich CMS had an
est, the Claimant invoked the provisions of the 1991 “Treaty between
the United States of America and the Argentine Republic Concerning the Reciprocal
Encouragement and Protection of Investment.” (The Argentina – U.S. Bilateral Investment
Treaty or BIT or the Treaty).1
5. On July 27, 2001, the Centre, in accordance with Rule 5 of the ICSID Rules of
Pro stitution Rules),
acknowledged receipt and transmitted a copy of the request to Argentina and to the Argentine
Embassy in Washington D.C.
6. On August 15, 2001, the Centre requested CMS to confirm that the dispute referred to
in the request had not been submitted by CMS for resolution in accordance with any
applicable, previously agreed, dispute-settlement procedure, under Article VII (2)(b) of the
BIT. On August 23, 2001, CMS confirmed that it had taken no such steps.
4. On July 26, 2001, the International Centre for Settlement of Inve
(ICSID or the Centre) received from CMS Gas Transmission Company (
adjustment formula for gas transportation applicable to an enterprise in wh
investment. In its requ
cedure for the Institution of Conciliation and Arbitration Proceedings (In
6
7. On August 24, 2001, the Secretary-General of the Centre registered the request,
s same date, the
parties of the
f the request and invited them to proceed to constitute an Arbitral Tribunal as
soon as possible.
imant’s proposal
the Arbitral Tribunal would
consist of three arbitrators, one arbitrator to be appointed by each party and the third, who
would be President of the Tribunal, to be appointed by agreement of the parties.
greement to the
eir appointment.
On the same date the Centre informed the parties that since their agreement on the number of
arbitrators and the method of their appointment was equivalent to the formula set forth in
ocedure set forth
10. On October 24, 2001 Argentina appointed H. E. Judge Francisco Rezek, a national of
Brazil, as an arbitrator. On November 9, 2001, CMS appointed The Honorable Marc Lalonde
P.C., O.C., Q.C., a national of Canada, as an arbitrator. The parties, however, failed to agree
on the appointment of the third, presiding, arbitrator. In these circumstances, by letter of
December 5, 2001, the Claimant requested that the third, presiding, arbitrator in the
proceeding be appointed in accordance with Article 38 of the ICSID Convention.2
pursuant to Article 36(3) of the ICSID Convention (the Convention). On thi
Secretary-General, in accordance with Institution Rule 7, notified the
registration o
8. On August 30, 2001, the Centre reminded Argentina of the Cla
concerning the number of arbitrators and the method of their appointment. Under this
proposal, contained in paragraph 60 of the request for arbitration,
9. On September 13, 2001, Argentina informed the Centre of its a
proposal of CMS concerning the number of arbitrators and the method of th
Article 37(2)(b) of the Convention, the parties were invited to follow the pr
in Arbitration Rule 3 for the appointment of arbitrators.
7
11. After consultation with the parties, Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuña, a national of
ry 11, 2002, the
f Procedure for
accepted their
appointments and that the Tribunal was therefore deemed to have been constituted on that
date. On the same date, pursuant to ICSID Administrative and Financial Regulation 25, the
parties were informed that Mr. Alejandro Escobar, Senior Counsel, ICSID, would serve as
12. The first session of the Tribunal with the parties was held on February 4, 2002, at the
seat of ICSID in Washington, D.C. At the session the parties expressed their agreement that
the Tribunal had been properly constituted in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
bjections in this
13. During the course of the first session the parties agreed on a number of procedural
of the Tribunal;
ed the following
file a memorial
within 120 days from the date of the first session; the Respondent would file a countermemorial
within 120 days from its receipt of the Claimant’s memorial; the Claimant would
file a reply within 60 days from its receipt of the counter-memorial; and the Respondent
would file its rejoinder within 60 days from its receipt of the reply. At the first session it was
further agreed that in the event of the Respondent raising objections to jurisdiction, the
following time limits would apply: the Respondent would file its memorial on jurisdiction
within 60 days from its receipt of the Claimant’s memorial on the merits; the Claimant would
Chile, was duly appointed as President of the Arbitral Tribunal. On Janua
Secretary-General, in accordance with Rule 6(1) of the ICSID Rules o
Arbitration Proceedings notified the parties that all three arbitrators had
Secretary of the Arbitral Tribunal.
ICSID Convention and the Arbitration Rules and that they did not have any o
respect.
matters reflected in written minutes signed by the President and the Secretary
and the Tribunal, after ascertaining the views of the parties on the matter, fix
time limits for the written phase of the proceedings: The Claimant would
8
file its counter-memorial on jurisdiction within 60 days from its receipt of the Respondent’s
n within 30 days
Claimant would
joinder on jurisdiction within 30 days from its receipt of the Respondent’s reply on
jurisdiction.
002 of the time
al granted the extension
sought by the Claimant. In doing so, the Tribunal noted that Argentina would be entitled to
an equivalent extension if requested, of the time limit fixed for its counter-memorial.
d accompanying
ICSID, replaced
tember 4, 2002, Argentina
requested an extension till October 7, 2002, of the time limit fixed for the filing of the
memorial on jurisdiction. On September 11, 2002, the Tribunal granted the extension sought
rgentina. On October 7, 2002, Argentina filed its memorial on jurisdiction.
6. s to jurisdiction,
the proceeding on the merits was suspended in accordance with ICSID Arbitration Rule
41(3).
17. On December 17, 2002, the Claimant submitted its counter-memorial on jurisdiction.
On January 22, 2003, the parties requested an extension of 30 days for each of the remaining
two jurisdictional filings. On January 27, 2003, the Tribunal granted the extensions, and
fixed the time limit for the filing of the Respondent’s reply on jurisdiction for February 11,
memorial on jurisdiction; the Respondent would file its reply on jurisdictio
from its receipt of the Claimant’s counter-memorial on jurisdiction; and the
file its re
14. On May 24, 2002, the Claimant requested an extension till July 5, 2
limit fixed for the filing of its memorial. On June 6, 2002, the Tribun
15. On July 5, 2002, the Claimant filed its memorial on the merits an
documentation. On August 5, 2002, Ms. Margrete Stevens, Senior Counsel,
Mr. Alejandro Escobar as Secretary of the Tribunal. On Sep
by A
1 On October 24, 2002, following the Respondent’s filing of objection
9
2003; and the time limit for the filing of the Claimant’s rejoinder on jurisdiction for March
25, 2003.
nt filed its reply on jurisdiction, and on March
25, 2003, the Claimant filed its rejoinder on jurisdiction.
of the Centre in
tcliffe and Guido
f of the Claimant. Mr. Ignacio Suarez Anzorena
addressed the Tribunal on behalf of Argentina. The Tribunal posed questions to the parties,
as provided in Rule 32(3) of the Arbitration Rules.
he Objections to
nal rejected the
Respondent’s contention that the Claimant could not, as a minority shareholder, bring a claim
against Argentina and confirmed that the dispute arose directly from an investment made by
diction and that
mpetent to consider the dispute between the parties in accordance with
the provisions of the Argentina – U.S. BIT.
21. Certified copies of the Tribunal’s decision were distributed to the parties by the
Secretary of the Tribunal.
18. On February 13, 2003, the Responde
19. On April 7-8, 2003, the hearing on jurisdiction was held at the seat
Washington, D.C. Ms. Lucy Reed and Messrs. Nigel Blackaby, Jonathan Su
Tawil addressed the Tribunal on behal
20. On July 17, 2003, the Tribunal issued its unanimous Decision on t
Jurisdiction raised by the Argentine Republic. In its Decision, the Tribu
the Claimant. On this basis, the Tribunal concluded that the Centre had juris
the Tribunal was co
10
2. Procedure Leading to the Award on the Merits
to Jurisdiction,
of the Centre,
Procedural Order No. 1 on the continuation of the proceeding on the merits. In that
Procedural Order the Tribunal fixed the following schedule for the further procedures: as the
Respondent was
enty (120) days
ithin sixty (60)
days from its receipt of the Respondent’s counter-memorial; and the Respondent would file a
rejoinder on the merits within sixty (60) days from its receipt of the Claimant’s reply. The
hearing on the
23. By letter of October 2, 2003, the Respondent filed a request for suspension of the
proceeding. By letter of October 14, 2003, the Tribunal invited the Claimant to file, no later
ension; by letter
ervations on the Respondent’s request of
October 2, 2003.
24. By letter of October 22, 2003, the Respondent filed a request for an extension of the
time limit for the filing of its counter-memorial on the merits.
25. By letter of October 30, 2003, the Secretary of the Tribunal informed the parties of
the Tribunal’s decision to grant the Respondent’s request for a 30-day extension for the filing
of its counter-memorial on the merits; the new time limit was fixed for December 17, 2003.
22. On July 17, 2003, the Tribunal, following its Decision on Objections
issued, in accordance with Rules 19 and 41(4) of the Arbitration Rules
Claimant had already filed its memorial on the merits of the dispute, the
directed to file a counter-memorial on the merits within one hundred and tw
from the date of the Order; the Claimant would file a reply on the merits w
Order further contemplated that the Tribunal would propose a date for the
merits once it had received the above-indicated memorials.
than October 20, 2003, its observations on the Respondent’s request for susp
of October 17, 2003 the Claimant filed its obs
11
26. By letter of October 31, 2003, the Secretary of the Tribunal informed the parties of
unal’s decision not to grant the Respondent’s request for suspension of the
proceeding.
27. On December 22, 2003, the Respondent filed its counter-memorial on the merits.
By letter of December 23, 2003, the Secretary of the Tribunal informed the parties of
the Tribunal’s proposal to fix the hearing on the merits for two weeks to begin at the end of
29. By letter of January 7, 2004, the Respondent requested that the oral hearing be
0. ties by letter of
January 14, 2004 of its intention to fix the hearing on the merits for August 2004.
-week extension
32. After further consultations with both sides, the Tribunal informed the parties by letter
of February 6, 2004 that the hearing on the merits would be held on August 9-20, 2004. Both
parties confirmed their agreement that the hearing be held in Paris, France. By that same
letter, the parties were informed that the Tribunal would grant the Claimant a four-week
extension for the filing of its reply on the merits, and would similarly grant the Respondent a
four-week extension for the filing of its rejoinder on the merits, should it so wish. The new
time limit for the filing of the Claimant’s reply on the merits was fixed for March 22, 2004.
the Trib
28.
May 2004.
scheduled for the end of July 2004.
3 After consultation with both sides, the Tribunal informed the par
31. By letter of January 20, 2004, the Claimant filed a request for a five
of the time limit for the filing of its reply on the merits.
12
33. On February 12, 2004, the Respondent filed a “Certificate Confirming the State of
Necessity in Argentina.”
34. On March 22, 2004, the Claimant filed its reply on the merits.
35. On May 27, 2004, the President held a conference call with counsel for the parties to
public to file all
remaining witness statements and expert reports with its rejoinder on the merits on June 25,
2004. To the extent that such statements and reports would not be available to the Argentine
i.e. no later than
rits in Paris. In these
circumstances, the Argentine Republic was requested to indicate on June 25, 2004, the names
of any additional witnesses and experts whose statements or reports would be filed no later
than July 9, 2004, and the subject-matter to which their testimony would be directed.
38. By letter of July 12, 2004, the Claimant objected to the late presentation of certain
evidence introduced by Argentina with its rejoinder; and reserved its right to respond with
additional contemporaneous documents which it indicated would be very limited in number.
39. By letter of July 13, 2004, the President of the Tribunal directed the parties to
exchange, on July 20, 2004, lists of the names of those witnesses that each party wished to
discuss procedural arrangements for the hearing on the merits.
36. By letter of June 17, 2004, the Tribunal directed the Argentine Re
Republic on June 25, 2004, these were to be filed no later than July 9, 2004,
one month prior to the commencement of the hearing on the me
37. On June 28, 2004, the Respondent filed its rejoinder on the merits.
13
examine, and requested that the parties inform the Secretariat of the names of the persons that
would be attending the hearing on behalf of each side.
40. The parties filed their respective lists on July 20, 2004.
41. By letter of August 4, 2004, the Tribunal gave directions on the conduct of the
ce August 9, 2004, which would be devoted to opening
statements. The Claimant would present its statement in the morning; and the Respondent
would present its statement in the afternoon.
devoted to the
f fact witnesses,
to be followed by the Respondent’s examination of fact witnesses. The same order would be
followed (i.e. first the Claimant, to be followed by the Respondent) with respect to the
f expert evidence. However, to the extent possible, the parties were invited to
organize such expert evidence around subject-matter.
44. The hearing would conclude on August 20, 2004, with each party presenting its
closing statement.
45. The hearing on the merits was held, as scheduled, from August 9-20, 2004, at the
World Bank’s office at 66, avenue d’Iéna, Paris. Present at the hearing were:
hearing.
42. The hearing would commen
43. The period from August 10, 2004 – August 19, 2004 would be
presentation of evidence. The Claimant would begin with its examination o
presentation o
14
Members of the Tribunal
ident
.C, O.C., Q.C., Arbitrator
Judge Francisco Rezek, Arbitrator
ICS
Stevens, Secretary of the Tribunal
On behalf of the Claimant:
ion Company)
sion Company)
Mr. Nigel Blackaby (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)
ringer)
Dr. Lluís Paradel (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)
Ms. Sylvia Noury (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)
Ms. Blanca Montejo (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)
Dr. Guido Santiago Tawil (M. & M. Bomchil Abogados, Buenos Aires)
Dr. Hector Huici (M. & M. Bomchil Abogados, Buenos Aires)
Dr. Ignacio Minorini Lima (M. & M. Bomchil Abogados, Buenos Aires)
Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuña, Pres
The Hon. Marc Lalonde, P
ID Secretariat
Ms. Margrete
Ms. Sharon McIlnay (CMS Gas Transmiss
Mr. Julio Mazzoli (CMS Gas Transmis
Ms. Lucy Reed (Freshfields Bruckhaus De
Mr. Noah Rubins (Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer)
15
On behalf of the Respondent:
ice of the Republic of Argentina,
Aires,)
Dr. Andrea Gualde (Procuración del Tesoro de la Nación, Buenos Aires)
Dr. Ana R. Badillos (Procuración del Tesoro de la Nación, Buenos Aires)
ión, Buenos Aires)
Dr. Ignacio Pérez Cortés (Procuración del Tesoro de la Nación, Buenos Aires)
res)
46. Prior to the hearing the Claimant filed with the Tribunal, on August 5, 2004, two new
volumes of exhibits and authorities that the Claimant said were responsive to issues that had
and that updated
dispute since the time of the Claimant’s submission of its reply.
47. By letter of August 6, 2004, the Respondent opposed the introduction into the
r of September 14, 2004, the Tribunal informed the parties of its decision to
allow a limited number of the Claimant’s documents into the proceeding insofar as these
concerned the process of renegotiation with Argentina of concession agreements in the area
of gas production and distribution, and were relevant to the factual and legal issues pending
before the Tribunal.
49. On September 20, 2004 the parties filed their post-hearing briefs.
H.E. Dr. Horacio Daniel Rosatti (Minister of Just
formerly the Procurador del Tesoro de la Nación, Buenos
Dr. Jorge R. Barraguirre (Procuración del Tesoro de la Nac
Dr. Bettina Cuñado (Procuración del Tesoro de la Nación, Buenos Ai
been raised for the first time in the rejoinder and accompanying statements;
the underlying facts of the
proceeding of the new documents.
48. By lette
16
50. By letter of September 24, 2004, the Tribunal informed the parties of its decision to
underlying assumptions and
methodology relied upon in the valuation reports offered by the parties’ experts.
51. By letter of December 16, 2004, the Secretariat transmitted the report on the findings
of the independent experts to the parties. By that same letter the Tribunal invited the parties
to file their observations on the report no later than January 5, 2005. Such observations were
52. Throughout the proceedings, the parties’ numerous procedural applications were
promptly and unanimously decided by the Tribunal.
C. Considerations
3. The Privatization Program as the Background to the Dispute
,3
the Argentine
privatization of
of foreign investment. Gas
transportation was one of the significant sectors to be included under this reform program.
The basic instruments governing these economic reforms were Law No. 23.696 on the
Reform of the State of 1989,4
Law No. 23.928 on Currency Convertibility of 19915
and
Decree No. 2128/91 fixing the Argentine peso at par with the United States dollar.
54. Within this broad framework specific instruments were enacted to govern the
privatization of the main industries. As far as the Gas sector was concerned, Law No. 24.076
retain independent expert advice so as to better understand the
filed in accordance with the Tribunal’s directions.
53. As had been observed by the Tribunal in its Decision on Jurisdiction
Republic embarked in 1989 on economic reforms, which included the
important industries and public utilities as well as the participation
17
of 1992, or Gas Law,6
established the basic rules for the transportation and distribution of
l gas. This instrument was implemented the same year by Decree No. 1738/92 or Gas
Decree.7
55. As a consequence of the new legislation, Gas del Estado, a State-owned entity, was
divided into two transportation companies and eight distribution companies. Transportadora
portation.8
The
was opened to investors by means of a public tender offer9
and a related Information Memorandum was prepared by consultant and investment firms in
1992 at the request of the Government.
11
d the basic terms and
conditions for the licenses that each new company would be granted by the Argentine
thirty-five
years, subject to extension for another ten years on the fulfillment of certain conditions.
ll as the license,
gime under which tariffs were to be calculated in dollars, conversion to
pesos was to be effected at the time of billing and tariffs would be adjusted every six months
in accordance with the United States Producer Price Index (US PPI). As will be examined
further below, the Respondent has a different understanding of the nature and legal effects of
these various instruments.
58. CMS’s participation in TGN began in 1995 under a 1995 Offering Memorandum13
leading to the purchase of the shares still held by the government. CMS’s acquisition
represented 25% of the company, later supplemented by the purchase of an additional 4.42%,
natura
de Gas del Norte (TGN) was one of the companies created for gas trans
privatization of the new company
10
56. A Model License approved by Decree No. 2255/92 establishe
Government. TGN’s license was granted by Decree No. 2457/9212
for a period of
57. In the Claimant’s view, the legislation and regulations enacted, as we
resulted in a legal re
18
thus totaling 29.42% of TGN’s shares. This new Offering Memorandum was modeled on the
1992 Information Memorandum and the license.
gentina’s Measures in the Period 1999-2002 and the Emergence of the
Dispute
the 1990’s a serious economic crisis began to unfold in Argentina,
which eventually had profound political and social ramifications. The nature and extent of
60. Against this background, the Argentine Government called in late 1999 for a meeting
uspension of the
rary suspension
30, 2000). The
agreement provided that costs of the deferral would be recouped in the period July 1, 2000 –
April 30, 2001, that resulting income losses would be indemnified and it was understood that
k governing the
ry agency of the
61. Soon thereafter it became apparent that the agreement would not be implemented and
requests by TGN for an adjustment of tariffs in accordance with the License were not acted
upon; in fact ENARGAS directed the company to refrain from introducing any such
adjustment. On July 17, 2000, a further meeting was held with representatives of the gas
companies, at which the companies were asked to agree on a new deferral of the tariff
adjustment. Another agreement to this effect was entered into on that date, freezing US PPI
4. Ar
59. Towards the end of
this crisis will be discussed below.
with representatives of the gas companies in order to discuss a temporary s
US PPI adjustment of the gas tariffs. The companies agreed to a tempo
deferring the adjustment due for a period of six months (January 1 – June
this arrangement would not set a precedent or amend the legal framewor
licenses. This agreement was approved by ENARGAS, the public regulato
gas industry, by Resolution No. 1471 on January 10, 2000.14
19
adjustments of tariffs for a two year period while allowing for some increases relating to the
erral was to be
June 30, 2002.
that the US PPI
adjustment constituted “a legitimately acquired right” and was a basic premise and condition
of the tender and the offers.15
de la Nación,” a
ion of both the
agreement and Decree No. 669/2000 pending a decision on the challenged legality of the US
PPI adjustment. Meanwhile, administrative appeals made by TGN did not change the
s for tariff adjustments continued to be rejected. In due
course, the companies, the Government and ENARGAS appealed the above decision of the
ompanies to the
Argentine Supreme Court is still pending.
ontinuing freeze
ral. The parties
disagree on the nature and extent of the decisions adopted by ENARGAS, as will be
discussed below. Against these developments, CMS notified its consent to arbitration under
ICSID on July 12, 2001, following the required notification of the dispute to the Argentine
Government. The dispute at this stage concerned only the issue of the application of the US
PPI adjustment.
earlier deferral and lost income. Income lost as a result of the new def
gradually recovered and US PPI adjustments were to be reintroduced as from
Decree No. 669/2000 embodied the new arrangements while recognizing
62. In a proceeding commenced by the Argentine “Defensor del Pueblo
federal judge issued on August 18, 2000 an injunction for the suspens
situation and TGN’s application
federal judge, however, the appeal was rejected. A final appeal of the c
63. Based on these developments, ENARGAS repeatedly confirmed the c
of the US PPI adjustment of tariffs, resulting in no adjustments being made in accordance
with this mechanism as from January 1, 2000, that is since the first defer
20
64. In late 2001 the crisis deepened as the corrective measures that Minister Domingo
entina followed.
e “corralito” by
osits from bank
accounts. Default was declared and several Presidents succeeded one another in office within
a matter of days. Emergency Law No. 25.561 was enacted on January 6, 2002,17
declaring a
public emergency until December 10, 2003 and introducing a reform of the foreign exchange
below.
65. The Emergency Law introduced the second type of measures that underlie the dispute
in the present case. Thus, the currency board which had pegged the peso to the dollar under
ferent exchange
ublic utilities to
tion of tariffs in
dollars. The respective tariffs were redenominated in pesos at the rate of one peso to the
dollar. The same rate was applied to all private contracts denominated in dollars or other
2002, dated May
e tariffs for its
s.
66. The Emergency Law envisaged a process of renegotiation of licenses to be conducted
by a Renegotiation Commission. The pertinent procedures were defined by Decree No.
293/2002.18
The renegotiation process began on March 1, 2002 and was later reorganized
under other arrangements. Various efforts at initiating an extraordinary review of tariffs or
granting small adjustments were blocked by court injunctions. A new Renegotiation Unit
was created in 2003 and a new law governing the renegotiation process—Law No. 25.790—
Cavallo had set in train did not succeed. Significant capital flight from Arg
In the wake of these further developments, the Government introduced th
Decree No. 1570/2001,16
drastically limiting the right to withdraw dep
system. Extensions of this period were later introduced, as will be discussed
the 1991 Convertibility Law was abolished, the peso was devalued and dif
rates were introduced for different transactions. The right of licensees of p
adjust tariffs according to the US PPI was terminated, as was the calcula
foreign currencies. It was later clarified by Decrees No. 689/2002 and 704/
2, 2002, that the Emergency Law did not apply to gas exports or th
transportation, which consequently were exempt from the conversion to peso
21
was enacted on October 31, 2003. Renegotiations were to be completed by December 31,
lic utilities and
stribution sector.
s attributable to the inherent
difficulty in renegotiating 64 public utility contracts and numerous subcontracts.19
ng the measures
Jurisdiction, the
nal considered that the disputes arising from the one as well as the other types of
measures were sufficiently closely related and thus proceeded to the merits phase in respect
of both.
68. The Claimant explains that it decided to undertake important investments in the gas
transportation sector in reliance on the Argentine Government’s promises and guarantees,
at offered a real return in dollar terms and the adjustment of tariffs
75 million in the
in the renovation
and expansion of the gas pipeline network.
69. The Claimant further argues that the measures undertaken by the Government in the
period 1999 – 2002 and in the aftermath have had devastating consequences. The effects
relate in part to the loss of income and in part to the fact that the Claimant’s ability to pay its
debt has been reduced by a factor of more than three because the debt is denominated in US
dollars and there has been an intervening devaluation of the peso. The Claimant also asserts
2004. Renegotiation was completed by this date in respect of some pub
related companies, but this was not the case in the gas transportation and di
A witness introduced by the Respondent explained that this wa
67. On February 13, 2002 CMS notified an ancillary dispute concerni
enacted under the Emergency Law and related decisions. In its Decision on
Tribu
5. CMS’s Claim for Business and Financial Losses
particularly those th
according to the US PPI. The Claimant asserts that it invested almost US$ 1
purchase of shares in TGN and that TGN invested more than US$ 1 billion
22
that the value of its shares in TGN has dropped by 92%, falling from US$ 261.1 million to
, this last figure having later been revised to US$ 23.7 million and later yet
.5 million.20
70. Because no adjustment of tariffs has taken place since January 1, 2000 and because
tariffs may no longer be calculated in US dollars, the Claimant explains that TGN’s domestic
evenues have been kept in US
the Claimant’s view the situation has been aggravated by the assertion by some
71. It is further explained that the devaluation has also had an adverse impact on TGN’s
rate used by the
as before to pay existing
result, it is claimed, TGN has defaulted on certain dollar-denominated obligations
and on its foreign and domestic debt, thus having been excluded from international capital
markets. Dollar-denominated operating costs, it is asserted, have also been affected.
pecific measures
Emergency Law have led to an artificial depression of consumer gas prices in Argentina,
particularly as a result of the tariff freeze. Because Argentine gas prices are among the
lowest in the world, an effective subsidy benefiting the rest of the Argentine economy has
had a negative impact on the regulated gas sector, amounting to several billion dollars for the
energy sector as a whole.
US$ 21.2 million
to US$ 17
tariff revenue has decreased by nearly 75%. Only export r
dollars. In
Provincial governments of the right to pay gas and other invoices in bonds.
costs: taking into account an exchange rate of 3.6 pesos to the dollar, the
Claimant in its Memorial, it now takes 3.6 times as much revenue
debt. As a
72. In addition to the losses that CMS has suffered as a result of the s
referred to above, the Claimant argues that the broader economic implications of the
23
73. The end result of these measures, in the Claimant’s view, has led to the suspension of
twork. This, in
tic market and in
uciary fund was
established in 2004 to channel investment, in conjunction with private participation, in gas
transportation infrastructure, particularly with a view to importing gas from Bolivia to
ndent argues that this is evidence of
the normal operation of companies and TGN in the gas market, the Claimant is of the view
that N
6. The Respondent’s Arguments in Respect of Business and Financial Losses
overnment of Argentina argues that the losses incurred by the Claimant are not
e to the Respondent and that any such losses arise from business decisions of TGN.
The effects of the measures on TGN’s costs are in the Respondent’s view very different from
what CMS claims.
s domestic tariff
se has also been
indicated22
—in view of the fact that 25%—a figure of 31% has also been mentioned23
—of
the revenues of TGN are related to export contracts. In this area of operation the pertinent
tariffs have been kept in dollars and have increased by 11%—12% has also been
mentioned24
—as a result of the periodic adjustment of such export tariffs in accordance with
the US PPI.
investments in new expansion projects and the collapse of the pipeline ne
turn, it is argued, has brought about serious gas shortages both in the domes
the supply of neighboring countries, such as Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. A fid
compensate for the domestic shortages. While the Respo
TG ’s participation in this arrangement has not been voluntary.21
74. The G
attributabl
75. The Government of Argentina asserts first that it is not true that TGN’
revenues have decreased by 75%, as argued by the Claimant—a 50% decrea
24
76. Moreover, the exchange rate used in the Claimant’s calculations—3.6 pesos to the
te at the time of
at the obligation
N as these bonds
are used for the payment of taxes and in any event most such bonds have now been recalled.
amount to only
use part of that
a result of the
devaluation, the share of dollar denominated operating costs would decrease as a
consequence of import substitution. The dollar denominated revenue, it is also asserted,
m os arising from
78. A third line of argument of the Argentine Government relates to the choices available
to TGN as sources of financing. These ranged from the use of its own capital, debt in
affected by a devaluation—, dollar debt in Argentina—
ld have been “pesified”—, and finally to foreign currency debt incurred abroad. It
ghest risks. The
Respondent holds that the Claimant cannot now attempt to transfer the consequences of this
decision to the Government or the consumer.
79. In the Respondent’s view, the Gas Law provides for a structure of tariffs that covers
only operating costs and excludes financial costs altogether. Tariffs were fixed on the basis
of the cost of capital in Argentina and therefore at a level higher than what would have been
justified in more stable countries.25
dollar—is in the Respondent’s view 20% higher than the actual exchange ra
the Answer (December 2003), or 3 pesos to the dollar. It is further argued th
to accept Provincial bonds in payment has also not caused any harm to TG
77. The Respondent argues next that TGN’s operating costs in dollars
26.69% of the revenues denominated in that currency. This, it says, is beca
revenue is export-related and, moreover, it is to be expected that as
a ply compensates for the increase in domestic operating costs in pes
inflation.
pesos—which would not have been
which wou
is argued in this respect that TGN chose the last option, which held the hi
25
80. It is furthermore explained that ENARGAS warned TGN about the potential
26
spectus prepared
verse effects of a
, debt payment in foreign currencies and dividends to shareholders.27
The latter document stated that
“In case of a big devaluation of the peso in respect of the dollar, the
pany could be
to make payments
in foreign currency (including the repayment of debt expressed in foreign
currency) and the distribution of dividends in dollars at acceptable levels.”28
rofitability of the
e, “the Licensor
profitability of exploitation.”29
Nor, it is argued, can credit
rating deterioration be attributed to the Government. It is further asserted that TGN is free to
renegotiate its debt in the international financial market at discounts ranging from 55% to
nt’s argument to
the effect that TGN invested over US$ 1 billion in infrastructure, the actual situation is that
TGN did not comply with the mandatory investment requirement under the License of US$
40 million and that TGN has repeatedly been fined because of this failure; instead heavy
voluntary investments were made in the expansion of the transportation network for exports.
A witness for the Respondent stated that TGN has participated actively in the creation and
financing of the fiduciary fund for gas transportation mentioned above.30
difficulties that could arise from its debt profile . In fact, the investment pro
by the Board of TGN in 1995 had specifically warned about the potential ad
devaluation on revenues
patrimonial situation and the operational results of the Com
adversely affected, as would also be the case of the capacity
81. The Respondent also argues that the License did not guarantee the p
business because, as stated in Article 2.4 of the Basic Rules of the Licens
does not guarantee or ensure the
90%, just as other businesses have done.
82. The Government of Argentina also asserts that in spite of the Claima
26
83. It will be shown below that the Claimant opposes all such arguments. For now the
in its memorials
at it is for the
nister of Justice
explained, at the hearing on the merits, that Argentina was “not obliged to propose another
valuation.”31
And although the Tribunal requested a clarification on this matter from
Argentina 32
84. The Claimant is of the view that the measures adopted by the Argentine Government
investors in the
85. Such commitments, it is asserted, included the calculation of tariffs in US dollars, the
semi-annual adjustment in accordance with the US PPI and general adjustment of tariffs
he tariffs.33
g eed expressly not to freeze the tariff
structure or subject it to further regulation or price controls; and that in the event that price
controls were introduced, TGN would be entitled to compensation for the difference between
the tariff it was entitled to and the tariff actually charged.34
Moreover, the basic rules
governing the License could not be altered without TGN’s consent.35
87. The Claimant is of the view that these guarantees constituted essential conditions for
CMS’s investment36
and that it has an acquired right to the application of the agreed tariff
Tribunal wishes to observe that the Argentine Government has not provided
an alternative valuation of the eventual losses affecting CMS, saying th
Claimant to properly prove its claims. In this regard the Argentine Mi
’s experts, none was provided.
7. CMS’s Legal Justification of its Claims
are in violation of the commitments that the Government made to foreign
offering memoranda, relevant laws and regulations and the License itself.
every five years, all with the purpose of maintaining the real dollar value of t
86. The Claimant argues that Argentina further a r
27
regime. The Claimant says that the Government of Argentina itself confirmed this in Decree
by explaining the adjustment mechanism of the licenses as a “legitimately
ight.”37
88. It is further argued that the measures adopted are all attributable to the Argentine
Government and result in the violation of all the major investment protections owed to CMS
lly expropriated
the Treaty; that
dard of fair and
equitable treatment of Article II(2)(a) of the Treaty; that the passing of arbitrary and
discriminatory measures violates Article II(2)(b); and that it has also failed to observe the
ions entered into with regard to the investment in violation of the standard of
2)(c) of that Treaty. Unlawful restrictions to the free transfer of funds in violation
a claim that was
later withdrawn.
9. nomic impact on
s compensation in the
amount of US$ 261.1 million for Treaty breaches plus interest and costs.
90. The specific arguments invoked by the Claimant in support of its legal contentions
will be examined by the Tribunal separately when discussing each of the claims made.
No. 669/2000
acquired r
under the Treaty. It is claimed in particular that Argentina has wrongfu
CMS’s investment without compensation in violation of Article IV of
Argentina has failed to treat CMS’s investment in accordance with the stan
many obligat
Article II(
of Article V of the Treaty were also invoked in the Claimant’s memorial,
38
8 On the basis of its understanding of the measures adopted, their eco
the company and the legal violations invoked the Claimant request
28
8. The Respondent’s Legal Defense
l and regulatory
and reasonable
tariff, encompassing costs of operation, taxes, amortizations, and a reasonable return on
investments, but excluding altogether financial costs.39
It is further asserted that no
tees were offered in respect of convertibility and currency devaluation and the risk
the investment in these respects was expressly brought to the attention of the
92. The Respondent is of the view that any consequences arising from CMS’s decision to
report of private consultants for its investment strategies cannot be assigned to the
nsibility for its
93. The Respondent argues in addition that, under the Gas Law, transportation and
ticular needs
this end, the Government is under an obligation to ensure the
peration of the service and must control the implementation of the contract,
including the alternative of amendment or unilateral termination. Thus, the regulation of
tariffs is a discretionary power of the Government insofar as it must take social and other
public considerations into account.
94. In the Respondent’s view, it follows that no commitments could have been made by
the Government to maintain a certain economic or exchange rate policy and that the State is
free to change such policies, a right which cannot be subject to claims by individuals or
91. In the view of the Argentine Government, the License, and the lega
framework governing it, provide only for the right of the licensee to a fair
guaran
inherent to
company.
rely on the
Government. That report was not made by the Government and all respo
contents was the subject of an express disclaimer.40
distribution of gas is a national public service which must take into account par
of social importance. To
efficient o
41
29
corporations. In this respect, the argument follows, CMS could not have ignored the public
entina and the risks involved in investing in that country.
s s the minimum
cost compatible with the certainty of supply, as long as the provision of the service is
efficient. Because Argentina was characterized by an unstable economy, the tariffs took into
e added risk of investing in that country and were therefore higher than would
96. The Respondent is of the view that the licenses did not contemplate the possibility of
convertibility being abandoned and that the contractual regime was therefore incomplete.43
n in the domestic market and
dollarization in the external market, thereby allowing consumers to continue to pay for gas
iffs did take into
account the risk of devaluation, a point that will be discussed further below.
here has been no
S’s shares is the
nd the currency
devaluation that followed. This devaluation, it is asserted, had already occurred in other
important international financial markets.45
All the measures adopted by the Government, it
is further argued, were needed for the normalization of the country and the continuous
operation of public services. Had tariffs been adjusted by 300% as CMS would have wanted,
public services would have been paralyzed, the income of licensees would have dramatically
decreased and public reaction would have been beyond control.46
law of Arg
95. In this context, it is further a serted, tariffs must ensure to consumer
42
account th
normally have been the case. As a result profits were also higher.
This, the Respondent filled in by means of the pesificatio
and avoiding the collapse of demand.44
The Respondent also argues that tar
97. As a result of the above considerations, the Respondent argues that t
violation of the commitments made, explaining that the loss of value of CM
result of recession and deflation, of a major social and economic crisis a
30
98. The Respondent further explains that, in this legal and regulatory context, there could
e legal claims of
al law of indirect
of the company
protected under the Treaty and TGN continues to operate normally. Nor was there a violation
of the standard of fair and equitable treatment, or a case of arbitrariness or discrimination.
lows, cannot be invoked as no obligations
rtaken by Argentina in respect of CMS, only in respect of TGN, and the latter has
99. In the alternative, the Republic of Argentina has invoked national emergency, brought
r exemption of
.
100. As with the Claimant’s arguments, all the views expressed by the Respondent will be
discussed in greater detail in connection with each claim.
however, the Tribunal wishes to address one particular
issue raised by the Respondent. The matter concerns the fact that certain loans were granted
to TGN by the International Finance Corporation, an affiliate of the World Bank, and the
suggestion that this might constitute some form of conflict of interest for an ICSID Tribunal
operating under World Bank Group auspices.47
102. The Tribunal wishes to state clearly that no connection to this effect has ever
interfered with its independent judgment of the case, and it would not permit this to happen.
Neither has the Tribunal at any point been approached by World Bank officials on behalf of
be no violation of the Treaty and objects, in that regard, particularly to th
CMS. In the Respondent’s view, none of the requirements under internation
expropriation are met. The guarantees invoked by CMS are not the property
The umbrella clause of the Treaty, the argument fol
were unde
not made any claim for contractual violation under the License.
about by the above-mentioned economic and social crisis, as grounds fo
liability under international law and the Treaty
101. Before proceeding any further,
31
the IFC or any other Bank affiliate, nor would the Tribunal permit any representation of this
Tribunal learnt about TGN’s financing arrangements through the pleadings of the
parties alone.
9. Are the Measures Adopted Temporary or Permanent?
ect of this dispute is whether the measures adopted are temporary or
permanent in nature, a matter that has importance in the context of the applicable law that
104. The Claimant rejects that the measures adopted are temporary insofar as they continue
roduced by the
ongress has tended to reinforce the effect of such measures. The Claimant
invokes as clear evidence of this being the case the draft Public Utilities National Regulatory
Act introduced in 2004, in which the measures in force were turned into permanent features
of the tariff regime.48
lained of are all
otiation.49
The
Government, it is argued, has made specific proposals to TGN in its efforts to achieve a
successful renegotiation, including a proposal made on July 2, 2004, envisaging a 7%
increase in tariffs in 2005 and completing their regularization in 2007.50
This has been
described as a basic or first proposal.51
It is further stated that the Claimant has not been
minded to present any counter-proposal.
kind. The
103. One particular asp
will be discussed further below.
to be in force after several years. Moreover, all draft legislation int
Government in C
105. The Respondent argues the opposite. In its view, the measures comp
of a temporary nature arising from the emergency and subject to reneg
32
106. The Claimant explains on this point that the proposal is insufficient to meet the
ate for the losses
own January 22,
between March and September 2003.53
Such increases would have represented close to a
90% adjustment.
ave lapsed since
with reference the abovementioned
crisis. However, if delays exceed a reasonable period of time the assumption that
they might become permanent features of the governing regime gains in likelihood.
108. The parties in this case have not chosen a particular law applicable to the resolution of
the dispute nor has the Treaty. In the absence of such choice, Article 42(1) of the Convention
he rule governing the determination of the law to be applied by the Tribunal:
the law of the
conflict of laws)
and such rules of international law as may be applicable.”
109. Yet again the parties have expressed radically different views. The Claimant has
argued, first at the jurisdictional stage and again in the merits phase of the proceedings, that
only the Treaty and international law are applicable to the dispute while the law of the host
State “plays only a marginal role, relevant only as a matter of fact.”54
The Claimant argues
adjustments necessary to achieve a just and reasonable tariff and to compens
the company has experienced.52
This is particularly so in light of TGN’s
2003 proposal. Under this proposal, TGN had requested four 17.8% increases to take effect
107. The Tribunal can only note in this respect that more than five years h
the adoption of the first measures in 2000. Delays can be explained
10. Applicable Law: The Parties’ Views
becomes t
“[I]n the absence of such agreement, the Tribunal shall apply
Contracting State party to the dispute (including its rules on
33
that ICSID’s jurisprudence is uniform in respect of the application of the Treaty as lex
complemented by customary international law where necessary.55
in the context of
factual matters, such as with regard to the nature of the assurances made to CMS. The
Claimant relies in this respect on the decision rendered in the case of Tecmed v. Mexico to
the act of a State must be characterized as internationally wrongful if in breach of
ternal law…”56
111. The Claimant further explains that, in any event, treaties have a significant place in
the Argentine constitutional order and must be observed, and that various courts in Argentina
l.
nt has put forth the view that, in the absence of an agreement, the
Tribunal must examine and apply the domestic legislation of Argentina, particularly since the
investor, like any national investor, is subject to domestic law and the License is specifically
nstitution. It is
explained, in this context, that the protection of the right of property enshrined in the
Constitution has been interpreted by the Courts as not having an absolute character and that
State intervention in the regulation of individual rights is justified, provided such intervention
is both legal and reasonable when factoring in social needs. Moreover, the Respondent
asserts that a differentiated treatment in certain circumstances does not affect the requirement
of uniformity in the application of the law.
specialis,
110. On this basis, the Claimant asserts that Argentine law is relevant only
show that
an international obligation, “even if the act does not contravene the State’s in
have ruled that some of the measures adopted are themselves unconstitutiona
112. The Responde
governed by Argentine law.
113. The Respondent invokes first the need to apply the Argentine Co
34
114. In respect of the legal regime of treaties in Argentina, the Respondent argues that
ust accord with
been recognized
therefore, in the
Respondent’s view, stand above ordinary treaties such as investment treaties. It is further
argued that, as the economic and social crisis that affected the country compromised basic
human rights, no investment treaty could prevail as it would be in violation of such
constituti
11. Applicable Law: The Tribunal’s Findings
Convention and
ternational law in a
ntary or corrective role, to be relied upon only in case of domestic lacunae or
where the law of the Contracting State is inconsistent with international law,59
to a role that
calls for the application of international law only to safeguard principles of jus cogens.60
, however, a more pragmatic and less doctrinaire approach has emerged,
allowing specific facts of
the dispute so justifies. It is no longer the case of one prevailing over the other and excluding
it altogether. Rather, both sources have a role to play. The Annulment Committee in Wena v.
Egypt held in this respect:
“Some of these views have in common the fact that they are aimed at
restricting the role of international law and highlighting that of the law of the
host State. Conversely, the view that calls for a broad application of
international law aims at restricting the role of the law of the host State. There
while treaties override the law they are not above the Constitution and m
constitutional public law.57
Only some basic treaties on human rights have
by a 1994 constitutional amendment as having constitutional standing58
and,
onally recognized rights.
115. Much discussion has surrounded the meaning of Article 42(1) of the
the interpretations have ranged from a restricted application of in
compleme
116. More recently
for the application of both domestic law and international law if the
35
seems not to be a single answer as to which of these approaches is the correct
er solution…
s leading to the
s to have a role.
The law of the host State can indeed be applied in conjunction with
international law if this is justified. So too international law can be applied by
61
facts of the case
and the arguments of the parties into account. Indeed, there is here a close interaction
between the legislation and the regulations governing the gas privatization, the License and
onal law. All of
ribunal.
118. It is also necessary to note that the parties themselves, in spite of their doctrinal
differences, have in fact invoked the role of both legal orders. The Republic of Argentina
s to international
in respect of treaty clauses on national security and customary law on state
of necessity and other matters. Similarly, the Claimant invokes provisions of domestic law,
regulations and the License to explain the rights TGN has under these instruments and the
measures affecting them. But also the Claimant invokes Treaty guarantees and customary
law on various issues.
119. The Respondent has suggested this arbitration might infringe upon or be in conflict
with the Constitution of the Republic of Argentina.62
The Tribunal, however, does not believe
this to be the case considering the prominent role of treaties under the Constitution and the
one. The circumstances of each case may justify one or anoth
What is clear is that the sense and meaning of the negotiation
second sentence of Article 42(1) allowed for both legal order
itself if the appropriate rule is found in this other ambit.”
117. This is the approach this Tribunal considers justified when taking the
international law, as embodied both in the Treaty and in customary internati
these rules are inseparable and will, to the extent justified, be applied by the T
relies for its arguments heavily on provisions of domestic law, but also resort
law, for example
36
fact that the arbitration proceeds under both the ICSID Convention and the Treaty. In fact,
under Art
te its relations of
f treaties in conformity
with the principles of public law provided for under this Constitution.”
the laws enacted
ine courts have a
heir hierarchical
standing above the law.63
While treaties in theory could collide with the Constitution, in
practice this is not very likely as treaties will be scrutinized in detail by both the Government
does not find any such collision. First because the
Constitution carefully protects the right to property, just as the treaties on human rights do,
and secondly because there is no question of affecting fundamental human rights when
nal law applied
by the Tribunal will be discussed in connection with the issues contended. In addition to the
Constitution and the Argentine Civil Code, the gas legislation and regulations will be
analyzed, together with the measures adopted under the Emergency Law and other pertinent
matters. The Treaty and customary international law will also be applied in reaching the
pertinent conclusions.
icle 27 of the Argentine Constitution
“The federal Government is under the obligation to consolida
peace and commerce with foreign powers by means o
120. So too, Article 31 of the Constitution mandates that the Constitution,
under it and treaties are “the supreme law of the Nation.” Indeed, the Argent
long-standing record of respect for treaties and have duly recognized t
and Congress.
121. In this case, the Tribunal
considering the issues disputed by the parties.
122. The specific domestic legislation of Argentina and rules of internatio
37
123. Before doing so, however, the Tribunal wishes to address a particular contention
owers if it were
at such decision
t domestic and
international law, including the License, as a validly made contract under Argentine law and
subject to specific stability clauses, since it has a duty to decide the dispute under Article
42( t
124. The Tribunal is mindful that, in its Decision on Jurisdiction, the distinction was made
between m e economic and
financial operation.64
It
then reach
“…the Tribunal concludes on this point that it does not have jurisdiction over
measures of general economic policy adopted by the Republic of Argentina
g. The Tribunal
, that it has jurisdiction to examine whether specific
measures affecting the Claimant’s investment or measures of general
economic policy having a direct bearing on such investment have been
adopted in violation of legally binding commitments made to the investor in
treaties, legislation or contracts.”65
125. In discussing the rights of the parties and the measures adopted the Tribunal will keep
this distinction in mind.
made by the Respondent, namely that the Tribunal would be exceeding its p
to decide the dispute on the basis of the provisions of the License, and th
would be subject to annulment. The Tribunal must apply the relevan
1) of he Convention.
12. The Limits of the Tribunal’s Jurisdiction
easures of a general economic nature, such as those concerning th
emergency, and measures specifically directed to the investment’s
ed the following conclusion:
and cannot pass judgment on whether they are right or wron
also concludes, however
38
126. It must also be noted that in connection with the merits the Respondent has again
hase of the case,
the Claimant. These issues were decided upon at that stage and will
not be reopened in this Award.
13. Did the Claimant have a Right to a Tariff Calculated in US Dollars?
e the Tribunal must address in connection with the Claimant’s
s is whether it had a right to a tariff calculated in US dollars and converted into
pesos at the time of billing.
as Decree, the
ation Memorandum issued in 1992 in conjunction with the initial public tender offer,
e 9.2 of the License. The Claimant recalls in particular Article 41 of the Gas
Decree stipulating that “tariffs for transportation and distribution shall be calculated in
dollars.”
noted, in the
and reasonable
tariff. The Gas Decree and TGN’s License do provide for the calculation of tariffs in US
dollars and their conversion to pesos but, the Respondent argues, only in conjunction with
Convertibility Law No. 23.928. It is further explained that once the convertibility and the
dollar/peso parity were abandoned, calculation of tariffs in dollars would become redundant
and the right to such calculation would lapse, particularly if a devaluation were to reach
300%. In this regard the Respondent recalls that the Gas Decree refers to the parity
established in the Convertibility Law and not to the exchange rate in force at the time of
raised certain jurisdictional issues that were addressed in the jurisdictional p
such as the jus standi of
127. The first issu
contention
128. The Claimant asserts this right under the public tender offer, the G
Inform
and Claus
129. The Respondent, however, believes differently. As already
Respondent’s view the Gas Law only ensures licensees the right to a fair
39
calculation and conversion.66
According to the Respondent, the Government made no
rantee that tariffs would be kept in dollars if the fixed exchange rate regime
doned.67
130. This relationship between the tariff calculated in US dollars and the Convertibility
Law is also discussed by the Respondent in the context of the privatization of the telephone
and adjusted in
r converted into
nvertibility Law,
presumably for as long as this law was in force. It has been explained by the Claimant,
however, that this was a different situation and that, in its view, it further confirms that tariffs
68
able law in the
context of this issue, arguing in particular that the Claimant could not have made its
investment exclusively on the basis of the public tender offer or the Information
Argentine law and
ic terms of the arrangements for the transfer of TGN’s shares. It is also
s was expressly
subject to a disclaimer, that no assurance was offered on the part of the Government and that
no liability could ensue from the information contained therein.
132. Any such decision to invest, the argument follows, could only have been made on the
basis of the applicable rules in force. As the Gas Law only ensured the right to a fair and
reasonable tariff, none of the instruments which were subordinate to it, in particular the
License, could validly provide for additional rights. This would breach the principle of
promise or gua
were aban
company. In that situation tariffs were originally calculated in local currency
accordance with Argentina’s consumer price index. The tariffs were late
dollars and subjected to dollar adjustment but only as a result of the Co
were to be calculated in dollars.
131. The Respondent has also elaborated on the question of the applic
Memorandum of 1992, as both were subject to the express provisions of
the specif
emphasized, as noted, that the information provided by consultant firm
40
legality and the very right of the State to fix the tariffs for its public services and modify
again raises an
s License as this
pany; this, as noted, is an issue that has been resolved by the
Tribunal in its jurisdictional decision.
guments on the
al structure was
Gas Law which
contains provisions of a general nature, such as the right to a fair and reasonable tariff, as
well as the Gas Decree and the License which specifically provide for the calculation of
. This guarantee is
to legally give rise to a right of the Claimant to this effect. It is not contrary to the
r which purpose
specific mechanisms were established in the License itself and other relevant instruments.
r that one of the
ic and financial
lity. Declarations by public
officials repeatedly confirmed this understanding and the Memorandum, while not legally
binding, accurately reflects the views and intentions of the Government. This very same
understanding, as the Claimant has emphasized, was expressly confirmed by the Privatization
Committee, a step that must be considered as having some legal implications.
135. This Committee in fact recorded in the minutes of its session of October 2, 1992, that
“Section 9.2 leaves it sufficiently clear that the tariffs are in dollars and expressed in
contracts in consideration of public interest. Moreover, the Respondent
argument to the effect that the Claimant in any event cannot rely on TGN’
was issued to a different com
133. While it is true that the Claimant at first relied heavily for its ar
Information Memorandum and related consultant reports, the entire leg
gradually brought into the pleadings by both parties. This included the
tariffs in dollars and their conversion into pesos at the time of billing
sufficient
law. Neither is it contrary to the right of the State to amend tariffs, fo
134. In addition, in the context of the privatization it was abundantly clea
key elements in attracting foreign investment and in overcoming the econom
crisis of the late 1980’s was to provide the necessary stabi
41
convertible pesos, for which reason, when faced with an eventual modification of the
Convertibility Law, they should be automatically re-expressed at the modified rate.”69
ondent has made
about the right to a tariff calculation in dollars linked to the Convertibility law. Had the right
been conditioned on the existing parity the pertinent provisions could have said so quite
d the guarantee
the provisions in
Respondent. If
the tariffs were in dollars and had parity changed at the time of billing, the conversion was to
be made at the rate of exchange at that moment so as to, precisely, guarantee the fairness and
the question of
137. The Tribunal also notes that it was precisely because the right to tariff calculations in
dollars was guaranteed that the privatization program was as successful as it was. The
hat ran into over
illion dollars. Numerous bilateral investment treaties were also entered into at the time to
dditional guarantees under international law. It is not credible that so many
companies and governments and their phalanxes of lawyers could have misunderstood the
meaning of the guarantees offered in a manner that allowed for their reversal within a few
years.
138. The Tribunal concludes on this question that the Claimant has convincingly
established that it has a right to a tariff calculated in dollars and converted into pesos at the
time of billing. The specific implications of this finding will be discussed below.
136. The Tribunal is not convinced of the merits of the argument the Resp
clearly. This was not the case and the Privatization Committee understoo
differently, that is, as providing for a tariff in a stable currency. In fact,
question allow for a reading which is quite different from that argued by the
reasonableness of the return. This, however, is an argument linked more to
devaluation and it will be examined further below.
program attracted hundreds of companies to the country with investments t
10 b
provide a
42
14. Did the Claimant have a Right to Adjustment of Tariffs in Accordance with the
US PPI?
ding to invest in
TGN was the assurance of adjustments of the tariff in accordance with the US PPI in January
and July of each year. This right, in the Claimant’s view, was created by the Gas Law and
r instrument governing the privatization of the gas transportation and distribution
140. The Respondent makes in this connection the same arguments as those advanced
above in respect of the calculation of the tariff in dollars. In the Respondent’s view, such
ly in conjunction with the Convertibility Law and the exchange
, thus avoiding indexation in accordance with Argentine indexation mechanisms
ically lower than
that reflected in Argentine indexes.
s justified at the
st all relevance
estic prices fell
significantly. It is also argued that the United States’ inflation at the time was higher than
what it had been historically and that the adjustment would therefore no longer reflect TGN’s
costs but would result in a significant increase of tariffs during the recession. The
Respondent held that such increase could be as high as 6.18% resulting from the US PPI
adjustment plus some adjustments due to debt repayment.
139. The second element that was determinative for the Claimant in deci
every othe
industry.
mechanism was justified on
rate parity
and taking advantage of the fact that inflation in the United States was histor
141. The Respondent further asserts that such adjustment mechanism wa
time of privatization in 1992, but that at the end of the decade it had lo
because the Argentine economy went into recession and deflation and dom
43
142. According to the Respondent’s argument this was the situation underlying the
These were also
reasons invoked by the Federal judge issuing the injunction on adjustments referred to
above.
143. Moreover, the Respondent believes that the freezing of tariffs at this point was the
measure affecting the licensees the least as resorting to an extraordinary adjustment of tariffs
144. The same considerations the Tribunal made above in respect of the meaning of the
governing legal framework, including the question of the dependence on the Convertibility
I; that is, it was
ed under the legal rules, the License and the context in which the privatization
was undertaken. The Claimant has adequately proven its rights concerning this other issue.
The question of costs and whether the mechanism was justified at a later point will be
discussed separately.
isms under the
145. A third issue the Tribunal must examine is whether the Claimant had a right under the
governing legal framework to additional stabilization clauses. The Claimant invokes in
particular two such clauses of the License. The first concerns the Respondent’s commitment
in clause 9.8 of the License to the effect that the tariff structure would not be frozen or
subject to further regulation or price control, and that in the event that a price control
voluntary postponement of adjustments agreed to in January and July 2000.
the
would have led to yet lower tariffs.
Law, apply to the issue of adjustment of tariffs in accordance with the US PP
a right establish
15. Did the Claimant have a Right to Stabilization Mechan
License?
44
mechanism compelled the licensee to adjust to a lower level of tariff “…the Licensee shall be
an equivalent amount in compensation to be paid by the Grantor.”70
d that the basic
rules governing the License would not be amended, totally or partially, without the
Licensee’s written consent. The Claimant further asserts that when such consent was given
ng of adjustments, albeit nonin
the Claimant’s view, the Argentine Government undertook additional
.
147. The Claimant argues that all the commitments under the License as well as the 2000
ne Government.
ituation by adopting
hat went beyond the extent of the judicial injunction. It is argued in particular that
the injunction affected only the July agreement and the corresponding Decree No. 669/00,71
but not the January agreement under which a 6% adjustment would be made in July 2000.
tion in that any
ization clause would benefit TGN as the licensee but not the Claimant, a matter on
which, as explained, the Tribunal has already ruled. It is further believed on the merits of the
question that the Government powers could not be subject to a freeze as this would be
equivalent to a renunciation prohibited under the law and the constitutional concept of public
service.
149. In respect of the argument about aggravating measures adopted in 2000, the
Respondent asserts that ENARGAS was only following a judicial determination and it was
entitled to
146. The Claimant next invokes Clause 18.2 of the License which provide
in January and July 2000 for the postponement and rescheduli
voluntarily
obligations to reestablish the operation of the altered adjustment mechanisms
postponement arrangements were simply not observed by the Argenti
Moreover, in the Claimant’s view, ENARGAS further aggravated the s
decisions t
148. In the Respondent’s view, there is yet again a jurisdictional ques
stabil
45
on this basis that it rejected an administrative appeal by TGN purporting to have the January
GN seeking to
actively obtain the adjustments corresponding to the year 2000 and to follow on as from
150. On this last question, the Tribunal considers the argument made by the Argentine
rpretation of the
ight have been correct, it was quite evident that such injunction was aimed at
the operation of the adjustments as a whole and not just that corresponding to the
July agreement.
erning the right to benefit from
stabilization clauses. This discussion is well known in international law and to the extent this
dispute co nder the Treaty,
the stabilization ensured a right that the Claimant can properly invoke.72
152. While the legal meaning of the governing legal framework and the License is quite
straightforward and granted rights that are now invoked by the Claimant, the reality of the
Argentine economy is more difficult to assess. It may be recalled that the privatization
program was conceived to overcome the crisis of the late 1980’s. This crisis was
characterized by hyper inflation, the inefficient operation of many publicly-owned
companies, including those responsible for public utilities, and a dramatic shortage of
adjustment enforced. Yet later it rejected the tariff application by T
retro
2001.
Government as pertinent because, even though technically a restrictive inte
injunction m
paralyzing
151. The important question, however, is that conc
ncerns the simultaneous operation of the License and protection u
16. Was the Economic Balance of the License Altered in Light of Changing
Realities?
46
investments. The privatization program was very successful but the late 1990’s witnessed the
em ajor crisis.
ned at this point
that it stemmed basically from economic conditions that made it impossible to maintain the
fixed exchange rate and which gradually led to the greatest default on foreign debt in history
gn investors and
lization, while others see in it the result of
not having carried out the liberalization program in its entirety and having allowed major
governmental interferences in the functioning of the economy.
154 Justice, however, is not as blind as it is often thought and this Tribunal acknowledges
governing legal
155. The first major impact arose from the devaluation of the peso. The measures adopted
d to freeze the tariffs were in fact
anticipating a major upheaval in the economy and in the economic policies followed by the
to confirm this
situation and transformed the freeze into a permanent feature of that policy coupled with the
elimination of the Convertibility Board and the exchange rate parity.
156. The Respondent has argued in this respect, first, that the privatization framework
never guaranteed that a devaluation would not occur and, next, that the Board of TGN
expressly warned in the Investment Prospectus that there were no assurances that changes in
government policy would not affect the company. Particular reference was made to inflation,
ergence of another m
153. This crisis will be discussed further below, but it should be mentio
and the collapse of the Argentine financial markets. Some tend to fault forei
put the blame on excessive privatization and globa
.
that changing realities had an impact on the operation of the industry and the
and contractual arrangements.
in 2000 in order to postpone US PPI adjustments an
Argentine Government. The Emergency Law and related measures came
47
monetary fluctuations, interest rates, social instability and political events.73
Along the same
itnesses introduced by the Claimant have recognized that
there was no assurance against devaluation.74
157. In the Respondent’s view, the Claimant cannot pretend that it had a right never to see
the returns of the company diminish for reasons other than business risks. The Respondent
olicy which this
ded by bilateral investment treaties.
Moreover, the Respondent asserts, the Claimant cannot pretend to be insulated from any
internal or external condition affecting the operation of the company.
ic conditions of
t only about the breach
of the specific guarantees offered to investors and the related protection ensured under the
Treaty. One of the most significant guarantees in this respect, in the Claimant’s view, was
that of keeping the tariffs in dollars so as to eliminate monetary and devaluation risks.
n the economic
ntina and hence it is not for it to determine whether the devaluation
was the right or the wrong measure to take in the circumstances. However, it is its duty to
establish whether such measure had specific adverse consequences for the Claimant in light
of the legal commitments made by Argentina both under the applicable domestic and
international legal framework.
160. Here again the discussion about the connection between the calculation of tariffs and
their periodic adjustment in dollars and the Convertibility Law becomes crucial to determine
lines, the Respondent argues that w
observes that this would transform the License into the kind of insurance p
Tribunal and other tribunals have held are not provi
158. The Claimant explains that it does not complain about the econom
Argentina or the right of the Government to devalue the currency, bu
159. The Tribunal has noted above that it is not its task to pass judgment o
policies adopted by Arge
48
the issue. As noted above, two different views have been expressed on this point. For the
nd the exchange
the context of an
riffs would still be calculated in dollars and converted
into pesos at the newly established exchange rate.
e meaning of the
tization, was to
llars and the US
PPI adjustment played therein. Devaluation could of course happen at some point, but then
the tariff structure would remain intact within the framework of stability envisaged as it
e fact that tariffs were converted from dollars to pesos at a fixed exchange rate of 1
to 1 and that, at the same time, the devaluation was undertaken, meant that the stabilization
envisaged in the License was in practice eliminated.
ferred to above,
is reasonable to
understand this discussion as having concluded that there was no need to repeat in the
License a guarantee that was already provided under the law, as opposed to an agreement to
abandon a fundamental guarantee of this kind. The latter option would be entirely
contradictory to the intent of the contemporaneous privatization program and the interest in
attracting foreign investment.
Respondent, that guarantee only stands as long as the Convertibility Law a
rate parity was in force. For the Claimant, the guarantee works precisely in
alteration of the exchange rate, as the ta
161. For the reasons mentioned above, the Tribunal is of the view that th
legal framework and the License, particularly in the context of the priva
guarantee the stability of the tariff structure and the role the calculation in do
would adjust automatically to the new level of the exchange rate.
162. Th
163. The discussions held in this respect in the Privatization Committee, re
are helpful to clarify the real meaning of the guarantees provided. It
49
164. Again, on this issue, the law is clear, but economic realities are indeed more complex
nt, the peso had
ely artificial to
ight had reached
critical proportions as a consequence of a drop in exchange rates and general lack of trust in
the economic conditions. In this regard, the change of policy became inevitable.
icance of a legal
s certainly not an option to
ignore the guarantee, as the Respondent has advocated and done, but neither is it an option to
disregard the economic reality which underpinned the operation of the industry.
The answer to this conundrum lies in the examination of the effect of the economic
situation on the costs of the company, including the question of cost structure, the
significance of the export market and the adjustment mechanisms provided for under the
License.
167. One of the few points on which the parties seem to be in agreement is that tariffs
should be fair and reasonable as envisaged under the governing legal regime. Yet, what is
fair and reasonable is the subject of substantial disagreement.
168. The Respondent has made the argument that tariffs that were kept and adjusted in
dollars could not be fair and reasonable in the context of the recession and deflation that
affected Argentina. This was particularly so, in the Respondent’s view, because internal
to assess. For one thing, it is quite true that, as argued by the Responde
already been much devalued in international markets and hence it was entir
keep it at a parity that was no longer sustainable.75
For another, capital fl
165. The question for the Tribunal is then how does one weigh the signif
guarantee in the context of a collapsing economic situation. It i
166.
17. A Fair and Reasonable Tariff
50
prices kept falling in the wake of the currency devaluation and hence the costs of the
ar standard could not adjust.
decisions to abandon the dollar denomination and to freeze the tariffs.
169. The Claimant has explained in this respect that its operating costs did in fact decrease
as a result of the devaluation from US$ 70.3 million in 2001 to US$ 37.2 million in 2002.
1 to US$ 125.1
ne year. In the
id not necessarily lead to a reduction in costs as many
expenses remained fixed in dollars and local suppliers quickly adjusted their prices to
compensate for the devaluation.
an effect on the
any cost structure. However, costs are unlikely to decrease in the same proportion, in
part because some costs are kept in dollars and in part because financial costs must also be
considered, not just operating costs. This issue has resulted in disagreement between the
le for a capitalintensive
infrastructure industry. TGN financed about one half of its investment by debt to be
amortized over the life of the project. The total debt of TGN, both domestic and external,
amounts to US$ 590 million, of which 93% corresponds to foreign loans and remains payable
in dollars. Only 7% of TGN’s debt, that is the domestic portion, was pesified. As a result of
the tariff freeze, TGN has defaulted on all its loans and has ceased to repay capital, paying
approximately only one-third of the interest due.
company were greatly diminished, a consequence to which a doll
Hence the
However, during the same period revenue decreased from US$ 253 in 200
million in 2002. The end result was that operating income fell by 52% in o
Claimant’s view, the devaluation d
170. As a matter of principle, a devaluation of 300% must necessarily have
comp
parties.
171. The Claimant has explained that its financial costs are reasonab
51
172. The Claimant has also explained that higher debt resulted in lower capital costs and
d ENARGAS to
ebt to 54% equity in the estimates preparatory to the second
w, which never took place.76
173. In the Respondent’s view, such financial decisions are attributable only to the
es that TGN, in
triment of other
esos or even in
dollars, which was later pesified. It follows, in the Respondent’s view, that the risk entailed
in this decision cannot now be attributed to Argentina and that, in any event, such proportion
ENARGAS. The Respondent
at TGN increased its debt-equity ratio from approximately 0.50 in 1997 to over
1.00 in 2001; had TGN’s ratio been used in calculating tariffs, these would have been lower,
not higher, because the rate of return required would also have been lower.
n the domestic capital market
ot have capacity to absorb large borrowing. Moreover, no one could have foreseen
tha ming as all the
guarantees offered pointed in the opposite direction. Thus, at the time it made sense to
borrow in international markets thereby taking advantage of low interest rates.
175. As to the discussion about the debt-equity ratio, the Claimant also explains that a 62%
debt to total capital is standard in the gas industry, and thus a 50% ratio as that of TGN is
perfectly reasonable, particularly when taking into account the stability surrounding the
approval of the project. Furthermore, it is explained that the initial tariffs were calculated by
thus in maximum efficiency. This, in its view, was the very reason that le
use TGN’s leverage of 46% d
tariff revie
company, as discussed above. In fact, the Government of Argentina believ
relying on foreign debt, chose the worst of all financial options to the de
alternatives, such as the use of its own capital or debt in Argentina, in p
77
of debt was unwise and the company was so warned by
explains th
78
174. The Claimant believes differently. It could not borrow o
as it did n
t devaluation and decoupling of tariffs from dollars would be forthco
52
the Government on a 33:67 debt to equity ratio, allowing for a lower cost of capital and
ding for the licenses.
hat the company
opted to distribute profits to shareholders instead of reinvesting it, and thus failed to increase
its own capital contribution as opposed to having financed debt, the Claimant asserts that this
patently erroneous as 70% of its profits were reinvested and merely US$ 168
mil
177. The Claimant is also of the view that debt restructuring as a mitigating alternative
mentioned in Argentina’s argument is simply not possible because creditors are not in a
’ revenues. The difficulty experienced by the very
nt of Argentina in restructuring its foreign debt proves in the Claimant’s view that
the done by way of
reorganization under the aegis of Argentine courts.
178 r financial costs
result mandated
ssential factor.
179. The Tribunal has no doubt that financial costs are included as an element of the
calculation of tariffs. This is so, first, because no project of this magnitude could be carried
out without its financing being calculated within the return necessary to make it viable.
Second, the legal meaning of the Gas Law unequivocally leads to the same conclusion.
Indeed, Article 38(a) of the Law provides that the service providers who operate
economically and prudently shall have “the opportunity of obtaining an income sufficient to
higher bid
176. A related point of contention is that while the Respondent argues t
is simply
lion paid in dividends, a figure representing only a 4% annual return.
position at present to forecast companies
Governme
exercise was not easy to carry out, and even less so could this be
. The conclusion of this discussion calls for a determination of whethe
are a factor in the calculation of tariffs so as to reach the fair and reasonable
by the Law. In Respondent’s view, it is not. In the Claimant’s view, it is an e
53
recover all reasonable operating costs applicable to the service, taxes, depreciation
Article 2(4) of the
e provides for the recovery of all reasonable costs “including the cost of capital.”
180. In the Tribunal’s view it is quite clear that “depreciation” or “amortización” refers, in
particular, to the debt financing which is written off over the years. There is yet a another
before the freeze
ry agency, as well as all the
, would have read the Law mistakenly. Neither is there any reason to believe that
experienced companies would not have operated economically and prudently.
tive of a fair and
discussed above,
ject, such frozen
tariffs do not reflect the real costs of the operator. This is why financial costs were taken into
account by ENARGAS both in the first and the second five-year tariff review, even if the
never finalized. Presumably this was also reflected in the Government’s 2000
tari e included in the
ssary step under
the renogotiation process.
182. The effects of the devaluation have quite evidently given rise to profound adjustments
in the economy of Argentina, but not all such effects have benefited the operator. Far from it:
the combined effect of tariff freezes and devaluation, even if the latter resulted in a decrease
of operating costs, led to the evaporation of operating income, prompted constant negative
(“amortización” in Spanish) and a reasonable rate of return…”. So too
Gas Decre
reason supporting this conclusion. Debt was a part of the tariff as calculated
and it is quite unlikely that the Government and the regulato
companies
181. It follows that the freeze adopted cannot be reconciled with the objec
reasonable tariff, not just because of the dollar connection and adjustment
but also because, by not taking into account the financial reality of the pro
latter was
ff increases, which were subject to the court injunction, and might also b
new increases that government officials have repeatedly assured are a nece
54
results in the balance sheet and caused the default mentioned. A tariff causing these results
cannot be judged under any standard to be fair and reasonable.
usted in dollars
might be unrealistic in view of the changing economic realities that have been mentioned.
But, even within the context of the Argentine legal framework and the License itself, there
take these changes into account without abandoning the legal guarantees offered,
as w
184. The Respondent has argued in addition that the tariffs were higher than normal
because they took into account, from the outset, the risk of devaluation expressed in terms of
er so as to allow
ed Average Cost
ebster consultant
report commissioned by ENARGAS in order to make the first five-year review of tariffs had
suggested a rate of return of 18.6% on the capital contributed by the company. This was
hus reflecting, in
185. While this discussion is related more to the question of valuation of damages and the
determination of the value of the company made by the Claimant’s financial experts, which
will be examined separately, it nonetheless reveals an important feature of the tariff regime
that, it is argued, did provide for protection against devaluation. While, in the Claimant’s
view, this protection was a part of the legal promises and assurances given, it appears in the
Respondent’s view that it was given by means of the financial mechanisms put in place,
particularly the tariff. These arguments, it will be seen, have important legal implications.
183. The Tribunal cannot rule out the argument that a tariff kept and adj
are ways to
ill be discussed further below.
the Argentine country-risk. To this end, the discount rate used was also high
for a greater return to the company because of that risk (“WACC” or Weight
of Capital), as was also the case with the interest rate. The Stone & W
eventually established by the regulatory agency as a 16.07% rate of return, t
the Respondent’s view, the effect of the higher country-risk.
55
186. It follows that the devaluation must not only be considered as a part of the broad
eature applicable
to that extent, it
the devaluation
indeed did have an adverse economic effect on the operator because, in conjunction with
other measures, it resulted in a tariff that was not fair and reasonable.
as created are at
ther asserted that
artificially low tariffs led to an increased demand and, as revenues are insufficient to make
further investments in transportation and distribution, the energy market has collapsed and
has required new and different arrangements, including the fiduciary fund mentioned above
and im Bolivia at high costs.79
On this basis, the argument about
subsidization of other sectors of the economy becomes convincing.
18. Investments and Exports
188 understanding of
the investment
program and its connection with the export market.
189. The Claimant asserts that three kinds of investment were made: US$ 40 million of
mandatory investment, principally related to the improvement of safety and network
integrity; US$ 12 million of non-mandatory investment destined for expansion; and US$ 29.5
million for projects aimed at strengthening efficiency. Not only were these goals achieved,
the argument goes on, but TGN made investments exceeding US$ 1 billion that resulted in
economic measures affecting the country as a whole but also as a specific f
to the Claimant and having a direct impact on its operations. As such and
falls under the Tribunal’s jurisdiction. The Tribunal has noted above that
187. Moreover, the Claimant also explains, the distortions this situation h
the very heart of the crisis of the energy sector affecting Argentina. It is fur
the portation of gas from
. There is yet another element of the discussion relevant to the correct
the cost structure and the implications of devaluation and pesification:
56
significant network expansion and distribution to many new users while keeping the gas price
lowest in the world.80
ent targets were
not met and that, as a consequence, the Claimant was fined repeatedly and the posting of
security required. In Respondent’s view, most of the investments made were related to the
were additional
as envisaged in the License, the sole purpose of which was the supply of the
dom stic market and not the international market. This point, however, is also disputed by
the Claimant.
rifications of the
with the US PPI.
ues, the Respondent explains, originate in exports and this, in
its view, is an amount sufficient to cover all the costs of the Claimant, including those related
to the domestic market and financial costs. Moreover, the Respondent has further asserted,
81
larification of the question became necessary when several Chilean importers of gas
began making payments in pesified tariffs.82
A later request by the Chilean company Colbun,
also an importer of gas, to the effect that export tariffs should not be kept in dollars or
adjusted in accordance with the US PPI, was turned down by governmental decree in
Argentina.83
193. The discussion does not end there since the Claimant explains that of the US$ 1
billion invested only US$ 271 million were related to export sales, which under the Gas Law,
among the
190. The Respondent challenges these assertions and argues that investm
expansion of transportation networks for export markets. These investments
to what w
e
191. Tariffs for the export market, as explained above, after the initial cla
measures adopted, have been kept in US dollars and adjusted in accordance
About a fourth of TGN’s reven
that the export tariffs are “excessive.”
192. C
57
was to be carried out under terms similar to those governing the domestic business.
rom this export
d security, it is also argued, was raised in a context
of political confrontation unrelated to the real facts.
194. But even when taking into account the positive influence of exports on the company’s
s, the end result has been that overall revenues have been
insufficient to cover operating and other costs and that this shortfall is shown in expert
rep
195. The Tribunal is persuaded that the required investments were made and indeed
compensated for
er, the compensating effect of export revenues has not fully
redressed a situation which carries the heavy burden of the measures in force affecting the
domestic market. This situation amplifies the cross-subsidizing effects of the measures
adopted in the Argentine economy.
Duration of the License
196. The parties have also disputed another aspect relevant for the determination of rights
and obligations under the contract: the duration of the License.
197. In the Claimant’s view, TGN is entitled to an extension of the license beyond the
initial period of 35 years ending in 2027. This extension would, under the terms of the
License, be for an additional ten years, ending in 2037. The Respondent believes, to the
contrary, that the License does not entail a right of automatic renewal and is subject to
According to the Claimant, Argentina derives many important benefits f
activity. Finally, the question of fines an
revenues, the Claimant argue
orts which include export revenues.
exceeded by far; it is also persuaded that the export markets have somewhat
revenue shortfalls. Howev
19.
58
performance requirements that have not been met by the Claimant, as well as to other
set forth in Clause 3.2 of the License.
ditional ten-year
extension, but that this right is subject to the compliance with performance requirements, and
has to be requested by the licensee and approved by the Government. A discussion about
ce requirements is unnecessary for the Tribunal to reach a conclusion on this aspect
of t
199. Indeed, the License is very clear about the fact that this right is conditional and
subject to a number of steps, both substantive and procedural, which might or might not take
sh at present whether these conditions might be
met, the Tribunal is persuaded by the Respondent’s argument to the effect that no damages
should be be the year which the
Tribunal will rely on for its determination of damages.
of Legal and Contractual Obligations under Argentine Law
200 f applicable law
it must now examine the effect of the measures with reference to Argentine law and the
contracts involved in this dispute.
201. The fundamental legal principle guaranteeing the right to property is established in
Article 17 of the Constitution which provides that
“The right to property is inviolable and no inhabitant of the Nation can be
deprived of it except by a judicial decision founded in the law.”
conditions
198. The Tribunal notes that the License provides for the right to an ad
performan
he dispute.
place. As it would be impossible to establi
considered beyond the year 2027. This will therefore
20. Discussion
. In view of the conclusions reached by the Tribunal on the question o
59
202. The exercise of this basic guarantee, like other fundamental rights enshrined in the
ot be altered by
eed, this Article
and rights recognized in the preceding articles shall
not be altered by the laws regulating their exercise.”
arantees are not
ublic interest is indeed
but this does not contradict the central role of the right to property and the
obligation to pay compensation in case of government interference with its exercise.
example of the
es the right of
ty and economic
interests, adequate and truthful information, freedom of choice and equitable and dignified
treatment. This particular legitimate objective, pertains, however, to so-called third
gen referring to new
viewed as future aspirations rather than
enforceab
205. The basic principle of Argentine law governing contracts and the ensuing obligations
is contained in Article 1197 of the Civil Code which provides:
“Conventions made in contracts constitute for the parties a rule that must be
observed as the law.”85
Constitution, is regulated under the law, as indicated in Article 14, but cann
that law, as expressly mandated by Article 28 of the Constitution. Ind
mandates that “the principles, guarantees
203. The argument made by the Respondent to the effect that such gu
absolute and are subject to the requirements of social needs and p
correct,84
204. Article 42 of the Constitution has occasionally been invoked as an
social needs restricting rights to property, in that this provision recogniz
consumers and users of goods and services to the protection of health, safe
eration rights and is embodied in a separate chapter of the Constitution
rights. To this extent such rights should be
le rights similar to fundamental constitutional rights.
60
206. This principle is in harmony with the rights protected under the Constitution. There is
the writings of
t of contracts as
hat the State has
the duty to intervene under the law stipulated in the contract so as to redress possible
imbalances.87
Here again the law does not ignore social needs but makes them subject to
ise conditions and requirements. Thus, the need to ensure stability remains a basic
nd any departure therefrom must be in the form of a clearly established legal
jus
207. These various points of view underlie the legal arguments made by the parties in this
nder the law and
een observed by
he Respondent,
however, is of the view that if the parties had wished to contract in dollars they could have
done so explicitly under Article 1197 of the Civil Code, but they chose instead to contract by
to the Convertibility Law.88
It is also argued that even if the Gas Decree and the
Lic ntradict the Law
ts, the economic
conditions of the crisis necessarily resulted in the change of the terms of the contract.
208. The Tribunal must note in this respect that the fact that the Gas Law did not refer
explicitly to the dollar-based tariff cannot be taken to mean that this standard was not a part
of the legal and contractual commitments made to the investor. It was very much part of
those undertakings as the legal and contractual framework of the privatization amply
evidences. There is thus no contradiction between the law, the regulations and the contract
indeed a long-standing tradition of Argentine court decisions and
distinguished jurists highlighting the importance of the faithful enforcemen
the expression of the will of the parties.86
There is also the view, however, t
very prec
concern a
tification.
dispute. The Claimant has argued that there are a number of rights, both u
under the contract, with particular reference to the License, that have not b
the Respondent and these legal obligations should be given full effect. T
reference
ense had referred to a dollar-related tariff, these instruments could not co
which itself did not refer to this standard. In any event, the Respondent asser
61
and the latter could only be ignored had it constituted an undertaking prohibited by law,
which is not the case here.
tariffs in dollars
is consistent with Article 619 of the Civil Code to the extent that it provides that the
obligation to pay a sum in a particular currency is satisfied when payment is made in the
stipulated currency at the time it becomes due. This article amended a prior reference to
pay
210. The Tribunal has stated above, however, that parallel to legally enforceable
obligations arising from the commitments and assurances that Argentina gave in the
not be ignored.
a deep crisis of
an economic, social and political nature. The downturn in the economy commencing in
1999, the rising levels of poverty and the rapid turnover of politicians occupying the highest
e, was a dramatic
reality. Witness statements introduced by the Respondent both in writing and in the oral
hea deplored by the
Claimant. Needless to say, also the Tribunal has the greatest sympathy for the plight of the
Argentine people under the circumstances and respects its efforts to overcome the situation.
212. The issue for the Tribunal to establish is whether, under Argentine law, there is any
valid excuse for not complying with the terms of the contractual and legal arrangements
Argentina had entered into.
209. Moreover, the fact that the regulations and the contract provided for
ment in national currency.
privatization process, there have been inescapable economic realities that can
211. There is broad agreement on the fact that Argentina was affected by
offices in the nation, coupled with social upheaval and civil disobedienc
ring were eloquent in this respect.89
These developments have been
62
213. The Argentine Government has invoked in the alternative the existence of a state of
exemption from liability. The state of international
law on this question will be examined separately.
214. Under domestic law, the state of necessity is not recognized by the Argentine Civil
Code or the law generally.90
A number of court decisions, however, have from time to time
relied on the state of economic emergency to the extent it had been declared by Congress,
pro
215. In the context of the current Emergency Law, the Supreme Court, relying on the
provisions of the Constitution, has emphasized, in addition to those requirements, that the
restriction lt in a change of
the subst Supreme Court
decision r
“…it is not useless to remind, as the Tribunal has done for long, that
restrictions imposed by the State on the normal exercise of patrimonial rights
edy and not a
judicial decision
o overcome the
emergency are subject to a limit and this is its reasonableness, with the
ensuing impossibility of altering or distorting the economic significance of the
rights of individuals… and it is beyond doubt that to condition or limit those
rights affects patrimonial intangibility and puts an obstacle to the purpose of
consolidating justice.”92
necessity under international law as an
vided it was temporary and reasonable.91
s imposed must be aimed at providing a solution and must not resu
ance or the essence of a right acquired under a contract. The
elies in part on the following statement:
must be reasonable, limited in time, and constitute a rem
mutation in the substance or essence of the right acquired by
or contract… It follows that the mechanisms devised t
63
216. The Tribunal also notes that a decision of the Argentine Supreme Court held, in
the Constitution
anner.93
Based
n of the Federal
Court of Paraná. This decision, however, does not overrule other decisions of the Supreme
Court and other tribunals in Argentina as it only applies to the case at hand. Moreover, the
port to the Court on the fact that the measures were
temporary and that the crisis was largely over, a consideration on which the Court also
reli
217. In light of this discussion, the Tribunal is persuaded that the state of necessity under
dom stic law does not offer an excuse if the result of the measures in question is to alter the
sub ularly so if the
218. A second concept under which contractual rights might eventually be adjusted is that
of unjust enrichment. Although not formally invoked by the Respondent in this dispute, it
und sed tariff would
ould have been
excessive either in the domestic or the export markets.
219. A number of provisions of the Argentine Civil Code are inspired by the concept of
unjust enrichment and it has often been applied by Argentine courts.96
However, given the
difficulty in establishing who has gained and who has lost without legitimate cause, the
application of the concept has been surrounded by uncertainty.
respect of “pesification,” that this measure was compatible with Article 17 of
and that Articles 617 and 619 of the Civil Code could not be read in a blind m
on the Emergency Law and force majeure, the Court overturned a decisio
Procurador General based his own re
ed.94
Dissenting views were also expressed.95
e
stance or the essence of contractually acquired rights. This is partic
application of such measures extends beyond a strictly temporary period.
erlies some of its arguments, particularly the argument that the dollar-ba
result in unfairness and unreasonableness, or more importantly that tariffs w
64
220. In this particular instance, the application of the dollar standard at the time of the
er, as discussed,
e service suffers
economy which
thus become the real beneficiaries. Therefore, although the crisis and the measures taken
brought about legal and economic uncertainties, the Tribunal cannot ignore contractual rights
on
echanism for the
adjustment of contracts was introduced in the Argentine Civil Code with the inclusion of
Article 1198. Under the terms of this Article, contracts must be done, interpreted and
ave reasonably
us as a result of
ents, it could request the termination of the contract,
except if that party was liable and remiss; the other party could then offer more equitable
terms as a means to forestall termination. This mechanism has also given rise to important
97
eory of “imprévision” was thus expressly introduced into the Argentine Civil
Code. The Respondent has relied on this theory in explaining the meaning of the Emergency
Law and its reference to this particular Article.98
The purpose of this law, in the
Respondent’s argument, is to rebalance the benefits of the parties against the backdrop of
changing realities.
223. The Federal judge issuing the 2000 injunction had this mechanism in mind as well
when she explained that “it could be that the balance of interests between the licensees and
recession might, for example, have appeared as an unfair advantage. Howev
the facts point in the opposite direction, namely to where the operator of th
the entire burden of the situation and in fact subsidizes other sectors of the
the basis of an alleged unjust enrichment.
221. This Tribunal wishes to add a further observation. In 1968 another m
enforced in good faith in accordance with what the parties should h
understood. If the burden of one party were to become excessively onero
extraordinary and unforeseeable ev
scholarly writings and court decisions.
222. The th
65
the consumers that was sought by the law broke down as a result of emerging economic
l equation of the
sumer must pay more for the same service even if the
economy is evidencing negative figures…”99
224. The legal extent of this concept both in civil and administrative law was laid down by
terestingly, also
of this theory in
irst identified in
this decision, pointing out that the event in question had to be unforeseeable and external to
the parties, exceed all reasonable expectations, and result in a profound unbalancing of the
con e of the contract
225. The provisions of the Emergency Law, however, fail to meet certain essential
conditions for the operation of the theory of “imprévision.” First, if the imbalance were
g that the tariff
s simultaneously
ect the Claimant
believes the risk of devaluation was indeed foreseen as it argues that express guarantees were
offered to offset such risk. Second, the concept requires the aggrieved party to request the
termination of the contract before a competent court, while in the present dispute the measure
was unilaterally decided by one party. In addition, the views of the courts have been rather
critical of the measures adopted as noted above. In essence, the pesification was imposed and
the target of rebalancing and compensating differences in 180 days was not met.
situations… It would seem possible to argue that the economic and financia
contract would break when the con
the French Conseil d’Etat in the landmark case “Gaz de Bordeaux,” which, in
dealt with the gas industry.100
The general principles on the application
administrative contracts, particularly those concerning concessions, were f
tract. The redress also had to be temporary as otherwise the long-term lif
would become unviable.101
foreseeable, the theory is not applicable. As explained above, in arguin
included both the devaluation as well as the country risks, the Respondent i
admitting that this risk was foreseeable and actually foreseen. In this resp
66
226. The approach taken by the French Conseil d’Etat, however, as will be explained, is
most pertinent for the attribution of liability in the present case.
s, such as force majeure, are
not available in this case as the events discussed were foreseeable and foreseen.
to general principles of law to find an
answer as to how the contract in this case could be adjusted to new economic realities. The
pertinent mechanisms are embodied in the law and the License itself.
to the consumer
n to three factors: first, the price of gas at the wellhead, that
is at the point of injection into the transportation system; second, the transportation tariff; and
third, the distribution tariff. The Tribunal notes that the first of these factors has already been
102
e f the currency used, the
operator must obtain a reasonable return, as this is mandated under the law in conjunction
with the concept of a fair and reasonable tariff. It is further explained that, in case of
devaluation, the tariff should be reduced as a consequence of lower domestic prices, while, in
case of revaluation of the peso, tariffs should increase as costs would also increase.103
231. To this end, the Law provided for the periodic revision of tariffs so as to reflect the
changes in the value of goods and services related to the activities of the operator.104
As
227. The Tribunal must note that other traditional legal excuse
21. Adjustment Mechanisms under the License and the Law
228. The Tribunal, however, does not need to look in
229. The Gas Law provided for a mechanism in which the final price
would be determined by refere ce
successfully renegotiated and adjusted.
230. The Respondent explains in this connection that, irrespectiv o
67
explained by the Respondent, three adjustment mechanisms were devised to attain this result.
the US PPI. The
y (Factor X),105
e resulted in the
decrease of tariffs if efficiency had increased. The third adjustment mechanism was to apply
in connection with investment (Factor K),106
and was also applicable as from the first fivef
tariffs so as to
ise be financed by the tariffs in force. The
Claimant believes in this connection that factors X and K could only be introduced in the
context of five-year reviews and not in other instances.
107
uld undertake a
alculation, also
have different
interpretations as to the extent of the five-year review. While, for the Claimant, adjustments
would be basically automatic following the application of factors X and K,108
for the
t, this review could be broader and include other elements relevant to tariff
det ve an insurance
y circumstances,
irrespective of the prevailing economic conditions.
233. The Tribunal is of the view that Argentina’s interpretation of this issue is in part
correct. While taking factors X and K into consideration, the review might be broader if
justified by circumstances. Annex F of the Offer, for example, provides that future reviews
of tariffs could include changes in the form of tariffs and the categories of consumers and
services available.110
The first was the January and July adjustments of tariffs in accordance with
second adjustment mechanism was to take account of increased efficienc
which would apply as from the first five-year review and which could hav
year review. This third adjustment mechanism could result in the increase o
finance investments that could not otherw
232. In addition, the Law provided for a five-year review which wo
comprehensive examination of the tariffs and the method used for their c
taking into account as far as possible factors X and K. The parties
Responden
ermination.109
Otherwise, the Respondent asserts, the Claimant would ha
policy or a super-right under the License that would ensure profits under an
68
234. This interpretation, however, does not mean that the tariff structure envisaged under
uiding principles
a reasonable rate
ificant variations
in the tariffs when applying factors X and K.111
In this sense, as argued by the Claimant, it is
not a discretionary power.
mmitment to the
t would not be altered unless the written consent of the licensee was first obtained
and that tariffs would not be frozen or subject to price controls. Otherwise compensation
would be paid.
236 ew, scheduled to
237. The Gas Law also provides for an Extraordinary Review that can be initiated by the
lice ed inadequate,
justified.112
The
ated tariffs.113
238. The Tribunal can therefore conclude that if a rebalance of the contractual
commitments was required because of changing economic circumstances and their effect on
costs and returns, the mechanisms to meet this objective were available under the law and the
License. The necessary adjustments could be accommodated within the structure of the
guarantees offered to the Claimant. This approach, in turn, would have made any unilateral
determination by the Respondent unnecessary. The Claimant itself accepts that tariffs could
the law and the License could be dismantled at will. On the contrary, the g
would always have to prevail. Among such principles was the guarantee of
of return; stability, coherence and foreseeability; and the need to avoid sign
235. It must also be kept in mind that the License expressly included a co
effect that i
. The first five-year review was completed in 1997 but the second revi
take place in 2002, was never completed.
nsees or ENARGAS so as to correct tariffs that might be deem
discriminatory or preferential in circumstances which are both objective and
effect of certain taxes can also result in a corresponding adjustment of the rel
69
be lowered within the regulatory framework to reflect the reduction in peso costs and thus
s that the adjustment mechanism, under that scenario, would not have worked
to its advantage.114
22. Attribution of Liability under Argentine Law
ts made by the
icense were not
lso so under the
applicable provisions of the Civil Code and administrative law. In the absence of any express
and clear provision allowing one party to depart from solemn contractual obligations
undertake Civil Code and
the protec nably prevail as
recalled o urt has held that
“…when under a law in force an individual has fulfilled all the substantial acts
and obligations and formal requirements provided to be entitled to a right, it
is inadmissible
5
240. There is of course the question of the reality of the crisis that has been described. The
Tribunal explained above that this reality cannot be ignored and it will not do so. The crisis,
however, can only be taken into account as a matter of fact. And facts of course do not
eliminate compliance with the law but do have a perceptible influence on the manner in
which the law can be applied.
also recognize
239. From the above discussion, it is clear that the legal commitmen
Republic of Argentina to the Claimant under the applicable law and the L
kept. This is so under the legal framework governing the gas sector but it is a
n toward another party, the sanctity of contracts established in the
tion of property mandated by the Argentine Constitution unquestio
n more than one occasion by the Argentine Supreme Court. The Co
must be held as acquired, and its modification by a later norm
without infringement of the constitutional right to property.”11
This is the case in the context of this dispute.
70
241. In the case of Compagnie Générale d’éclairage de Bordeaux, also known as Gaz de
1916 which, in a
e Great War the
isaged under the
concession contract for the provision of public gas lighting to the City of Bordeaux. The
concession contract was held to govern the respective obligations of the parties until its
by means of the
e price in a manner favorable or
unfavorable to the company and this was to be considered a normal business risk that each
party was to have considered at the time of entering into legal obligations.
eases that the adjustment
envisaged viability of the
contract w uired to provide
the service in such abnormal conditions. The Conseil d’Etat accordingly held that
“…just as the Company cannot argue that it should not be required to bear any
mitted that such
e contrary, it is
fficulties, taking
into account both the general interest…and the special conditions that do not
allow the contract to operate normally…; to this end it is necessary to decide,
on the one hand, that the Company is required to provide the concession
service and, on the other hand, that during this period it must bear only that
part of the adverse consequences that the reasonable interpretation of the
contract allows…”116
Bordeaux, cited above, the French Conseil d’Etat had to decide a dispute in
number of respects, was similar to the present one. As a consequence of th
price of coal had more than tripled, amply surpassing the price originally env
expiration, in particular the provision of a public service and its remuneration
tariffs stipulated. Normal market conditions could move th
242. The economic impact of the war led to such price incr
under the contract was clearly insufficient and the economic
as profoundly affected. The company could not, therefore, be req
increase in the price…it would be totally excessive if it is ad
increases are to be considered a normal business risk; on th
necessary to find a solution that puts an end to temporary di
71
243. On this basis, it was decided that the City of Bordeaux should pay compensation
parties on the amount of
ion, this was to be fixed by the judge to whom the case was remanded.
244. While in the instant dispute the conditions for the operation of the “théorie de
l’imprévision” are not met, for the reasons already explained, the fact is that the Claimant
ted by the crisis,
unjustifiable that
cularly so in light
of the subsidization that the Claimant has in effect had to meet in respect of other businesses
in Argentina, a burden which if necessary has to be born by the Government, at least in part.
he duty to redress this abnormal situation, first, by putting an
at by definition should be a temporary situation, a step that might be adequately
taken in the context of the continuing negotiations between the parties, and next by paying
compensation for the damage caused.
246. Similar to what was the case in Gaz de Bordeaux, since the parties have as yet been
unable to ugh the process of contract renegotiation, compensation is
to be fixed by a judge. As this Tribunal has no judge to whom the case could be remanded
for that purpose, it will fix the compensation to that effect on its own authority.
23. Crisis Period Distinguished
247. The Argentine Government has argued that a distinction should be made between two
sets of measures. On the one hand, the measures adopted in 2000, which specifically affected
covering the remaining deficit and that, failing agreement of the
compensat
cannot ask to be entirely beyond the reach of the abnormal conditions promp
as this would be unrealistic. However, at the same time, it would be wholly
the Claimant be overburdened with all the costs of the crisis. This is parti
245. The Government has t
end to wh
reach an agreement thro
72
the gas industry. And on the second hand, those of general economic impact not directly
text of the then
le. Thus, it has
ad very specific
effects on the Claimant, effects which the Tribunal is bound to take into account separately
from the wider effects or justification of those measures.
ccount different
re impact on the
Claimant’s business, but this impact must to some extent be attributed to the business risk the
Claimant took on when investing in Argentina, this being particularly the case as it related to
tinued as usual.
s in a reasonable
t to an insurance policy against business
risk, an outcome that, as the Respondent has rightly argued, would not be justified. On the
other hand, a number of the measures adopted did indeed contribute to such hardship and the
uished from the
situation that has characterized the Argentine economy in the aftermath of the crisis,
including the situation that prevails today. The Tribunal does not wish to imply that the crisis
in Argentina is fully over, because aftershocks are still felt in the economy, particularly in the
social sector, but the repercussions are no longer as intense or widespread. Considering the
question of time necessary for recovery, an expert for the Respondent stated that past
economic downturns have taken up to eight years to overcome.117
Be that as it may, the fact
is that the Argentine economy has improved substantially in the past several months and it is
related to the gas industry, which were adopted in 2001 – 2002 in the con
unfolding crisis. This distinction of the origin of the measures is not feasib
been shown that the general economic policy measures of 2001-2002 also h
248. The factual situation, however, allows the Tribunal to take into a
situations present at distinct periods in time. The crisis had in itself a seve
decrease in demand. Such effects cannot be ignored as if business had con
Otherwise, both parties would not be sharing some of the costs of the crisi
manner and the decision could eventually amoun
burden of those ought not to be placed on the Claimant alone.
249. These events and effects, however, must be separated and disting
73
at present clearly heading towards recovery in the short to medium term. All relevant
show unequivocally this to be the case.118
rs that sometime
between late 2004 and early 2005 the crisis period came to an end. The Tribunal notes in this
respect that the Emergency Law declared emergency until December 10, 2003 and that
renegotiation was extended for an additional year.119
A further extension was enacted in
200
251. The Tribunal will take into account these different realities in reaching a
determination on the appropriate compensation. However, it must first examine the extent of
the ec e concerning the state of necessity under
international law.
24. Has there been Expropriation of the Investment?
ving established that the Respondent did not keep the commitments and obligations
it h N, the question
he Treaty to the
investor.
253. The Claimant’s first major allegation in this respect is that there has been an
expropriation in breach of the express provision of Article IV(1) of the Treaty. This Article
provides as follows:
“Investments shall not be expropriated or nationalized either directly or
indirectly through measures tantamount to expropriation or nationalization
indicators
250. In light of the economic information available, the Tribunal conside
4.120
prot tion granted under the Treaty and the issu
252. Ha
ad undertaken under its own legislation, regulations and the Licence to TG
is then what is the legal situation in terms of the protection granted by t
74
(‘expropriation’) except for a public purpose; in a non-discriminatory manner;
nsation; and in
process of law and the general principles of treatment
provided for in Article II (2).”
254. The Claimant argues in this connection that expropriation need not be direct or result
t if the result, as
significant part,
f not necessarily
to the obvious benefit of the host State.”121
A wealth of cases and scholarly writings are
invoked in support of this contention and of the argument that such an expropriation might be
122
” in that it may
unfold through a series of acts over a period of time. The State’s interference with
assurances and undertakings offered to the investor, it is also argued, might result in the
124
tion, it is further
ay compensation.125
The Claimant also argues that
res adopted stemmed less from the prevailing economic conditions than from the
political antagonism which the Government had developed towards foreign investors
generally and towards some companies in particular whether because of electoral strategies or
ideological connotations of successive governments.
256. The Claimant argues that the measures adopted by the Argentine Government during
the period 2000-2002 resulted in indirect and creeping expropriation of acquired rights in the
form of legal commitments, assurances and guarantees expressly offered to the investor. The
upon payment of prompt, adequate and effective compe
accordance with due
in the transfer of title or physical possession but that it can also be indirec
held by the Tribunal in Metalclad, is to deprive the owner “…in whole or in
of the use or reasonably-to-be-expected economic benefit of property even i
entirely independent of the State’s intention.
255. The Claimant further asserts that expropriation might be “creeping
123
breach of an acquired right. Not even the public purpose of an expropria
asserted, can alter the legal obligation to p
the measu
75
Claimant says that as a result, it can no longer rely on the basic conditions that were critical
wiped out; and
vestment. The
00, the date that
the court injunction was issued and with it the beginning of a process that had the creeping
effect described above.
to oppose the
ers to refute the
Claimant’s arguments. It is first held that not only has there been no transfer of property of
any kind but that none of the measures taken amount to an interference which could be
he commitments
d, even less so,
ey qualify as an acquired right or constitute a legitimate expectation. This, in the
Respondent’s view, is particularly so because the commitments invoked arise not from the
Government’s undertakings, but from the Information Memorandum prepared by private
and has full use
of its property and there has been no redistribution of wealth of any kind nor has there been
an intention to do so, unlike the situation characterizing all the decisions invoked by the
Claimant;126
neither has the State derived any benefit from the measures taken, thus meeting
the standard set in the Lauder v. Czech Republic case when denying the occurrence of
expropriation.127
The Respondent, as noted, also argues that the measures adopted are
temporary.
for its decision to undertake the project; that the value of its assets has been
that it cannot enjoy the economic benefits reasonably expected of the in
specific date of the expropriation is, in the Claimant’s view, August 18, 20
257. The Argentine Government has not been short of arguments
expropriation claim and has presented a wealth of relevant cases and writ
compared to or result in an expropriation. It is also explained that none of t
invoked by the investor have the meaning the investor assigns to them an
could th
consultants.
258. According to the Respondent, TGN has continued to operate normally
76
259. Emphasis is placed by the Respondent on the argument that neither has there been
hese rights been
mpany has been
stated that all the
specific criteria used to deny substantial deprivation in the Pope & Talbot v. Canada case are
met in this case also: the investor is in control of the investment, the Government does not
of the company
ent of dividends has not been interfered with, the directors and
ma pany are appointed by the company, and the investor has full ownership
and control of the investment.
by the parties on
xpropriation has taken place. The
issue for the Tribunal to determine is then whether the measures adopted constitute an
indirect or regulatory expropriation. The answer is of course not quite simple for indeed the
measures have had an important effect on the business of the Claimant.
261. The Tribunal in the Lauder case rightly explained that
“The concept of indirect (or “de facto”, or “creeping”) expropriation is not
clearly defined. Indirect expropriation or nationalization is a measure that
does not involve an overt taking, but that effectively neutralized the enjoyment
of the property.”129
262. The essential question is therefore to establish whether the enjoyment of the property
has been effectively neutralized. The standard that a number of tribunals have applied in
recent cases where indirect expropriation has been contended is that of substantial
substantial deprivation of the fundamental rights of ownership nor have t
rendered useless; to the contrary, the value of shares of a comparable co
increasing since the crisis. In the Respondent’s discussion of the issue, it is
manage the day-to-day operations of the company, no officers or employees
is under arrest, the paym
nagers of the com
128
260. The Tribunal has examined with great attention the views expounded
this issue. Both parties are in agreement that no direct e
77
deprivation. In the Metalclad case the tribunal held that this kind of expropriation relates to
iving the owner,
nomic benefit of
0
Similarly, the
Iran – United States Claims Tribunal has held that deprivation must affect “fundamental
rights of ownership,”131
a criteria reaffirmed in the CME v. Czech Republic case.132
The test
of interference with present uses and prevention of the realization of a reasonable return on
inv
263. Substantial deprivation was addressed in detail by the tribunal in the Pope & Talbot
case.134
The Government of Argentina has convincingly argued that the list of issues to be
, as discussed in
that case, is not present in the instant dispute. In fact, the Respondent has explained, the
inv the day-to-day
operations of the company; and the investor has full ownership and control of the investment.
264 spute and holds
f protection laid
eaty.
265. It remains necessary to examine the extent of the interference caused by the measures
on the Claimant’s business operations under the other standards of the Treaty. This question
will be addressed next by the Tribunal.
incidental interference with the use of property which has “the effect of depr
in whole or in significant part, of the use or reasonable-to-be-expected eco
property even if not necessarily to the obvious benefit of the host State.”13
estments has also been discussed by the Respondent in this context.133
taken into account for reaching a determination on substantial deprivation
estor is in control of the investment; the Government does not manage
. The Tribunal is persuaded that this is indeed the case in this di
therefore that the Government of Argentina has not breached the standard o
down in Article IV(1) of the Tr
78
25. Has there been a Breach of Fair and Equitable Treatment?
on provided to investors under the Treaty
is that of f
“Investment shall at all times be accorded fair and equitable treatment, shall
enjoy full protection and security and shall in no case be accorded treatment
hed the fair and
equitable treatment standard and has not ensured full protection and security to the
investment, particularly insofar as it has profoundly altered the stability and predictability of
e investment environment, an assurance that was key to its decision to invest. The
Claimant the significance
of this pa here it was held
that
“[The Government] breached its obligation of fair and equitable treatment by
e foreign investor
268. The Claimant also relies on the following finding of the tribunal in the Técnicas
Medioambientales Tecmed, S.A. v. Mexico case to the effect that fair and equitable treatment:
“…requires the Contracting Parties to provide to international investments
treatment that does not affect the basic expectations that were taken into
account by the foreign investor to make the investment…”136
266. The second substantive standard of protecti
air and equitable treatment. Article II(2)(a) provides:
less than that required by international law.”
267. Under this provision, the Claimant asserts that Argentina has breac
th
cites a number of distinguished writers and decisions pointing out
rticular requirement, with particular reference to the CME case, w
evisceration of the arrangements in reliance upon [which] th
was induced to invest.”135
79
269. According to the Claimant’s argument, the uncertainty characterizing the period 2000
mantled all the
hich the investment had been made, are the main events that
the breach of this standard.
270. In the Respondent’s view, the standard of fair and equitable treatment is too vague to
provides for a
at the same time is
with an international minimum standard. A deliberate intention to ignore an
obligation or even bad faith would be required to breach the standard, the argument adds.
in particular the
“investor should
not be dealt with in a manner that contravenes international law.”137
The Pope & Talbot case
is also discussed by the Respondent in this context, explaining that in spite of the fact that it
international law
272. Argentina believes that none of the measures adopted breaches the standard or for that
matter international law as the legislative prerogatives of the State cannot be frozen in time
and the Emergency Law is just one such exercise of its prerogative. In the Respondent’s
view, stability does not mean immobilization and the measures adopted, particularly the
“pesification”, were the solution necessary to prevent greater social damage and poverty. It is
further argued that there is ample precedent upholding the legality of devaluation, both under
domestic and international law, with particular reference to the situation in the United States
– 2002 and the final determinations under the Emergency Law that dis
arrangements in reliance on w
resulted in
allow for any clear identification of its meaning and, in any event, it only
general and basic principle found in the law of the host State which
compatible
271. The Respondent argues next that the standard is not different from the international
minimum standard, citing to this effect a number of authors and cases and
tribunal’s holding in the Robert Azinian and others v. Mexico case that an
opted for a NAFTA standard additional to or higher than that of customary
it still based its test on equity, justice and reasonableness.138
80
in the 1930s. It is also asserted that the Claimant has not proved any damage in connection
under this item
t in any way be assimilated to that corresponding to expropriation, as the Claimant
requests.
273. The key issue that the Tribunal has to decide is whether the measures adopted in 2000
aking to provide
most bilateral investment treaties, does not
standard of fair and equitable treatment and to this extent Argentina’s concern
about it being somewhat vague is not entirely without merit.
objective of the
s that fair and equitable treatment is desirable “to maintain a stable
for investments and maximum effective use of economic resources.” There can
be no doubt, therefore, that a stable legal and business environment is an essential element of
fair and equitable treatment.
nd alter the legal
nd made. The
discussion above, about the tariff regime and its relationship with a dollar standard and
adjustment mechanisms unequivocally shows that these elements are no longer present in the
regime governing the business operations of the Claimant. It has also been established that
the guarantees given in this connection under the legal framework and its various components
were crucial for the investment decision.
with its allegation of breach of this standard and the compensation claimed
canno
– 2002 breached the standard of protection afforded by Argentina’s undert
fair and equitable treatment. The Treaty, like
define the
274. The Treaty Preamble makes it clear, however, that one principal
protection envisaged i
framework
275. The measures that are complained of did in fact entirely transform a
and business environment under which the investment was decided a
81
276. In addition to the specific terms of the Treaty, the significant number of treaties, both
y shows that fair
bility and predictability. Many arbitral
decisions and scholarly writings point in the same direction.139
277. It is not a question of whether the legal framework might need to be frozen as it can
it a question of
en specific commitments to the
contrary have been made. The law of foreign investment and its protection has been
developed with the specific objective of avoiding such adverse legal effects.
278. It in several ways
failed to p
M talclad’s business planning and investment.
The totality of these circumstances demonstrate a lack of orderly process and
timely disposition in relation to an investor of a Party acting in the expectation
140
279. So n this respect:
“The foreign investor expects the host State to act in a consistent manner, free
from ambiguity and totally transparently in its relations with the foreign
investor, so that it may know beforehand any and all rules and regulations that
will govern its investments, as well as the goals of the relevant policies and
administrative practices or directives, to be able to plan its investment and
comply with such regulations…”141
bilateral and multilateral, that have dealt with this standard also unequivocall
and equitable treatment is inseparable from sta
always evolve and be adapted to changing circumstances, but neither is
whether the framework can be dispensed with altogether wh
was held by the Tribunal in the Metalclad case that Mexico had
rovide a
“…predictable framework for e
that it would be treated fairly and justly…”
too the Tribunal in the Técnicas Medioambientales case has held i
82
280. The Tribunal believes this is an objective requirement unrelated to whether the
the measures in
intention and bad faith can aggravate the situation but are not an
essential element of the standard.
281. The Tribunal, therefore, concludes against the background of the present dispute that
the measures adopted resulted in the objective breach of the standard laid down in Article
II(2
282. There is one additional aspect the Tribunal must examine having heard the arguments
of the parties. That is whether the standard of fair and equitable treatment is separate and
more expansive than that of customary international law, as held by the tribunal in Pope and
Tal um standard, as
283. The Tribunal is mindful of the discussion prompted by these arguments, particularly
with reference to the NAFTA Free Trade Commission’s Note of Interpretation identifying the
fair al law.142
This
tates Free Trade
Agreement.
284. While the choice between requiring a higher treaty standard and that of equating it
with the international minimum standard might have relevance in the context of some
disputes, the Tribunal is not persuaded that it is relevant in this case. In fact, the Treaty
standard of fair and equitable treatment and its connection with the required stability and
predictability of the business environment, founded on solemn legal and contractual
Respondent has had any deliberate intention or bad faith in adopting
question. Of course, such
)(a) of the Treaty.
bot, or whether it is identical with the customary international law minim
argued by Argentina.
and equitable treatment standard with that of customary internation
development has led to further treaty clarifications as in the Chile – United S
143
83
commitments, is not different from the international law minimum standard and its evolution
under customary law.
26. Has there Been Arbitrariness and/or Discrimination?
285. Article II(2)(b) of the Treaty provides that
ay impair by arbitrary or discriminatory measures
the management, operation, maintenance, use, enjoyment, acquisition,
286. The Claimant invokes the test defined in the Pope and Talbot case, and asserts that
law or surprise a sense of judicial
propriety, it follows that there has been arbitrary treatment of the investor and hence the
Tre the whole legal
framework of the gas industry is contrary to any reasonable expectation.
cause they result
the test defined
r public services
relying on dollar-based tariffs, such as telephone companies, water distribution enterprises,
banks, waterway transportation companies and other businesses, and significantly, the gas
producers, have all been treated in a more favorable manner.145
It is also argued that
discrimination does not relate exclusively to nationality and can result from the compulsory
transfer of resources of one economic agent or sector to another, as has happened in the
Argentine economy.
“Neither Party shall in any w
expansion, or disposal of investments.”
because the measures adopted are opposed to the rule of
aty standard has been breached. In the Claimant’s view, dismantling
287. The Claimant further asserts that such measures are discriminatory be
in a dissimilar treatment of investors in similar situations, in accordance with
in the Goetz v. Burundi case.144
In particular, the Claimant explains that othe
84
288. The Respondent rejects such considerations and argues that the measures adopted
, following the
nt in favor of a
e t apply to other
nationals in a similar situation. The Genin v. Estonia case is also invoked by the
Respondent to the effect that discrimination and arbitrariness require bad faith or a willful
dis 147
itrariness can in
no case be used to describe legislation to carry out economic, social or political objectives.148
In any event, it is argued, the standard provides that discrimination is forbidden in respect of
sim arly situated groups or categories of people, which is not the case in respect of the gas
ind d on nationality,
290. The standard of protection against arbitrariness and discrimination is related to that of
uitable treatment. Any measure that might involve arbitrariness or discrimination
is next related to
expansion, or disposal of the investment must be impaired by the measures adopted.
291. In the Lauder case, an equivalent provision of the pertinent investment treaty was
explained in accordance with the definition of “arbitrary” in Black’s Law Dictionary, which
states that an arbitrary decision is one “depending on individual discretion; … founded on
prejudice or preference rather than on reason or fact.”149
were reasonable and proportional to the objective pursued. It is argued
findings in the ELSI case, that discrimination requires intentional treatme
national and to the detrim nt of a foreign investor, a treatment that does no
146
regard of due process of law.
289. The Respondent also asserts, following Professor Schachter, that arb
il
ustry. Neither, in the Respondent’s view, is there any discrimination base
this being the only one envisaged by the prohibition under international law.
fair and eq
in itself contrary to fair and equitable treatment. The standard is
impairment: the management, operation, maintenance, use, enjoyment, acquisition,
85
292. This Tribunal is not persuaded by the Claimant’s view about arbitrariness because
and operation of
of other matters,
measures were
adopted have been greatly limited. To the extent that such effects might endure, the test
applied in the Lauder case becomes relevant and could result in a factor reinforcing the
rela
he Respondent’s
argument about discrimination existing only in similarly situated groups or categories of
people is correct, and no discrimination can be discerned in this respect. Admittedly, it is
qui text of the gas
294. Be that as it may, the fact is that to the extent that the measures persisted beyond the
crisis, the differentiation between various categories or groups of businesses becomes more
fully concluded
sinesses equally
includes the gas producers, but not the
transportation and distribution side of the industry. The gas producers have been allowed to
proceed to a gradual tariff adjustment to be completed by mid-2005.150
The longer the
differentiation is kept the more evident the issue becomes, thus eventually again reinforcing
the related finding about the breach of fair and equitable treatment.
295. The Tribunal, therefore, cannot hold that arbitrariness and discrimination are present
in the context of the crisis noted, and to the extent that some effects become evident they will
there has been no impairment, for example, in respect of the management
the investment. Admittedly, some adverse effects can be noted in respect
such as the use, expansion or disposal of the investment, which since the
ted finding of a breach of fair and equitable treatment.
293. The situation in respect of discrimination is somewhat similar. T
te difficult to establish whether that similarity exists only in the con
transportation and distribution industry or extends to other utilities as well.
difficult to explain. Indeed, the Government of Argentina has success
renegotiations and other arrangements with a number of industries and bu
protected by guarantees of investment treaties. This
86
relate rather to the breach of fair and equitable treatment than to the breach of separate
standards under the Treaty.
27. Has the Protection under the Umbrella Clause been Breached?
296. The Claimant invokes yet another ground on which the protection and guarantees of
een breached by the Respondent, as under Article II(2)(c) of the Treaty
vides that each party “shall observe any obligation it may have entered into with
reg
297. The Claimant argues in this respect that all the commitments made by Argentina
ether under the legislation in force or contractual arrangements,
breached as a result of the measures adopted and particularly the dismantling of
the brella clause of
the Treaty has also been breached.
der the law, and
the Azinian case
in respect of concessions contracts,151
and the Genin152
and SGS v. Pakistan cases in respect
of Licenses, the Respondent argues that not all contract breaches amount to treaty breaches
and hence cannot be protected under a clause of this kind. In any event, it is asserted that the
Claimant can invoke no rights or commitments under the License as these concern only TGN.
299. The Tribunal will not discuss the jurisdictional aspects involved in the Respondent’s
argument, as these were dealt with in the decision on jurisdiction. Regarding the merits of
the argument, however, the Tribunal believes the Respondent is correct in arguing that not all
the Treaty have b
which pro
ard to investments.”
towards the investment, wh
have been
tariff regime and related matters. Therefore, the argument follows, the um
298. In the Respondent’s view, first of all no commitments were made un
those that were made under the License were purely contractual. Following
153
87
contract breaches result in breaches of the Treaty. The standard of protection of the treaty
obligations or a
ial aspects of a
ction is likely to
be available when there is significant interference by governments or public agencies with the
rights of the investor.
ent decisions of
t claims. This is
particularly so in the Lauder v. Czech Republic, Genin v. Estonia, Aguas del Aconquija v.
Argentina,154
Azurix v. Argentina,155
SGS v. Pakistan, SGS v. Philippines156
and Joy Mining v.
Egypt cases,157
among others. In these decisions, commercial disputes arising from a contract
hav ndards and their
301. None of the measures complained of in this case can be described as a commercial
the interferences
302. While many, if not all, such interferences are closely related to other standards of
protection under the Treaty, there are in particular two stabilization clauses contained in the
License that have significant effect when it comes to the protection extended to them under
the umbrella clause. The first is the obligation undertaken not to freeze the tariff regime or
subject it to price controls.158
The second is the obligation not to alter the basic rules
governing the License without TGN’s written consent.159
will be engaged only when there is a specific breach of treaty rights and
violation of contract rights protected under the treaty. Purely commerc
contract might not be protected by the treaty in some situations, but the prote
300. This discussion has been, to an important extent, clarified in rec
arbitral tribunals having o deal with the issue of contract and treaty
e been distinguished from disputes arising from the breach of treaty sta
respective causes of action.
question as they are all related to government decisions that have resulted in
and breaches noted.
88
303. The Tribunal must therefore conclude that the obligation under the umbrella clause of
extent that legal
ent have been breached and have resulted
in the violation of the standards of protection under the Treaty.
D.
in the event the
the Respondent
rom liability in light of the existence of a state of necessity or state of
emergency.160
Force majeure, emergency and other terms have also been used by the
Respondent in this context.
political crisis
e and on the belief that the very existence of the Argentine State was
threatened by the events that began to unfold in 2000. The Respondent asserts in this respect
that economic interest qualifies as an essential interest of the State when threatened by grave
ergency Law was enacted with the sole purpose of bringing
under control the chaotic situation that would have followed the economic and social collapse
that Argentina was facing. State of necessity based on this crisis would exclude, in the
Respondent’s argument, any wrongfulness of the measures adopted by the government and in
particular would rule out compensation.
Article II(2)(c) of the Treaty has not been observed by the Respondent to the
and contractual obligations pertinent to the investm
State of Necessity Contended in the Alternative
304. The Government of Argentina has contended in the alternative that
Tribunal should come to the conclusion that there was a breach of the Treaty
should be exempted f
305. This contention is founded on the severe economic, social and
described abov
and imminent peril.
306. It is argued that the Em
89
307. In support of its argument the Respondent invokes first the existence of the state of
the decisions of
ity and the state
me Court, with
particular reference to its temporary nature and the requirement not to upset the rights
acquired by contract or judicial decision. These issues will not be discussed here again.
tention the existence of a state
of necessity under both customary international law and the provisions of the Treaty. In so
doing, the Respondent has raised one fundamental issue in international law.
der Customary
309. The Respondent has mainly based its argument on this question on the ruling of the
International Court of Justice in the Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros case which held that the state of
wrongfulness of
310. The French Company of Venezuelan Railroads case is invoked so as to justify that the
government’s duty was to itself when its “own preservation is paramount.”162
Further
support is found in the Dickson Car Wheel Co. case where it was decided that the “foreigner,
residing in a country which by reasons of natural, social or international calamities is obliged
to adopt these measures, must suffer the natural detriment to his affairs without any remedy,
since Governments …are not insurers against every event.”163
necessity under Argentine law and its acceptance under the Constitution and
courts. The Tribunal has already discussed the meaning of the state of necess
of emergency under Argentine law and its interpretation by the Supre
308. The Respondent has also invoked in support of its con
28. The Respondent’s View of the State of Necessity un
International Law
necessity is recognized by customary international law for “precluding the
an act not in conformity with an international obligation.”161
90
311. In addition to the discussion of these and other cases, the Government of Argentina
eadership of the
rd. In particular
les on
International Responsibility.164
The specific terms of Article 25 will be discussed further
below.
ve and imminent
of the state of
necessity in a substantive way. This situation, it is argued, was prompted for the most part by
exogenous factors. It is further asserted that the measures adopted, particularly the
safeguarding the
ducing the measures, the Respondent argues,
the essential interests of another State that was a beneficiary of the obligation breached or, for
that matter, those of the international community as a whole were not affected and foreign
investors were also not treated in a discriminatory manner.
ry International
313. The Claimant first argues in connection with the state of necessity that the Respondent
has not met the heavy burden of proof required by the International Court of Justice in the
Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros case. The Claimant notes that the Court made reference to the work
and views of the International Law Commission insofar the latter explained that “…the state
of necessity can only be invoked under certain strictly defined conditions which must be
also relies on the work of the International Law Commission under the l
Special Rapporteurs F. V. García-Amador, Roberto Ago and James Crawfo
the Respondent argues that it meets the criteria set out in Article 25 of the Artic
312. In the Respondent’s view the Argentine State was not only facing gra
peril affecting an essential interest, but it did not contribute to the creation
pesification of contractual relations, were the only measures capable of
essential economic interests affected. By intro
29. The Claimant’s View of the State of Necessity Under Customa
Law
91
cumulatively satisfied; and the State concerned is not the sole judge of whether those
have been met… …Those conditions reflect customary international law.” 165
plied with the
conditions set down for the operation of state of necessity under Article 25 of the Articles on
State Responsibility. In the Claimant’s view, severe as the crisis was, it did not involve
nt State did not
of the causes underlying the crisis were endogenous.
Moreover, it is asserted that the Respondent has not shown that the measures adopted were
the only means available to overcome the crisis.
nder Customary
315. The Tribunal, like the parties themselves, considers that Article 25 of the Articles on
State Responsibility adequately reflect the state of customary international law on the
f necessity. This Article, in turn, is based on a number of relevant historical cases
dis ary,166
with particular reference to the Caroline,167
the Russian
Indemni the GabcíkovoNagymaros
cases.
316. Article 25 reads as follows:
“1. Necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for precluding the
wrongfulness of an act not in conformity with an international obligation of that
State unless the act:
conditions
314. The Claimant asserts next that neither has the Respondent com
“grave” or “imminent” peril nor has it been established that the Responde
contribute to the emergency as most
30. The Tribunal’s Findings in Respect of the State of Necessity u
International Law
question o
cussed in the Comment
ty,168
Société Commerciale de Belgique,169
the Torrey Canyon170
and
92
(a) is the only way for the State to safeguard an essential interest against a
e State or States
rds which the obligation exists, or of the international community
as a whole;
2. In any case, necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for
lness if:
n excludes the possibility of
invoking necessity; or
(b) the State has contributed to the situation of necessity.”
ngfulness under
at this ground is
buse. The very
opening of the Article to the effect that necessity “may not be invoked” unless strict
conditions are met, is indicative of this restrictive approach of international law. Case law,
actice and scholarly writings amply support this restrictive approach to the operation
ty.171
The reason is not difficult to understand. If strict and demanding conditions
are ity to elude its
international obligations. This would certainly be contrary to the stability and predictability
of the law.
318. The Tribunal must now undertake the very difficult task of finding whether the
Argentine crisis meets the requirements of Article 25, a task not rendered easier by the wide
variety of views expressed on the matter and their heavy politicization. Again here the
Tribunal is not called upon to pass judgment on the measures adopted in that connection but
grave and imminent peril; and
(b) does not seriously impair an essential interest of th
towa
precluding wrongfu
(a) the international obligation in questio
317. While the existence of necessity as a ground for precluding wro
international law is no longer disputed, there is also consensus to the effect th
an exceptional one and has to be addressed in a prudent manner to avoid a
state pr
of necessi
not required or are loosely applied, any State could invoke necess
93
simply to establish whether the breach of the Treaty provisions discussed is devoid of legal
ces by the preclusion of wrongfulness.
erest of the State
was involved in the matter. Again here the issue is to determine the gravity of the crisis. The
need to prevent a major breakdown, with all its social and political implications, might have
ration of the state of necessity
e been triggered. In addition, the plea must under the specific circumstances of
eac
320. In the instant case, the Respondent and leading economists are of the view that the
owever, tend to
d severe and the
not tenable. However, neither could it be held
that wrongfulness should be precluded as a matter of course under the circumstances. As is
many times the case in international affairs and international law, situations of this kind are
ollows that the relative effect that can be reasonably attributed to the crisis does not
allow for a finding on preclusion of wrongfulness. The Respondent’s perception of extreme
adverse effects, however, is understandable, and in that light the plea of necessity or
emergency cannot be considered as an abuse of rights as the Claimant has argued.
322. The Tribunal turns next to the question whether there was in this case a grave and
imminent peril. Here again the Tribunal is persuaded that the situation was difficult enough
to justify the government taking action to prevent a worsening of the situation and the danger
consequen
319. A first question the Tribunal must address is whether an essential int
entailed an essential interest of the State in which case the ope
might hav
h case meet the legal requirements set out by customary international law.
crisis was of catastrophic proportions; other equally distinguished views, h
qualify this statement. The Tribunal is convinced that the crisis was indee
argument that nothing important happened is
not given in black and white but in many shades of grey.
321. It f
94
of total economic collapse. But neither does the relative effect of the crisis allow here for a
terms of preclusion of wrongfulness.
e “only way” for
the State to safeguard its interests. This is indeed debatable. The views of the parties and
distinguished economists are wide apart on this matter, ranging from the support of those
arization of the
stries and many
ision beyond the
scope of the Tribunal’s task, which is to establish whether there was only one way or various
ways and thus whether the requirements for the preclusion of wrongfulness have or have not
s comment to the effect that the plea of necessity
is “excluded if there are other (otherwise lawful) means available, even if they may be more
costly or less convenient,” is persuasive in assisting this Tribunal in concluding that the
172
irement that the
measures adopted do not seriously impair an essential interest of the State or States towards
which the obligation exists, or of the international community as a whole. As the specific
obligations towards another State are embodied in the Treaty, this question will be examined
in the context of the applicable treaty provisions. It does not appear, however, that the
essential interest of the international community as a whole was affected in any relevant way,
nor that a peremptory norm of international law might have been compromised, a situation
governed by Article 26 of the Articles.
finding in
323. A different issue, however, is whether the measures adopted were th
measures to the discussion of a variety of alternatives, including doll
economy, granting of direct subsidies to the affected population or indu
others. Which of these policy alternatives would have been better is a dec
been met.
324. The International Law Commission’
measures adopted were not the only steps available.
325. A different condition for the admission of necessity relates to the requ
95
326. In addition to the basic conditions set out under paragraph 1 of Article 25, there are
As noted in the
f the text means that
each of these limits must be considered over and above the conditions of paragraph 1.173
327. The first such limit arises when the international obligation excludes necessity, a
ma
ntributed to the
situation of necessity. The Commentary clarifies that this contribution must be “sufficiently
substantial and not merely incidental or peripheral”. In spite of the view of the parties
r exogenous, the
d that similar to what is the case in most crises of this kind the
d both ways and include a number of domestic as well as international dimensions.
This is the unavoidable consequence of the operation of a global economy where domestic
and international factors interact.
ntina has or has
stances of the
present dispute, must conclude that this was the case. The crisis was not of the making of one
particular administration and found its roots in the earlier crisis of the 1980s and evolving
governmental policies of the 1990s that reached a zenith in 2002 and thereafter. Therefore,
the Tribunal observes that government policies and their shortcomings significantly
two other limits to the operation of necessity arising from paragraph 2.
Commentary, the use of the expression “in any case” in the opening o
tter which again will be considered in the context of the Treaty.
328. The second limit is the requirement for the State not to have co
claiming that all factors contributing to the crisis were either endogenous o
Tribunal is again persuade
roots exten
329. The issue, however, is whether the contribution to the crisis by Arge
not been sufficiently substantial. The Tribunal, when reviewing the circum
96
contributed to the crisis and the emergency and while exogenous factors did fuel additional
difficulties they do not exempt the Respondent from its responsibility in the matter.
ke into account.
The International Court of Justice has in the Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros case convincingly
referred to the International Law Commission’s view that all the conditions governing
nec 174
ally present here
and there but when the various elements, conditions and limits are examined as a whole it
cannot be concluded that all such elements meet the cumulative test. This in itself leads to
the it ements of necessity under customary international
law have not been fully met so as to preclude the wrongfulness of the acts.
31. The Emergency Clause of the Treaty
332. Th ary international
law as the r. Article XI of
the Treaty
“This Treaty shall not preclude the application by either Party of measures
necessary for the maintenance of public order, the fulfillment of its obligations
with respect to the maintenance or restoration of international peace or
security, or the protection of its own essential security interests.”
330. There is yet another important element which the Tribunal must ta
essity must be “cumulatively” satisfied.
331. In the present case there are, as concluded, elements of necessity parti
inev able conclusion that the requir
e discussion on necessity and emergency is not confined to custom
re are also specific provisions of the Treaty dealing with this matte
provides:
97
333. Article IV(3) of the Treaty reads as follows:
ffer losses in the
flict, revolution,
or other similar
events shall be accorded treatment by such other Party no less favorable than
that accorded to its own nationals or companies or to nationals or companies
of any third country, whichever is the more favorable treatment, as regards any
334. The meaning and extent of these clauses has prompted an important debate between
the parties and the legal experts requested by them to discuss the issue, namely Dean AnneJosé
E. Alvarez.
335 Th rties and the experts on this matter,
beginning with those of the Claimant.
Claimant’s View of the Treaty’s Emergency Clauses
336 w and specific
exceptions to liability that do not allow the Respondent to invoke the operation of the state of
necessity or emergency.
337. The Claimant asserts first that under Article 25(2) of the Articles on State
Responsibility necessity may not be invoked if the international obligation in question
excludes the possibility of invoking necessity. This, in the Claimant’s view, is the case here
as the object and purpose of the Treaty, which is to provide protection to investors in
“Nationals or companies of either Party whose investments su
territory of the other Party owing to war or other armed con
state of national emergency, insurrection, civil disturbance
measures it adopts in relation to such losses.”
Marie Slaughter and Professor
. e Tribunal will now consider the views of the pa
32. The
. The Claimant argues that the Treaty clauses provide very narro
98
circumstances of economic difficulty, exclude reliance on such difficulties for nonlaimant
argues,
) and Article X the
Respondent has the duty to observe obligations entered into with regard to investments.
338. The Claimant invokes in support of its views the Himpurna case where force majeure
d the contractual
Socobelge,176
on
i tribunal relied in part, is also invoked by the Claimant as an example of
contract enforcement in spite of an economic crisis. To the same effect the Claimant invokes
the Martini case.177
y the Claimant,
this clause is not
self-judging, and therefore requires the Tribunal and not the Respondent to decide when or to
what extent essential security interests were at stake. The Claimant makes the further point
ion should be provided
expressly. Provisions of this kind include Article XXI of the GATT as well as provisions in
the ssia178
and with
Bahrain. It is further affirmed, that this requirement was also the conclusion of the
International Court of Justice in the Nicaragua case,180
and the Oil Platforms case.181
340. The Claimant argues next that economic crises do not fall within the concept of
“essential security interests,” which is limited to war, natural disaster and other situations
threatening the existence of the State. In its view, this is also the meaning of Article 25 of the
performance of the obligations established under the Treaty. Moreover, the C
both under the Treaty umbrella clause embodied in Article II(2)(c
was not accepted as precluding the wrongfulness of acts of devaluation an
obligations were upheld even in circumstances of economic adversity.175
which the H mpurna
339. In connection with the specific clause of Article XI of the Treat
following the expert opinion of Professor José E. Alvarez, argues first that
that if the State were to have discretion in this regard, such discret
bilateral investment treaties concluded by the United States with Ru
179
99
Articles on State Responsibility, the interpretation given to Article XXI of the GATT and the
scope of the Russian Indemnity case.
cle XI does not
exempt the Respondent from liability as this provision does not allow for the denial of
benefits under the Treaty.
3) of the Treaty
to investors but
rather to reinforce such obligations, and cannot be read to include economic emergency. The
ICSID cases American Manufacturing v. Zaire182
and AAPL v. Sri Lanka183
are invoked as
clude economic
difficulties the Claimant would still be entitled to full protection under the most favored
nation clause (MFNC) of both Articles II(1) and IV(3) of the Treaty, and certainly nothing
the treatment local investors or those from other countries have received from the
Respondent. The MFNC is also invoked in support of the argument that other bilateral
investmen tain provisions similar to Article
XI and thus the Claimant is entitled to the better treatment resulting from the absence of such
exceptions.
33. The Respondent’s View of the Treaty’s Emergency Clauses
344. Articles IV(3) and XI of the Treaty provide, in the Respondent’s view, for the lex
specialis governing emergency situations which the Government has implemented in order to
341. A third argument made by the Claimant is that, in any event, Arti
342. The Claimant discusses in this context the meaning of Article IV(
which, it is argued, is not intended to reduce the obligations of the host state
precedents supporting this interpretation.
343. It is further argued in this regard that even if the Article were to in
less than
t treaties concluded by the Respondent do not con
100
maintain public order, protect its essential security interests and reestablish its connections
stem, all with a view to granting investors treatment not
ble than that granted to nationals.
345. The Respondent argues first that the object and purpose of the Treaty do not exclude
the operation of necessity or emergency, which are expressly provided for in periods of
distress. To this effect, the Respondent further argues, the decisions invoked by the Claimant
in s
346. The Respondent particularly rejects the reliance by the Claimant on the tribunal’s
decision in the Himpurna case. The Claimant invoked that decision to draw a comparison
ld that necessity
s undertaken by contract and treaty. The present
dispute, the Respondent argues, has emerged under circumstances very different from those
that prevailed in Indonesia and the Himpurna case in no way contradicts the position taken by
Argentina in light of extraordinary circumstances.
in the 1930s as
se. This decision was also invoked by
the Claimant to show that the obligations under a contract were upheld in spite of financial
hardship, in the case of Greece. The Respondent believes the Argentine crisis to have been
much worse and deeper and that force majeure as discussed in that case was held to be
beyond the powers of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
348. As to the Martini case, invoked by the Claimant as an example of state of necessity
not having been accepted as an excuse and of contractual commitments having been strictly
with the international economic sy
less favora
upport of its views are not relevant to the present case.
with the Indonesian crisis and to show that the tribunal in that case had he
was excluded by specific commitment
347. The Respondent also rejects the relevance of the situation of Greece
taken into account in the decision in the Socobelge ca
101
enforced, the Respondent does not consider it relevant to the present case as it did not deal
with a case of institutional abnormality.
e Respondent on
December 15, 2003 and June 23, 2004, elaborate on the meaning and the coverage of the
relevant Treaty articles. It is first asserted in this respect that Article XI of the Treaty needs
to b
nt treaties it has
been apparent, in the expert’s view, that this country desired to safeguard certain sovereign
interests by means of “non-precluded measures” such as those of Article XI. This trend was
that similar provisions of
another treaty could not be understood to be self-judging. At the time the Treaty was signed
w videnced by the
treaties negotiated with other countries and debates in the United States Congress.
gentina should be
accorded the benefit of a similar understanding when invoking necessity and emergency. The
self e understood as
precluding their submission to arbitration as the Tribunal must determine whether Article XI
applies and whether measures taken thereunder comply with the requirements of good faith.
352. The expert’s opinions also emphasize that security interests include economic
security, particularly in the context of a crisis as severe as that of Argentina, and that, as in
many instances of force majeure, the State should be released from treaty obligations. It is
349. The expert opinions of Dean Anne Marie Slaughter, introduced by th
e interpreted broadly and this in fact was the intention of the parties.
350. Since the very outset of the United States’ model bilateral investme
strengthened after the decision in the Nicaragua case which held
ith Argentina, it is further argued, this trend had become manifest as e
351. On the basis of the principle of reciprocity, it is explained next, Ar
-judging character of these provisions, in the expert’s view, should not b
102
held, moreover, that the Claimant has not been treated differently from nationals or other
investors under Article IV(3) of the Treaty.
34. The Tribunal’s Findings in Respect of the Treaty’s Clauses on Emergency
353. The first issue the Tribunal must determine is whether the object and purpose of the
precisely in the
for situations of
those cases, as rightly explained in the Commentary to Article 25 of the
Articles on State Responsibility, the plea of necessity is excluded by the very object and
purpose of the treaty.184
e of
rse measures by
the Government. The question is, however, how grave these economic difficulties might be.
A severe crisis cannot necessarily be equated with a situation of total collapse. And in the
is plainly clear that the Treaty will prevail
lea of necessity. However, if such difficulties, without being catastrophic in and of
the disruption and
disintegration of society, or are likely to lead to a total breakdown of the economy,
emergency and necessity might acquire a different meaning.
355. As stated above, the Tribunal is convinced that the Argentine crisis was severe but did
not result in total economic and social collapse. When the Argentine crisis is compared to
other contemporary crises affecting countries in different regions of the world it may be noted
that such other crises have not led to the derogation of international contractual or treaty
Treaty exclude necessity. There are of course treaties designed to be applied
case of necessity or emergency, such as those setting out humanitarian rules
armed conflict. In
354. The Treaty in this case is clearly designed to protect investments at a tim
economic difficulties or other circumstances leading to the adoption of adve
absence of such profoundly serious conditions it
over any p
mselves, nevertheless invite catastrophic conditions in terms of
103
obligations. Renegotiation, adaptation and postponement have occurred but the essence of
tional obligations has been kept intact.
characterized as
catastrophic and while there was therefore not a situation of force majeure that left no other
option open, neither can it be held that the crisis was of no consequence and that business
suggest. Just as
red, there were
is. And while not excusing liability or
precluding wrongfulness from the legal point of view they ought nevertheless to be
considered by the Tribunal when determining compensation.
in the context of
es not seriously
impair an essential interest of the State or States towards which the obligation exists. If the
Treaty was made to protect investors it must be assumed that this is an important interest of
cularly at a time
358. However, be that as it may, the fact is that this particular kind of treaty is also of
interest to investors as they are specific beneficiaries and for investors the matter is indeed
essential. For the purpose of this case, and looking at the Treaty just in the context of its
States parties, the Tribunal concludes that it does not appear that an essential interest of the
State to which the obligation exists has been impaired, nor have those of the international
community as a whole. Accordingly, the plea of necessity would not be precluded on this
count.
the interna
356. As explained above, while the crisis in and of itself might not be
could have continued as usual, as some of the Claimant’s arguments seem to
the Tribunal concluded when the situation under domestic law was conside
certain consequences stemming from the cris
357. A second issue the Tribunal must determine is whether, as discussed
Article 25 of the Articles on State Responsibility, the act in question do
the States parties. Whether it is an essential interest is difficult to say, parti
when this interest appears occasionally to be dwindling.
104
359. The third issue the Tribunal must determine is whether Article XI of the Treaty can be
y as an essential
es or difficulties
xt of customary
international law or the object and purpose of the Treaty that could on its own exclude major
economic crises from the scope of Article XI.
ty, such as this,
f both parties. If
the concept of essential security interests were to be limited to immediate political and
national security concerns, particularly of an international character, and were to exclude
other interests, for example, major economic emergencies, it could well result in an
unb tirely consistent
.
361. Again, the issue is then to establish how grave an economic crisis must be so as to
a fies the reference
to maintenance or restoration of international peace and security as related to obligations
under the Charter of the United Nations. Similarly, the letter of submission of the Treaty to
Congress in Argentina and the Report of the pertinent Congressional Committee, refer in
particular to situations of war, armed conflict or disturbance.185
However, this cannot be read
as excluding altogether other qualifying situations.
interpreted in such a way as to provide that it includes economic emergenc
security interest. While the text of the Article does not refer to economic cris
of that particular kind, as concluded above, there is nothing in the conte
360. It must also be kept in mind that the scope of a given bilateral trea
should normally be understood and interpreted as attending to the concerns o
alanced understanding of Article XI. Such an approach would not be en
with the rules governing the interpretation of treaties
qualify as an essential security interest, a matter discussed above.
362. It is true that Paragraph 6 of the Protocol ttached to the Treaty quali
105
363. Since the Security Council assumes to be many times the law unto itself,186
and since
ot inconceivable
nomic crisis as a
te measures to deal with a given
situation. This would indeed allow for a broad interpretation of Article XI.
has, to a limited
ers, for example,
e 1991 Gulf War
and other instances.187
In such cases, it is explained, there could be a treaty breach under the
authority of the Security Council. However, this sort of situation does not have to do with the
the reference to
the United Nations in the Treaty Protocol, such clause should not be considered as selfjudging
to the extent that the issue relates to the maintenance or restoration of international
ce and security, involving a broader understanding of the concept as opposed to a nation’s
ity interest. The latter would in her view allow for self-judging insofar as the
sec tional peace and
security. The question of the self-judging character of these provisions will be discussed
next.
366. The fourth issue the Tribunal must determine is whether the rule of Article XI of the
Treaty is self-judging, that is if the State adopting the measures in question is the sole arbiter
of the scope and application of that rule, or whether the invocation of necessity, emergency or
other essential security interests is subject to some form of judicial review.
there is no specific mechanism for judicial review under the Charter, it is n
that in some circumstances this body might wish to qualify a situation of eco
threat to international peace and security and adopt appropria
364. As explained by Professor Alvarez, in practice the Security Council
extent, adopted decisions connecting economic measures with security matt
in the formulation of the sanctions program enacted as a consequence of th
present case.
365. It is also important to note that in Dean Slaughter’s understanding of
pea
own secur
urity interest is not a part of the maintenance or restoration of interna
188
106
367. As discussed above, three positions have emerged in this context. There is first that
udging. There is
d to what extent
of extraordinary
measures. And third, there is the position expressed by Dean Slaughter to the effect that the
Tribunal must determine whether Article XI is applicable particularly with a view to
esta 189
n Slaughter, the
position of the United States has been evolving towards the support of self-judging clauses
insofar as security interests are affected. This policy emerged after the Nicaragua decision,
Russia bilateral
nges it was also
of which is debated by
the experts. The GATT self-judging clause was also mentioned above. Other treaties have
not included a self-judging clause but this again is debated by the experts, and in any event
nt treaty.
r a variety of
interpretations but does not clearly support the conclusion that all such clauses are selfjudging.
The record shows that during the discussion of the first round of bilateral
investment treaties in 1986 a proposal to allow for the termination of treaties in light of
security needs was not accepted, although this discussion apparently did not address
specifically the question of self-judging clauses. The expert discussion of the Exon-Florio
law has also generated much debate on its meaning.190
of the Claimant, supporting the argument that such a clause cannot be self-j
next that of the Respondent, who believes that it is free to determine when an
necessity, emergency or the threat to its security interests need the adoption
blishing whether this has been done in good faith.
368. The Tribunal notes in this connection that, as explained by Dea
which will be discussed below, and was expressly included in the U.S. –
investment treaty, which has incidentally not been ratified. With some cha
included in the U.S. – Bahrain investment treaty, the precise meaning
such policy would also be reflected in the 2004 U.S. Model bilateral investme
369. The discussion of these treaties in the U.S. Congress allows fo
107
370. The Tribunal is convinced that when States intend to create for themselves a right to
non-compliance
f the GATT and
of this approach.
The first does not preclude measures adopted by a party “which it considers necessary” for
the protection of its security interests. So too, the U.S. – Russia treaty expressly confirms in
a P
ect of this issue,
twice in connection with the Nicaragua case and again in the Oil Platforms case noted above.
Referring to the 1956 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United
States and
elf provides for
t by no means
removes the interpretation and application of that article from the jurisdiction
of the Court… The text of Article XXI of the Treaty does not employ the
of the General
, contemplating
ement, stipulates
that the Agreement is not to be construed to prevent any contracting party
from taking any action ‘which it considers necessary for the protection of its
essential security interests’, in such fields as nuclear fission, arms, etc. The
1956 Treaty, on the contrary, speaks simply of ‘necessary’ measures, not of
those considered by a party to be such.”191
determine unilaterally the legitimacy of extraordinary measures importing
with obligations assumed in a treaty, they do so expressly. The examples o
bilateral investment treaty provisions offered above are eloquent examples
rotocol that the non-precluded measures clause is self-judging.
371. The International Court of Justice has also taken a clear stand in resp
Nicaragua, the Court held:
“Article XXI defines the instances in which the Treaty its
exceptions to the generality of its other provisions, but i
wording which was already to be found in Article XXI
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This provision of GATT
exceptions to the normal implementation of the General Agre
108
372. As explained above, in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros case the International Court of
, notes the strict
onal law and that “the State concerned
is not the sole judge of whether those conditions have been met.”192
373. In light of this discussion, the Tribunal concludes first that the clause of Article XI of
of what a State
res it considers
gitimacy of such
measures is challenged before an international tribunal, it is not for the State in question but
for the international jurisdiction to determine whether the plea of necessity may exclude
ess. It must also be noted that clauses dealing with investments and commerce do
not would normally
374. The Tribunal must conclude next that this judicial review is not limited to an
n of whether the plea has been invoked or the measures have been taken in good
fait of necessity or
and the treaty
provisions and whether it thus is or is not able to preclude wrongfulness.
375. The Tribunal must still consider the question of the meaning and extent of Treaty
Article IV(3) in light of the discussion noted above. The plain meaning of the Article is to
provide a floor treatment for the investor in the context of the measures adopted in respect of
the losses suffered in the emergency, not different from that applied to nationals or other
foreign investors. The Article does not derogate from the Treaty rights but rather ensures
Justice, referring to the work and views of the International Law Commission
and cumulative conditions of necessity under internati
the Treaty is not a self-judging clause. Quite evidently, in the context
believes to be an emergency, it will most certainly adopt the measu
appropriate without requesting the views of any court.193
However, if the le
wrongfuln
generally affect security as much as military events do and, therefore,
fall outside the scope of such dramatic events.
examinatio
h. It is a substantive review that must examine whether the state
emergency meets the conditions laid down by customary international law
109
that any measures directed at offsetting or minimizing losses will be applied in a nontory
manner.
that the measures adopted by the
Respondent have not adversely discriminated against the Claimant.
by the Claimant
to that of Article
case. Thus, had
other Article XI type clauses envisioned in those treaties a treatment more favorable to the
investor, the argument about the operation of the MFNC might have been made. However,
bsence of such provision in other treaties does not lend support to this argument,
wh y argued by the
378. The Tribunal must finally conclude in this section that the umbrella clauses invoked
by the Claimant do not add anything different to the overall Treaty obligations which the
Res
35. Temporary Nature of Necessity
379. The Tribunal is also mindful that Article 27 of the Articles on State Responsibility
provides that the invocation of a circumstance precluding wrongfulness is without prejudice
to “(a) compliance with the obligation in question, if and to the extent that the circumstance
precluding wrongfulness no longer exists.”
discrimina
376. As noted above, the Tribunal is satisfied
377. Although the MFNC contained in the Treaty has also been invoked
because other treaties done by Argentina do not contain a provision similar
XI, the Tribunal is not convinced that the clause has any role to play in this
the mere a
ich would in any event fail under the ejusdem generis rule, as rightl
Respondent.
pondent must meet if the plea of necessity fails.
110
380. The temporary nature of necessity is thus expressly recognized and finds support in
ion the Rainbow
ational Court of
so n “as the state of necessity ceases to exist, the duty to comply with
treaty obligations revives.”195
s statements did
over a period of
es Lenicov and
Doctor Folgar, who explained how the crisis was subsiding by the end of 2002.196
This was
also the view of the Argentine Supreme Court and the Procurador General noted above. It
382. Even if the plea of necessity were accepted, compliance with the obligation would
reemerge as soon as the circumstance precluding wrongfulness no longer existed, which is
the case at present.
383. Article 27 also expressly provides that any circumstance precluding wrongfulness is
without prejudice to “(b) the question of compensation for any material loss caused by the
act in question”. Again this conclusion finds support in the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros case,
where the Court noted that “Hungary expressly acknowledged that, in any event, such a state
of necessity would not exempt it from its duty to compensate its partner.”197
the decisions of courts and tribunals. The Commentary cites in this connect
Warrior194
and Gabcikovo-Nagymaros cases. In this last case the Intern
Justice held that as o
381. This does not appear to be contested by the parties as various witnes
in fact clearly establish that the crisis had been evolving toward normalcy
time. The Claimant invokes to this effect the statements of Ambassador Rem
may be observed that this positive trend continued to evolve thereafter.
36. Necessity and Compensation
111
384. This criterion was also the basis for the decisions in earlier cases, such as the
198
ian Minorities in
200
In these cases
t of damages appears to have been broader than that of material loss in Article 27.
385. The Respondent has argued in this connection that the Compagnie Générale de
, and is therefore
Marketing, Inc.
n ries caused as a result of social and
economic forces beyond the power of the State to control through due diligence are “not
attributable to the state for purposes of its responding for damages.”201
does not exempt
d suspension of
benefits, and Argentina is still therefore obliged to provide compensation for the permanent
losses [...]”.202
It recalls that the Treaty shows a difference between clauses that (a) “do not
y to deny treaty
respectively.
387. Because the Argentine crisis, as explained above, gradually subsided, the Claimant
asserts that “[e]ven assuming that at the beginning of 2002 Argentina was experiencing an
emergency of the sort covered by Article XI, Argentina has not demonstrated that the crisis
persists today. Argentina’s measures promise to remain in effect indefinitely, and [...the
Respondent] must therefore compensate CMS for the harm it has suffered, regardless of the
applicability of Article XI.”203
Compagnie Générale de l’Orinocco case and the Properties of the Bulgar
Greece case199
invoked by the Claimant, or the Orr & Laubenheimer case.
the concep
l’Orinocco dealt with a totally different set of issues, all involving illicit acts
not relevant to the present case. The Respondent further invokes the Gould
case, where the Iran-United States Tribunal held that i ju
386. The Claimant, however, contends that “[i]n any event, Article XI
Argentina from liability,” since it “provides only a temporary and limite
preclude or do not impede certain measures”, (b) “permit a Party clearl
benefits”, or (c) “permit treaty termination”—Articles XI, I (2) and XIV (2),
112
388. The Claimant’s reasoning in this respect is supported by Article 27 and the decisions
lity of domestic
of an act, but it
to be sacrificed.
Still more stringent are the requirements of emergency under Argentine case law as
discussed above.
if the measures
in Article XI of
the Treaty, and that the norm which prescribes that the Parties shall avoid uneven
treatment of investors does not otherwise establish a duty to compensate even if the investor
205
opriate rule of
international law on this issue. The Respondent’s argument is tantamount to the assertion
that a Party to this kind of treaty, or its subjects, are supposed to bear entirely the cost of the
the meaning of
391. The Tribunal’s conclusion is further reaffirmed by the record. At the hearing the
Tribunal put the question whether there are any circumstances in which an investor would be
entitled to compensation in spite of the eventual application of Article XI and the plea of
necessity.206
392. The answer to this question by the Respondent’s expert clarifies the issue from the
point of view of both its temporary nature and the duty to provide compensation: while it is
noted above, as well as by the principle acknowledged even in the genera
legal systems: the plea of state of necessity may preclude the wrongfulness
does not exclude the duty to compensate the owner of the right which had
389. The Respondent contends to the contrary that no compensation is due
in question were undertaken in a state of necessity, under the rule contained
204
had been submitted to unfair or unequal treatment.
390. The Tribunal is satisfied that Article 27 establishes the appr
plea of the essential interests of the other Party. This is, however, not
international law or the principles governing most domestic legal systems.
113
difficult to reach a determination as long as the crisis is unfolding, it is possible to envisage a
rnment for the
luding that any
to compensation is strictly temporary, and that this right is not
extinguished by the crisis events.207
ordeaux case, the International Law
Commission’s Commentary to Article 27 suggests that the States concerned should agree on
the
394. It is quite evident then that in the absence of agreement between the parties the duty
unal in these circumstances is to determine the compensation due. This the
Tribunal will do next.
E. Remedies
the Respondent
without prompt, adequate and effective compensation and that the
situation in which the investor would have a claim against the gove
compliance with its obligations once the crisis was over; thereby conc
suspension of the right
393. The Tribunal also notes that, as in the Gaz de B
possibility and extent of compensation payable in a given case.208
of the Trib
37. The Parties’ Submissions
395. The Claimant has argued that its investment has been expropriated by
Respondent has also
violated the standards of treatment set out in Article II of the Treaty. The Claimant requests
the Tribunal to grant full compensation for these breaches in terms of recovering the fair
market value of the investment calculated immediately before the date of expropriation, with
interest paid at the rate of six-month certificates of deposit in the United States, compounded
semi-annually. The Claimant also undertakes to relinquish title to its shares to the
Government of Argentina upon payment of compensation.
114
396. To this end, the Claimant asserts that the fair market value is the price of an asset in a
oing concern” is
F) is favored, in
ration. It is also
asserted that the relevant date of valuation in this case is August 17, 2000. Relying on the
Report prepared by its expert, the Claimant submits that the fair market value at that date is
261.1 million in the event that the Government of Argentina decides to take title to
res in TGN, or US$ 243.6 million in the event that title to the share remains with
CMS.209
397. The Respondent objects to the dates and estimates used by the Claimant because it has
chosen the worst moments of the crisis to undertake the downside valuation and has not taken
The Respondent
ed and that the
come and costs
denominated in US dollars will not change. The Respondent also argues that the rate of
exchange used between Argentine pesos and U.S. dollars in the valuation process is too high.
bt restructuring,
398. The Respondent also asserts that the DCF method is not appropriate and that it has
resulted in gross overvaluation of the shares. In the Respondent’s view, the discount rate
used in the pesification scenario is also grossly exaggerated. The Respondent argues that a
more accurate method is the stock exchange valuation of shares of similarly situated
companies. It also asserts that what CMS paid for its shares in 1995 and 1999 was overvalued
hypothetical market, which in the case of an income-producing asset or “g
also the measure of future prospects. The discounted cash flow method (DC
the Claimant’s view, in both international finance and international arbit
US$
CMS’ sha
into account the sharp decline of all the economic indicators for that period.
objects in particular to the assumption that no renegotiation will succe
emergency will continue until 2037, as well as to the assumption that in
Other issues raised by the Respondent have been examined above, such as de
export tariffs and the duration of the license.
115
by 50% and 26.53% respectively at the date of valuation chosen.210
As noted above, the
Respondent has not submitted its own valuation.
38. The Standards of Reparation under International Law
399. It is broadly accepted in international law that there are three main standards of
for injury: restitution, compensation and satisfaction.211
As this is not a case of
rep
400. Restitution is the standard used to reestablish the situation which existed before the
wrongful act was committed,212
provided this is not materially impossible and does not result
in a burd anent Court of
Internatio
corresponding
to the value which a restitution in kind would bear; the award, if need be, of
damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind
should serve to
to international
401. Compensation is designed to cover any “financially assessable damage including loss
of profits insofar as it is established.”214
Quite naturally compensation is only called for
when the damage is not made good by restitution.215
The decision in Lusitania, another
landmark case, held that “the fundamental concept of ‘damages’ is…reparation for a loss
suffered; a judicially ascertained compensation for wrong. The remedy should be
commensurate with the loss, so that the injured party may be made whole.”216
reparation
aration due to an injured State, satisfaction can be ruled out at the outset.
en out of proportion as compared to compensation. The Perm
nal Justice concluded in the landmark Chorzow Factory case that
“restitution in kind, or, if this is not possible, payment of a sum
or payment in place of it—such are the principles which
determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary
law.”213
116
402. The loss suffered by the claimant is the general standard commonly used in
e, loss of profits
the parties have
stances, various
methods have been used by tribunals to determine the compensation which should be paid but
the general concept upon which commercial valuation of assets is based is that of “fair
market v which reads as
follows:
property would
change hands between a hypothetical willing and able buyer and a
hypothetical willing and able seller, acting at arms length in an open and
or sell and when
403. In the case of a business asset which is quoted on a public market, that process can be
a fairly easy one, since the price of the shares is determined under conditions meeting the
in question are
lish fair market
. (1) The “asset
value” or the “replacement cost” approach which evaluates the assets on the basis of their
“break-up” or their replacement cost; (2) the “comparable transaction” approach which
reviews comparable transactions in similar circumstances; (3) the “option” approach which
studies the alternative uses which could be made of the assets in question, and their costs and
benefits; (4) the “discounted cash flow” (“DCF”) approach under which the valuation of the
assets is arrived at by determining the present value of future predicted cash flows,
international law in respect of injury to property, including often capital valu
and expenses.217
The methods to provide compensation, a number of which
discussed, are not unknown in international law. Depending on the circum
alue.” That concept has an internationally recognized definition
“the price, expressed in terms of cash equivalents, at which
unrestricted market, when neither is under compulsion to buy
both have reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts.”218
above mentioned definition. However, it happens frequently that the assets
not publicly traded and it is then necessary to find other methods to estab
value. Four ways have generally been relied upon to arrive at such value
117
discounted at a rate which reflects various categories of risk and uncertainty.219
The Tribunal
ine later which method it has chosen and why.
tives, provided it
is strictly related to reparation and not used as a tool to award punitive damages or to achieve
other ends.220
405. The Tribunal will now consider these various options in the light of the present
dispute.
39. Restitution by Means of Negotiation
arty whole as it
ct. In a situation
such as that characterizing this dispute and the complex issues associated with the crisis in
Argentina, it would be utterly unrealistic for the Tribunal to order the Respondent to turn
bac ere adopted, nor
this Award, the
eparation.
407. Just as an acceptable rebalancing of the contracts has been achieved by means of
negotiation between the interested parties in other sectors of the Argentine economy, the
parties are free to further pursue the possibility of reaching an agreement in the context of this
dispute. As long as the parties were to agree to new terms governing their relations, this
would be considered as a form of restitution as both sides to the equation would have
will determ
404. Decisions concerning interest also cover a broad spectrum of alterna
406. Restitution is by far the most reliable choice to make the injured p
aims at the reestablishment of the situation existing prior to the wrongful a
k to the regulatory framework existing before the emergency measures w
has this been requested. However, as the Tribunal has repeatedly stated in
crisis cannot be ignored and it has specific consequences on the question of r
118
accepted that a rebalancing had been achieved. This was in fact the first major step for the
settlement of the dispute in the Gaz de Bordeaux case.
40. Compensation
408. The Tribunal, however, cannot leave matters pending until an agreed settlement is
r strictly in the hands of the parties and its outcome is uncertain. In the
absence of such agreed form of restitution, the Tribunal must accordingly determine the
amo o
41. The Applicable Standard
of compensation
ldman v. Mexico
case, the Tribunal is faced with a situation where, absent expropriation under Article IV,
the Treaty offers no guidance as to the appropriate measure of damages or compensation
relating to fair and equitable treatment and other breaches of the standards laid down in
Art aties and other
retion to identify
the standard best attending to the nature of the breaches found.
410. Unlike the circumstances in the Feldman case, however, the Tribunal is persuaded
that the cumulative nature of the breaches discussed here is best dealt with by resorting to the
standard of fair market value. While this standard figures prominently in respect of
expropriation, it is not excluded that it might also be appropriate for breaches different from
expropriation if their effect results in important long-term losses. Moreover, precisely
reached; this is a matte
unt f compensation due.
409. A first question the Tribunal needs to address is that of the standard
applicable in the circumstances of this dispute. As was the situation in the Fe
221
icle II. This is a problem common to most bilateral investment tre
agreements such as NAFTA. The Tribunal must accordingly exercise its disc
119
because this is not a case of expropriation, the Claimant has offered to transfer its shares in
TGN to the Argentine Republic, and the Tribunal will address this question in due course.
42. The Valuation Method to be Used
411. The Tribunal has concluded that the discounted cash flow method it the one that
sho
xchange or any
other public market. The Respondent has argued that, in order to estimate the value of TGN,
reference should have been made to TGS, another natural gas transporter, and three other
e. However, as
entina is not the
oreover, as noted also by Mr. Bello,
there were significant differences between TGN and those companies regarding asset levels,
business segments, financing policy, and other issues. In the circumstances, the Tribunal has
413 t circumstances.
CMS is a minority shareholder in TGN which is an ongoing company with a record showing
profits.
414. As to the comparable transaction approach, the Tribunal has not been provided with
any significant evidence of such transactions and it would be a most speculative enterprise to
try and determine the compensation due to CMS on that basis.
uld be retained in the present instance.
412. First of all, the shares of TGN are not publicly traded on a stock e
natural gas distributors which were listed on the Argentine stock exchang
noted by Mr. Bello, “(…) market capitalization in illiquid markets as Arg
most adequate method to value companies (…)”.222
M
come to the conclusion that this approach would not be appropriate.
. As to the asset value approach, it would be inappropriate in the presen
120
415. As to the option valuation method, it does not appear to be of any help in this case.
fficult to imagine what uses or options
there could be for gas transmission lines other than to transport gas.
416. This leaves the Tribunal with the DCF method and it has no hesitation in endorsing it
as the one which is the most appropriate in this case. TGN was and is a going concern; DCF
tribunals, as an
priate method for valuing business assets; as a matter of fact, it was used by ENARGAS
in its 1996/7 tariff review. Finally, there is adequate data to make a rational DCF valuation
of TGN.
lso notes that in spite of the disagreement between the parties as to the
appropriate application of the valuation method, experts from both sides have shared the view
that F in this case for determining losses that extend through a
prolonged period of time.223
43. The Valuation of Damages
In this task, the
Tribunal was greatly helped by the submissions and the testimonies of the experts produced
by the Parties in this case. As will be seen below, the Tribunal however is of the view that
certain assumptions and arguments of those experts require some adjustments. In its study of
those submissions and testimonies, the Tribunal was ably assisted by its own experts,
Professors Jacques Fortin and Alix Mandron of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales
de Montreal. The Parties were informed of their appointment and given an opportunity to
TGN is a gas transportation company and it is very di
techniques have been universally adopted, including by numerous arbitral
appro
417. The Tribunal a
DC was the proper method
418. This leaves the Tribunal with the assessment of the damages claimed.
121
comment on their analysis of the parties’ expert submissions. Those comments were the
by the Tribunal. The Tribunal wishes to express its gratitude to all
the experts for their contribution.
419. In arriving at its own estimates of the value loss suffered by the Claimant, the
Tribunal will discuss a number of points mentioned in the experts’ reports which it questions.
a case involving
der to arrive at a
ould have been
like had TGN’s license and regulatory environment remained unchanged but also to foresee
what the future holds for TGN under the new (and not completely known) regulatory
e uncertainty surrounding Argentina’s future economic health, the exchange
rate with the US dollar, the evolution of production costs, required future investments for the
ma ctors to
be taken into account.
ch estimates need not be arbitrary or analogous to a shot in the
dark; with the appropriate methodology and the use of reasonable alternative sets of
hypotheses, it is possible to arrive at figures which represent a range of values which can be
rationally justified, even though there is general agreement that their accurateness can only be
fully assessed some 22 years later.
subject of careful review
The word “estimates” is quite appropriate in trying to establish value loss in
a license valid until 2027. This task is all the more challenging in that, in or
value loss, it is necessary to evaluate not only what the years 2000 to 2027 w
environment. Th
intenance of the pipeline system’s efficiency and security are only some of the fa
420. This being said, su
122
44. Methodology Used
st
ne before the Tribunal is the discounted cash flow
methodology and the Tribunal shares that conclusion.
expert to have
so, he used the
of an unchanged
regulatory environment. From this basis, he produced two scenarios, one for the “no
regulatory change” context (or “without pesification,” as the Tribunal will describe it) and the
the “new regulatory context” (or “with pesification”). The use of a company’s
inte ble as a starting
423. However, the Tribunal will wish to revisit some the more crucial assumptions
contained in those scenarios, some of which were questioned in Mr. Bello’s report. But
before doing so, the Tribunal will address a preliminary issue raised by Mr. Bello concerning
the capital structure of TGN and the opportunity for debt renegotiation.
45. Optimal Capital Structure and Debt Renegotiation
424. Mr. Bello has argued, both in his report and in his oral testimony, that an excessive
level of debt was partly responsible for the precipitous drop in TGN’s value, that TGN would
not have defaulted on its obligations had it been less indebted and, finally, that the probable
421. As already stated, all the experts consulted on this matter agree that the be
methodology to be used in a case like the o
422. As far as the parties are concerned, Mr. Wood-Collins is the only
estimated the value loss suffered by CMS on its TGN’s shares. In doing
forecasted figures prepared by TGN for internal use in 2000, in the context
other for
rnal forecast prepared in the normal course of business is quite accepta
point in the valuation of a company. The Tribunal sees no reason to reject it.
123
terms of an agreement with the lenders should be considered to compute the true value of
CMS’s share in TGN.
the degree of
indebtedness affected the size of the equity value loss; and (2) whether the issue of
renegotiation needs to be considered in order to assess the equity value loss. The answer of
the
ad maintained a
much lower debt ratio than the 50.3% it had in 2000, its shares would have lost the same
value because of Argentina’s decision (in absolute terms, not in relative terms), except under
es, in extremely
igher, with a highly leveraged
capital structure. It can easily be demonstrated that, in that case, the shareholders of such a
company may suffer smaller absolute losses in adverse times (compared with the
shareholders of a less leveraged company), because of their limited liability.
m at hand is not the percentage loss but the absolute value loss
suffered by the Claimant as a shareholder, the issue of TGN’s “excessive” leverage does not
need to be considered. There is no firm ground to believe that the absolute change in value of
those shares would have been smaller had TGN opted for less debt in its capital structure
before 2000, quite the contrary.
428. Moreover, the evidence put before the Tribunal does not indicate that TGN’s
debt/equity ratio was significantly different from the one commonly found in pipeline
companies; the Tribunal sees no reason why it should be questioning the TGN decisions
425. Mr. Bello’s argument raises two questions: (1) whether or not
Tribunal to those two questions is in the negative.
426. As to the first question, the Tribunal believes that, even if TGN h
extremely adverse circumstances. In fact, contrary to what Mr. Bello assum
adverse situations, the absolute value loss is smaller, not h
427. Since the proble
124
taken in this regard in the normal course of business. For the purpose of its analysis, the
Tribunal will endorse the 50% debt/equity ratio adopted by Mr. Wood-Collins in his scenario.
iew that it can be
ignored in the present case because, whichever way one looks at the future, shareholders will
bear the consequences of the current default, except in the most improbable circumstances
Tribunal cannot
trary, in the real
e expense of the
shareholders. Moreover, since the Claimant has offered to transfer its shares in TGN to the
Respondent, upon payment of compensation, the Respondent would stand to benefit after the
transfer of shares if, as argued by the Respondent, a favorable renegotiation were eventually
to be concluded.
s securities on a
fore interest and
l (the “WACC”)
and add the discounted cash flows to the firm to establish its value; then, the value of debt is
subtracted and the residual value is the value of equity (“the indirect equity value”).
Alternatively, one can compute first the cash flows to equity (cash flows from operations,
minus interest and debt repayments), discount them at the cost of equity (“COE”) and add the
discounted cash flows to equity to establish the value of equity (“the direct equity value”);
then, one adds the value of debt to establish the value of the firm. The Tribunal has been
429. As to the question of debt renegotiation, the Tribunal is also of the v
where the creditors would renounce repayments that had come due. The
envisage such gross inefficiency or irrationality in the market. On the con
world, creditors would require to be paid first, one way or the other, at th
46. Computing the Value of Equity
430. There are two recognized ways of computing the value of a firm and it
DCF basis. One can start computations with the cash flows to the firm be
debt repayments, discount such flows at the weighted average cost of capita
125
advised that, by and large, analysts have tended to favor the first method. This is the
a circular way.
e then adds them
C”); the sum of
these discounted cash flows represents the value of the firm, from which the value of the debt
is subtracted to arrive at the present value of equity. In fact, Mr. Wood-Collins goes from
equ
the view of its own
experts that having computed the cash flows to equity, Mr. Wood-Collins needed then only to
discount them at the cost of equity (“COE”) to obtain the present value of TGN’s equity.
purely academic
under the second
one, because the WACC implicitly assumes that shareholders and creditors will receive a
proportional share (according to the weights included in the WACC) of the firm’s cash flows.
Such appears to be the case when cash flows to the firm are larger than, or equal to what the
cre Wood-Collins in
where the Tribunal has calculated, on the basis of Mr. Wood-Collins’ hypotheses, a
net difference of some USD$40 million between the two methods.
433. In making its own calculations, the Tribunal will use the second method (the direct
equity value).
approach taken by Mr. Wood-Collins but he appears to have applied it in
Having computed the cash flows to equity and the cash flows to creditors, h
up and discounts them at the weighted average cost of capital (the “WAC
ity to debt to the firm and then back to equity.
431. The Tribunal does not see the need for this detour and shares
432. The distinction between the two methods of computing value is not a
matter. In general, under the first method, the computed value is larger than
ditors are due and such was the result of the calculations made by Mr.
this case,
126
47. The Tribunal’s Evaluation of Damages
by the Claimant
remains a valid one. However, as will be seen, the Tribunal will apply a number of changes
to his assumptions.
ing the figures
f its experts, has
built its own model; it then tested its model by applying the same hypotheses as the ones
embedded in Mr. Wood-Collins’ forecasts of equity cash flows. The Tribunal obtained
ess d he applied the
436. From that model, the Tribunal tested a number of scenarios by changing different
variables; the Tribunal focused on the most important determinants of value (as well as the
s of variables to
rate results were
ke a reduction of the discount rate under the “with pesification” scenario,
produced a rather small decrease in value loss, if Mr. Wood-Collins’ revenue forecast were
maintained at the pessimistic level he has selected. However, as soon as modest rates of sales
growth and an upward tariff revision every five years were assumed, the value loss was
significantly decreased.
434. Notwithstanding the reservations expressed above, the Tribunal is of the view that the
general approach of Mr. Wood-Collins to the evaluation of damages suffered
435. Since the Tribunal was not provided with the algorithms sustain
contained in the TGN forecast prepared in 2000, the Tribunal, with the help o
entially the same results as Mr. Wood-Collins would have obtained, ha
direct equity valuation method to his own data.
main sources of uncertainty). Not surprisingly, depending on the choice
which changes were made and the size of such changes, significantly dispa
reached. Some, li
127
437. However, all other things being equal, assumptions about ENARGAS’ tariff decisions
nd operations and maintenance costs under the “no
pesification” case have an even larger impact.
438. Under the “no pesification” case, the crucial factors would have been ENARGAS’
decisions about tariff revisions and investments. Under that scenario, the question is: “Would
ithin reasonable
ould ENARGAS raise
tariffs to provide shareholders with a positive return?” To a large extent, the estimate of
valu ss .
48. The Modifications to Mr. Wood-Collins’ Assumptions
i) The Duration of the Contract
439. For the reasons previously mentioned, the Tribunal has eliminated the ten year
pot 2037. In the Tribunal’s calculations, the License expires
in 2 by some US$ 10
ii) The Reference Years for Valuation
440. Mr. Wood-Collins computes the changes in share value between August 2000 and
May 2002 (in his first report) and December 2003 (in his second report). The Tribunal has
concluded that, it would be more logical and mathematically correct to assess the value lost
by shares as of a single date. Moreover, as a consequence of this decision, the large
discrepancy noted between the TGN and Wood-Collins forecasted (US$ 73 million) and the
and about additional investments a
ENARGAS have lowered tariffs to keep the rate of return on equity w
bounds?” In contrast, in the “pesification” case, the question is: “W
e lo depends on the answer to these two questions
ential extension of the License to
027. Under the Tribunal’s assumptions, this decision leads to a reduction
million of the value loss suffered by CMS.
128
actual (US$ 36 million) capital expenditures for 2001 (a proportional discrepancy for 2002,
as the reference
nd “justify” the
the “theoretical”
investments is compensated by the boost caused by a long series of “theoretical” (boosted)
revenues.
ied upon for the
, 2000, the day
before the Argentine court action referred to above was taken. In order to arrive at the value
at that date under the pesification scenario, the Tribunal has used Mr. Wood-Collins’ forecast
for 2000-2002 under the without pesification scenario and subtracted the amount resulting
from as it appears in the relevant TGN Annual Reports &
Acc
iii) The Demand for Gas and Revenues
sed the issue of
ollins.
443. Under the no pesification scenario, Mr. Wood-Collins assumes that the major
economic crisis suffered by Argentina would have had no negative impact on the demand for
gas transported by TGN and that there would be a 2.5% yearly increase until 2007 (a
combination of increased volume, until the pipeline is fully utilized, and indexation to PPI)
and then a regular 1.5% increase in prices (PPI adjustment) every year until the end of the
license.
2003 and 2004 would be likely) becomes a non-issue; in using August 2000
point, all the investments budgeted are assumed to have taken place a
revenues forecast for all the years up to 2027. The negative drag crated by
441. The Tribunal has concluded, in this regard, that the date to be rel
computation of values (with and without pesification) will be August 17
the non-indexation under PPI,
ounts, non-indexation being the sole factor at play during that period.
442. In discussing the demand for gas, the Tribunal has only addres
domestic sales. The export sales have been kept as forecasted by Mr. Wood-C
129
444. The Tribunal believes it would be inappropriate to assume that the demand for gas
economic crisis.
or-pay basis, its
into account the
magnitude of the crisis faced by Argentina, it would be highly unrealistic to assume that some
adjustments to those ship-or-pay contracts would not have been made between the parties
sult would have
ripled, with the
dy, in its 2001
Annual Report & Accounts, TGN mentions that “The year 2001 was strongly influenced by
Argentina’s economic crisis which drove the company’s production decrease and the
a stagnation of
.5% respectively
ting only 22% of
the gas transported by TGN, the overall decline in domestic demand would have been
around
would have remained stable, had the tariffs been set in US dollars despite the
CMS has argued that since at least some of its contracts were on shiprevenues
would not have been affected by a reduction in demand; but, taking
concerned. In any event, if such adjustments had not been made, the net re
meant that the peso price of transportation would have more than t
consequential impact on the final consumer’s bills and use of gas. Alrea
postponement of investment in different industry sectors which resulted in
consumption. Industrial and residential consumption decreased by 5% and 1
as compared with the prior year.” (p.32). Residential consumption represen
224
4%. This was for 2001, the year during which the Argentine GDP declined by
4.4 225
etween 2000 and
f an increase in
445. It is difficult to believe that, with a tripling of the gas transportation costs under the no
pesification scenario, there would not have been a further reduction in demand and/or a
significant rise in delinquent accounts, with its consequent impact upon TGN’s cash flows.
To figure a more precise impact of such a situation upon the volume of gas transported by
TGN, and on its revenues, studies of the Argentine elasticity of demand with respect to gas
prices would be needed. No such study has been produced.
% and while the application of the PPI was suspended. It is true that, b
2001, the sales revenues remained stable but this was probably the result o
export revenues. The GDP declined a further 10.9% in 2002.
130
revenues would
ould reflect the
2002 (-10.9%),
somewhat mitigated by the maintenance of the non-pesification of export revenues which
continued in addition to be adjusted to the PPI. On the other hand, in 2003 and 2004, the
226
ld be normal that
idential demand
apacity of some
19% (6% original surplus capacity existing in 2001 plus 13% additional capacity created by
the reduced demand between 2002 – 2004). The Tribunal is of the view that a gradual
l capacity would
ed an increase in
05, 6% in each of 2006, 2007and 2008, 4.5% in 2009, 3.5% in 2010 and 3%
in 2011. This would allow for the full recuperation of the excess capacity in the gas
transportation system of TGN. Thereafter, the sales would only increase by 1.5% each year
revenues until 2027. The Tribunal does not find this assumption realistic. While the price for
gas would probably not have been adjusted during the crisis and the first few years following
it, it is reasonable to assume that, with pesification, there would have been a gradual
absorption of most of the surplus capacity in TGN’s pipeline system. The Tribunal has
therefore provided for a 1% yearly increase in sales revenues between 2003 and 2008
inclusive. Then, it is also fair to assume that, taking into account the rate of inflation in
Argentina, ENARGAS would have allowed some adjustment to the tariff. The Tribunal
446. The Tribunal has concluded that it is reasonable to assume that sales
have decreased by 5% in each of 2002 and 2003 and by 1% in 2004. This w
delayed impact of the decline of the Argentine GDP in 2001(-4.4%) and
Argentine GDP rose significantly, by 8.8% and 7.8% respectively. It wou
that turnaround would manifest itself in an increase in the industrial and res
for gas. Moreover, there would have been, by the end of 2004, an excess c
increase in demand over the following years would have taken place until ful
have been achieved in TGN’s pipelines. The Tribunal has therefore forecast
sales of 3% in 20
under the PPI formula.
447. Then, under the pesification regime, Mr. Wood-Collins has assumed 0% increase in
131
notes that, although Argentina has known a decline to 4.4% of its rate of inflation in 2004, it
227
hile it is to be hoped that the declining
trend will continue, there is obviously no guarantee to that effect.
448. In this regard, the Tribunal has introduced in its scenario, from 2008, a very moderate
yearly increase of 1.5% in the tariff.
o exchange rate
to the US dollar of 3.59. This was indeed the rate prevalent at the time he did his first
valuation in 2002, but there has been since then an appreciable improvement in the peso rate.
moved between 2.90 and 2.97. In these circumstances, the Tribunal
has concluded that it would be appropriate to fix an exchange rate of 2.97 as fairly
rep alue of the peso could be expected to be in a stabilizing or a
rea
450 Under the pesification scenario, Mr. Wood-Collins has assumed an equity discount
rate of 45.04% when valuing from May 2002 to the end of 2037 and of 41.05% when valuing
from January 1, 2004 to the end of 2037. Under the no pesification scenario, a discount rate
of 13.45% was used. The Tribunal finds the first rate excessive and the second too low.
451. Under the first scenario, Mr. Wood-Collins bases his figures on the cost of defaulted
securities in May 2002 and in December 2003. Because of that default, their value was low
compared with their nominal value, yielding therefore a very high rate of discount. But
had rates of 25.9% in 2002 and 13.4% in 2003. W
iv) The Exchange Rate
449. Under the pesification scenario, Mr. Wood-Collins has assumed a pes
For the last year, it has
resentative of what the v
sonably stable environment.
v) The Equity Discount Rate
.
132
proceeding this way is implicitly assuming that TGN will, until 2027, repeatedly live through
that measure is
ating into much
negative impact
upon cash flow, current and future, but some kind of normalcy should rule in the future.
Already, there are encouraging signs in that regard in the Argentine economy.
452 Under the circumstances, the Tribunal has concluded that an equity discount rate of
18%
453. Under the second scenario, the Tribunal estimates that the proposed discount rate of
ate of 5.94%, a
country-risk premium of 5.21% based on the country-risk premium of TGN’s debt over the
US Treasury rate and a 2.296% equity risk premium (market equity risk premium of 5.6%
llins has in fact
on TGN’s debt.
olders, it is well
recognized that shareholders bear a significantly larger risk, because their claims are residual.
Mr. Wood-Collins argues that ENARGAS in its 1997 tariff review had settled on a cost of
equity very close to the one computed by him. It is quite understandable that, in setting the
equity country risk, a State regulatory agency would adopt a conservative approach; first of
all, such an agency would wish to project a positive image of that country as a foreign
investment venue and, secondly, the higher the cost of equity it would set, the higher the
tariff would be. The Tribunal also notes that the equity rate of return adopted by ENARGAS
shocks of the same magnitude as the pesification shock. The impact of
already impounded in the cash flows being valued, pesified tariffs transl
lower dollar cash flows. That negative event has taken place and has had its
.
would be a reasonable assumption under the pesification scenario.
13.45% should be increased to 14.5%.
454. To arrive at the first figure, Mr. Wood-Collins used a “risk-free” r
multiplied by TGN’s beta factor of 0.41). It appears that Mr. Wood-Co
equated the country risk premium on equity and the country risk premium
While it is true that the risk borne by shareholders is also borne by debth
133
in the 1996-1997 tariff review was 16%228
and that, for the 2002 review which was never
com leted, a rate of 15% was envisaged by ENARGAS.229
evidence on the
economic and political performance of Argentina and the above facts, the cost of the equity
investment made by the Claimant should be increased from 13.45% to 14.5%.
rage yearly rate
of revenue increase of 2.5% up to 2007 and of 1.5% thereafter. However, this leads to very
high rates of return gradually increasing from about 20% in 2012 to close to 100% in 2027.
r lower rates of
rtain amount of
ive that it could
have tolerated the kind of escalation described above, without making downward adjustments
to the tariff on the occasion of its Five Year Reviews starting in 2013. Therefore, the
Tri ach of the tariff
ity which amply
457. Under the pesification scenario, Mr. Wood-Collins assumes that there will be no
increase in tariffs for the whole duration of the License. The Tribunal considers this
hypothesis unrealistic. It has received evidence that Argentina has already offered to TGN a
7% tariff increase, albeit accompanied by some conditions that have been turned down by
TGN. With the disappearance of the US PPI adjustment, it would be strange to say the least
p
455. The Tribunal is of the view that, taking into account the historical
vi) The Tariff Adjustments
456. Under the no pesification scenario, Mr. Wood-Collins assumes an ave
The Claimant argues that those rates of return would allow a catch-up fo
return in earlier years. While the Tribunal is willing to concede that a ce
recuperation might have been allowed by ENARGAS, it is difficult to conce
bunal has decided to introduce a 5% decrease in tariffs at the time of e
reviews in 2013, 2018 and 2023. This still leaves growth in the return on equ
covers the catch-up mentioned by the Claimant.
134
that TGN would be left in a situation where, as forecasted by Mr. Wood-Collins, its domestic
scenario, TGN’s
f May 22, 2002)
fficult to believe
that TGN would not have been able to convince ENARGAS that this was an unacceptable
situation and that some increase in the tariff was required on the occasion of its Five Year
llocated a yearly
n. The Tribunal
ncludes that, starting in 2008, a 5% increase on the occasion of each Five Year Review
should be assumed, in order to advance the moment when TGN could again be equity
pos
458 In its report, Mr. Wood-Collins projects the following percentages to sales for O&M:
10.20% to the end of 2004, 9.40% to the end of 2014, 8.40% to the end of 2020 and 7% to the
end of 2037. The Tribunal considers those projections too conservative for three reasons.
ieved during the
460. Secondly during a period of steep decline in sales, it would be unrealistic to expect
that there would not be an appreciable increase in the proportion of O&M to sales. There is
significant amount of rigidity in this type of expenditures in a regulated industry where the
maintenance of safety has to be paramount.
sales revenue would remain completely flat for the next 22 years; under that
equity remains negative until 2023 (according to Mr. Wood-Collins’ report o
or until 2019 (according to his March 19, 2004, report). Here again, it is di
Reviews. The Tribunal has already indicated that, in its forecast, it has a
increase of 1.5% in the tariff from 2008 to take account of Argentine inflatio
also co
itive.
vii) Operations and Maintenance Expenditures (“O&M”)
.
459. To begin with, they are significantly below the levels which were ach
years previous to 2002.
135
461. Thirdly, even when growth in sales has returned, the requirements for safety do not
ase and with aging equipment, maintenance expenditures will tend to rise rather than
decline.
462. However, noting the fact that sales are expected to increase over the years after 2005,
the Tribunal is willing to recognize that there would be a certain decline in the percentage of
d by Mr. Woodly,
the Tribunal has adopted the following percentages for O&M in its
scenario: 11.5% to the end of 2004, 11.00% to the end of 2014, 10.00% to the end of 2020
and 8% to the end of 2027.
463 A number of other factors were part of Mr. Wood-Collins scenario and the Tribunal
sees no valid reason to modify those. We refer, in particular, to US$ export sales, tax rate,
depreciation, interest tax rate, target debt ratio and additional capital expenditures.
equested an order that “Argentina compensate CMS in the amount
of $261.1 million in the event that (…) Argentina determines to take CMS’s shares in TGN
or $243.6 million in the event that title to the shares remain remains with CMS,”230
which
attributes a value of US$17.5 million to those shares. This last amount represents the value
of those shares on May 29, 2002.
decre
O&M but it is not ready to endorse as steep a decline as the one envisage
Collins. Consequent
viii) Other Hypotheses
.
ix) Value of the Shares
464. The Claimant has r
136
465. Asking for the value of the shares remitted to the Government of Argentina is a
ready to transfer to the Respondent the title to those
shares, which it has indicated willingness to do.
466. The question remains whether the amount claimed for the value of the shares is the
correct one. On the basis of the scenario relied upon by the Tribunal, as described above, the
he Tribunal has
that value, one
uld otherwise be
doubly compensated. According to the 2001 TGN Annual Report & Accounts (pp. 48 and
51), TGN made two dividend distributions of US$9 million each after that date. On the basis
nt did receive a total of
US$5,295,600. This leaves a net value of US$2,148,100 for CMS’ shares in TGN on August
17, 2000, as equity
holder in TGN should also be deducted from the residual value just mentioned.
467. As the dividends paid were deducted from the shares value, in order to avoid double
counting, the counter point that interest from August 17, 2000 should be paid equally holds
and the Tribunal will so order.
49. Amount of Compensation for Damages and Value of the Shares
468. After the modifications mentioned above, the Tribunal arrives at a DCF loss valuation
of US$133.2 million for the Claimant, on August 17, 2000, representing the compensation
owed in that regard by the Respondent to the Claimant at that date.
legitimate claim, so long as CMS is
value of the shares is significantly lower than the one claimed by CMS. T
arrived at a value of US$7,443,700, on August 17, 2000. In addition, from
has to deduct any dividend received by CMS after August 17, 2000, as it wo
of a 29.42% share ownership in the company, the Claima
2000. Additional amounts, if any, received by CMS since August 17,
137
the Respondent
e additional sum
eceived by CMS
as dividends, which would have been received by it in its capacity of shareholder should be
deducted from the price to be paid by Argentina, when it exercises its right to buy those
would be appropriate to
leave that option open-ended; it therefore rules that the Government of Argentina will have a
tim it of one year from the date of this Award to purchase CMS’ shares in TGN.
50. Interest
470 The Claimant has requested that the interest should be set at the average rate
applicable to U.S. six-month certificates of deposit, compounded semi-annually starting on
August 18, 2000.
ore appropriate
extending from
August 18, 2000, to 60 days after the date of this decion or the date of effective payment if
before. For this period the interest rate shall be 2.51% which corresponds to the annualized
average rate for the U.S. Treasury Bills as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of St.
Louis.231
Thereafter, the interest shall be the arithmetic average of the six-month U.S.
Treasury Bills’ rates observed on the afore-mentioned date and every six months thereafter,
compounded semi-annually. That amount shall be calculated from the same source as the
469. Moreover, the Tribunal concludes that the Claimant must transfer to
the ownership of its shares in TGN, upon payment by the Respondent of th
of US$2,148,100. Additional amounts, if any, to the US$5,295,600 already r
shares. On the other hand, the Tribunal does not consider that it
e lim
.
471. The Tribunal is of the opinion that the U.S. Treasury Bills rate is m
under the circumstances and that the interest should be simple for the period
138
one mentioned above. Interest shall apply to both the value loss suffered by CMS and the
residual value of its shares.
Costs of the Proceedings
472. Each party shall bear the expenses incurred by it in connection with the present
arbitration. The arbitration costs, including the fees of the members of the Tribunal, shall be
borne in equal shares by the parties.
51.
139
NOW THEREFORE THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL
DECIDES AND AWARDS AS FOLLOWS
1. air and equitable
treatment guaranteed in Article II (2) (a) of the Treaty and to observe the obligations
entered into with regard to the investment guaranteed in Article II (2) (c) of the
2. The Respondent shall pay the Claimant compensation in the amount of US$133.2
million.
3. mant shall transfer
to the Respondent the ownership of its shares in TGN upon payment by the
shall have up to
one year after the date this Award is dispatched to the parties to accept such transfer.
4. ized average rate
t 18, 2000 to 60
efore, applicable
to both the value loss suffered by the Claimant and the residual value of its shares
established in 2 and 3 above. However, the interest on the residual value of the shares
shall cease to run upon written notice by Argentina to the Claimant that it will not
exercise its option to buy the Claimant’s shares in TGN. After the date indicated
above, the rate shall be the arithmetic average of the six-month U.S. Treasury Bills
rates observed on the afore-mentioned date and every six months thereafter,
compounded semi-annually.
The Respondent breached its obligations to accord the investor the f
Treaty.
Upon payment of the compensation decided in this Award, the Clai
Respondent of the additional sum of US$2,148,100. The Respondent
The Respondent shall pay the Claimant simple interest at the annual
of 2.51% of the United States Treasury Bills for the period Augus
days after the date of this Award, or the date of effective payment if b
140
5. Each party shall pay one half of the arbitration costs and bear its own legal costs.
6. All other claims are herewith dismissed.
The Arbitral Tribunal
d)(signe
Marc Lalonde, Arbitrator
Date: 15/04/05
(signed)
Francisco Rezek, Arbitrator
Date: 25/04/05
(signed)
Francisco Orrego Vicuña, President
Date: 20/04/05
141
NOTES
1
Treaty between the United States of America and the Argentine Republic Concerning the Reciprocal
20, 1994. Hereafter
ot constituted within 90 days after the notice of
Council shall, at the
fter consulting both parties as far as possible, appoint the arbitrator or arbitrators
r to be the President of the Tribunal.
ision of the Tribunal on Objections to Jurisdiction,
tate.
of 1992 on the Privatization of the Gas Sector (Gas Law).
TGN and other companies.
a Licitación Pública Internacional para la Privatización de Gas del
zation of Gas del Estado, prepared by N. M. Rothschild & Sons Ltd.
r 18, 1992 (License).
mbular paragraph 5.
uary 14, 2002.
meonoff, August 13, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 5, at 1010-1011; Written Witness
eonoff, annexed to Argentina Rejoinder; Alegato Final de la República Argentina,
e to the Spanish text.
llins, August 16, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 6, at 1336.
elar de Irigoyen, August 11, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 3, at 604-605.
ara. 464, 465, with reference to CMS Reply, para. 353. All citations to the Claimant’s
swer, paras. 100-110.
te No. 1906, April 27, 1999, and note No. 3735, September 3, 1999.
swer, para. 298.
ol. 4, at 797-800.
r Horacio Daniel Rosatti, August 20, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 10, at 2254.
as Decree, Article 41.
. 18.2.
36
Statement of Mr. Thomas L. Miller, August 10, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 2, at 438-442; Written Witness
Statements of Mr. Thomas L. Miller were prepared on June 10, 2002 and March 16, 2004.
37
Decree No. 669/2000, August 4, 2000, with particular reference to Preambular paragraph 5.
38
CMS Reply, at 58.
39
Gas Law, Article 2, Article 38 (a), as discussed in Argentina’s Answer, at 56.
40
Argentina Rejoinder, at 5-6.
41
With reference to Miguel S. Marienhoff: Tratado de Derecho Administrativo
Encouragement and Protection of Investment, November 14, 1991, in force from October
cited as the U.S.-Argentina BIT or the Treaty.
2
Under Article 38 of the ICSID Convention, if the Tribunal is n
registration of the request has been dispatched, the Chairman of ICSID’s Administrative
request of either party, and a
not yet appointed and designate an arbitrato
3
CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. Republic of Argentina, Dec
July 17, 2003, 42 ILM 788 (2003).
4
Law No. 23.696 of 1989 on the Reform of the S
5
Law No. 23.928 of 1991 on Convertibility.
6
Law No. 24.076
7
Decree No. 1738/92 on the Implementation of the Gas Law (Gas Decree).
8
Decree No. 1189/92 establishing
9
Pliego de Bases y Condiciones, Llamado
Estado, July 17, 1992.
10
Information Memorandum on the Privati
and Goldman, Sachs & Co., Sept
11
ember 1992.
Decree No. 2255/92, December 2, 1992.
12
Decree No. 2457/92, Decembe
13
Offering Memorandum of July 7, 1995.
14
ENARGAS Resolution No. 1471, January 10, 2000.
15
o PreaDecree No. 669/2000, August 4, 2000, with particular reference t
16
Decree No. 1570/01, December 3, 2001.
17
Law No. 25.561, January 6, 2002 (Emergency Law).
18
Decree No. 293/02, Febr
19
Statement by Dr. Jorge G. Si
Statement of Dr. Jorge G. Sim
September 20, 2004, at 8. All citations to the Argentine Memorials ar
20
Statement by Mr. John Wood-Co
21
Statement by Mr. Bernardo V
22
Argentina Rejoinder, p
Memorials are to the English text.
23
Argentina Rejoinder, para. 393.
24
Argentina Rejoinder, para. 394.
25
Argentina An
26
ENARGAS no
27
TGN Investment Prospectus, July 7, 1995.
28
Cited in Argentina Answer, para. 287.
29
Argentina An
30
Statement of Dr. Cristian Folgar, August 12, 2004, Hearing, V
31
Statement by Ministe
32
Statement of Dr. Fabian Bello, August 19, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 9, at 1999-2004.
33
See in particular G
34
License, Para. 9.2.
35
License, Para
, Vol. II, 1993, Chapter IV;
Argentine Supreme Court, Raúl Fernández c/ Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, Fallos 322:3008 (1999).
42
Gas Law, Article 38 (d).
43
Argentina, Post-hearing brief, at 14-15; Witness Written Statement of Dr. Christian Folgar, at 7-9, annexed to
Argentina Rejoinder.
142
90-1692; Argentina,
e Remes Lenicov,
ejoinder.
xtent of the crisis,
ugust 9, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 1, at 233-234, 302; Argentina Post-hearing
Draft bill submitted to the Argentine Congress on August 24, 2004,
Witness Statement
42.
2004; Statement by Dr. Bernardo Velar de Irigoyen, August 11, 2004,
repared on June 13,
ring, Vol. 3, at 649-
12, 2003.
etter of January 22, 2003 to UNIREN.
y, at 60, with reference to ocialist Republic of
ward of June 27, 1990, 6 ICSID Rev. —FILJ 526 (1991); 30 ILM 577
44
Expert Statement of Professor Nouriel Roubini, August 18, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 8, at 16
Post-hearing brief, at 16-17.
45
Argentina Rejoinder, at 199, with reference to the Written Witness Statement of Dr. Jorg
para. 30, annexed to the R
46
Written Witness Statement of Dr. Jorge Remes Lenicov, explaining the nature and e
annexed to Argentina Rejoinder.
47
Argentina Opening Statement, A
brief, August 20, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 10, at 2328-2329.
48
Public Utilities National Regulatory Act,
as cited by the CMS Post-hearing brief, at 6-7.
49
Statement of Dr. Eduardo Ratti, August 13, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 5, at 1155-1156; Written
of Dr. Eduardo Ratti, annexed to Argentina Rejoinder.
50
Nota UNIREN No. 258/04, July 2, 2004.
51
Statement by Dr. Jorge G. Simeonoff, August 13, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 5, at 1036-10
52
o UNIREN, July 19,TGN, letter t
Hearing, Vol. 3, at 544-547; Written Witness Statements of Dr. Velar de Irigoyen were p
2002 and March 16, 2004; Statement by Dr. Francisco A. Mezzadri, August 11, 2004, Hea
650; Written Witness Statements were prepared by Dr. Mezzadri on June 4, 2002 and March
53
TGN, l
54
CMS Reply, at 59.
55
CMS Repl Asian Agricultural Products Limited v. Democratic S
Sri Lanka (Case No. ARB/87/3), Final A
(1991); Int'l Arb. Rep., No. 5, at Sec. A (May 1991); 4 ICSID Rep. 246 (1997), and other ICSID cases at
dioambientales Tecmed, S.A. v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB(AF)/00/2) (Tecmed),
h.pdf
footnote 277.
56
Técnicas Me
Award of May 29, 2003, <http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/laudo-051903%20-Englis >; 43 ILM 133
hos fundamentales”,
(2004), para 56.
57
Argentine Constitution, Articles 27, and 75 (22).
58
Guillermo Barrera Buteler: “La dignidad de la persona humana como fuente de los derec
Derecho Constitucional, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 2004,
d others v. United Republic of Cameroon and Société Camerounaise des
5, 2 ICSID Rep. 95
oration and others v. Republic of Indonesia (Case No. ARB/81/1), ad hoc
1993), at 515; and
emi: “The Meaning of ‘and’ in Article 42(1),
SID Choice of Law
143-156, at 146-147.
59
KlöcknerIndustrie-Anlagen GmbH an
Engrais (Case No. ARB/81/2), ad hoc Committee Decision on Annulment of May 3, 198
(1994), para. 69; AMCO Asia Corp
Committee Decision on the Application for Annulment of May 16, 1986, 1 ICSIDRep. 509 (
discussion of both cases by Emmanuel Gaillard and Yas Banifat
Second Sentence, of the Washington Convention: The Role of International Law in the IC
Process”, 18 ICSID Review—FILJ 375 (2003), at 389-393.
60
W. M. Reisman: “The Regime for Lacunae in the ICSID Choice of Law Provision and
—FILJ 362 (2000)
the Question of Its
Threshold”, 15 ICSID Review .
61
Wena Hotels Limited v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ad hoc Committee Decision on Applicati
Februa
on for Annulment of
ry 5, 2002, 41 ILM 933 (2002), at 941.
ol. 1, at 301-302; also Argentina Post-hearing brief,
, Decision in Ekmekdjián v. Sofovich, July 7, 1992.
ase No. ARB/01/8), Decision of the Tribunal on
(Case No. ARB/01/8), Decision of the Tribunal on
Objections to Jurisdiction, July 17, 2003, 42 ILM 788 (2003), para. 33.
66
Argentina Rejoinder, at 21, para. 70.
67
Statement of Dr. Christian Folgar, August 12, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 4, at 744-745; also Argentina post-hearing
brief, at 2.
68
CMS Opening Statement, August 9, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 1, at 20-24.
69
Committee on the Privatization of Gas del Estado. Minutes of the meeting held on October 2, 1992, Section 2;
also CMS post-hearing brief, at 2-3.
70
Decree No. 2457/92, Basic Rules Governing the License, Clause 9.8.
71
Decree No. 669/2000, approving Act No. 2 on the July 2000 postponement.
72
Rosalyn Higgins: “The Taking of Property by the State: Recent Developments in International Law”, Recueil
62
Argentina Opening Statement, August 9, 2004, Hearing, V
at 24.
63
Argentine Supreme Court
64
CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentine Republic (C
Objections to Jurisdiction, July 17, 2003, 42 ILM 788 (2003), paras. 25-32.
65
CMS Gas Transmission Company v. Argentine Republic
des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, Vol. 176, 1982-III, 259.
143
otes a Section to
-hearing brief, at 2-4, with reference to the Statement by Dr. Patricio Carlos Perkins, August
, August 11, 2004,
2.
81-1684; Argentina,
ation of the cost of
-year review, November 13, 2001, Annex I.
ert Statement by Dr.
August 19, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 9, at 1958-1967; Written Expert Report of Dr. Fabian Bello,
66-68. Expert Statement by Dr. Fabian Bello, August 19, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 9, at 1964’s
S. A., Complaint introduced before ENARGAS
25, 2003, rejecting the complaint. Colbun later
ejected by the competent Appeals Court on September
4) and Metrogas (Morandé to TGN, letter of July
s.
73
Argentina Answer, at 44, with reference to TGN’s Public Offer of July, 1995, which dev
Convertibility and exchange rate risks.
74
Argentina Post
10, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 2, at 396; and the Statement of Dr. Bernardo Velar de Irigoyen
Hearing, Vol. 3, at 55
75
Expert Statement of Professor Nouriel Roubini, August 18, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 8, at 16
Post-hearing brief, at 5.
76
CMS Post-hearing brief, at 5, with reference to ENARGAS Note 5498 and the calcul
capital for the second five
77
Statement of Dr. Christian Folgar, August 12, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 4, at 748-757; Exp
Fabian Bello,
annexed to Argentina Rejoinder.
78
Argentina Reply, at
1967.
79
CMS Reply, at 7.
80
Statement by Dr. Francisco A. Mezzadri, August 11, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 3, at 654-660.
81
Argentina Answer, at 250.
82
CMS Memorial, at 53.
83
Argentina Rejoinder, at 89, 140, with reference to Colbun
on February 5, 2003; and ENARGAS Decree No. 2812, March
requested judicial intervention and protective measures, r
22, 2003. Both Colbun (Courbis to TGN, letter of June 29, 200
14, 2004) complained about the terms and conditions of the supply of gas to those companie
84
Argentine Supreme Court, Ercolano c. Lanteri, Fallo 136:161 (1922).
85
Argentine Civil Code, Article 1197.
86
Guillermo A. Borda: Tratado de Derecho Civil, 1971; Obligaciones, 1989.
87
Rubén S. Stiglitz: Contratos Civiles y Comerciales, 1998, at 503-505.
88
Argentina Opening Statement, August 9, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 1, at 210-219.
2004, Hearing, Vol. 5, at 1189 et seq.; and Written
mpacto Social de la
hile, Paraguay and
ent of Dr. Christian
ent of Mrs. Angela Cristina Calvo, annexed to
isis Argentina”, June 2004,
89
Statement by Dr. Carmelo Angulo Barturen, August 13,
Witness Statement of June 24, 2004, attached to Argentina Rejoinder; Vivian Foster: “I
Crisis Argentina en los Sectores de Infraestructura”, World Bank Office for Argentina, C
Uruguay, Documento de Trabajo No. 5/03, April 2003, Annex V to Written Witness Statem
Folgar, annexed to Argentina Rejoinder; Written Witness Statem
Argentina Rejoinder; Expert publication of Equis, Investigación Social: “La Cr
annexed to Argentina Rejoinder.
90
Rubén H. Compagnucci de Caso: Manual de Obligaciones, 1997, at 209.
91
Rubén S. Stiglitz: Contratos Civiles y Comerciales, 1998, at 28-30.
92
Argentine Supreme Court, Judgment in the case “Provincia de San Luis c. P. E. N. –Ley 25561, Dto. 1570/01
do Nacional y otros
curador General, October 22, 2004, in www.csjn.gov.ar/documentos/novedades.jsp
de Caso: Manual de Obligaciones
y 214/02 s/ amparo)”, March 5, 2003. Translation by the Tribunal.
93
Argentine Supreme Court, Judgment in the case “Bustos, Alberto Roque y otros c/Esta
s/amparo”, October 26, 2004, in www.csjn.gov.ar/documentos/novedades.jsp
94
Report of the Pro
95
Dissenting Opinion of Supreme Court Judge Carlos S. Fyat.
96
Rubén H. Compagnucci , 1997, at 82.
by Dr. Eduardo Ratti, August 13, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 5, at 1139-1144.
to Article 11 of the Emergency Law and its connection to Article
of August 18, 2000, as cited in Argentine Answer, at 86-87. Translation by the Tribunal.
100
Conseil d’Etat, Compagnie Générale d’Eclairage de Bordeaux, Rec. 125, concl. Chardenet, 30 Mars 1916, in
M. Long, P. Weil et al. Les Grands Arrêts de la Jurisprudence Administrative
97
Witness Statement
98
Argentine Answer, at 241, with reference
1198 of the Civil Code.
99
Court Injunction
, 2003, at 188-189 (hereinafter Gaz
de Bordeaux).
101
CMS Memorial, at 53.
102
Agreement between the Secretary of Energy and the gas producers signed on April 2, 2004, and Resolution
208/2004 related thereto.
103
Argentina Answer, at 60.
104
Gas Law, Article 41.
105
Gas Decree, Article 41; Clause 9.4.1.2 of the License.
106
Gas Decree, Article 41 (2); Clause 9.4.1.3 of the License.
107
Gas Law, Article 42.
144
Hearing, Vol. 2, at
3; Written Witness Statement of Dr. Patricio Carlos Perkins of March 12, 2004.
nd five-year review
uly 17, 1992, Annex F, 1.3; Consultants Report concerning RQT II, March 8, 2001;
, at 68.
rticle 47.
0, 2004, Hearing,
gentine Supreme
561, Dto. 1570/01 y 214/02 s/ amparo)”,
, Hearing, Vol. 8, at 1777; see generally the
ommission for Latin America and the Caribbean, “Preliminary Overview of the
ber 17, 2004.
, 40 ILM 55 (2001),
t, McCarthy, Stratton v. TAMS-AFFA Consulting Engineers of Iran, 6 CTR 219 (1984-II).
108
CMS Reply at 22; Witness Statement of Dr. Patricio Carlos Perkins, August 10, 2004,
342-34
109
Argentina Answer, at 69-73, with reference to the preparatory documents of the seco
(RQT II).
110
Public Offer of J
Argentina Answer
111
CMS Reply, at 23.
112
Gas Law, A
113
Gas Law, Article 41.
114
CMS Post-hearing brief, at 3; Witness Statement of Dr. Patricio Carlos Perkins, August 1
Vol. 2, at 342-343.
115
Argentine Supreme Court, Fallos 296:737; 299:379; 303:1877; 307:305, as cited in Ar
Court, Judgment in the case “Provincia de San Luis c. P. E. N. – Ley 25
March 5, 2003. Translation by the Tribunal.
116
Gaz de Bordeaux, at 188-189. Translation by the Tribunal.
117
ugust 18, 2004Expert Statement of Professor Nouriel Roubini, A
Written Expert Report of Professor Nouriel Roubini, annexed to Argentina Rejoinder.
118
United Nations Economic C
Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean”, Doc. LC/G.2265-P/I, December 2004.
119
Law No. 25.790, Boletín Oficial, October 22, 2003; Argentina Answer, at 199.
120
Law No. 25.972, approved by Congress on Decem
121
Metalclad Corporation v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB(AF)/97/1 (Metalclad)
para. 103; CMS Memorial, at 71-72.
122
i. e. Tippetts, Abbet
See also generally UNCTAD: Taking of Property, 2000.
123
i. e. Compañía del Desarrollo de Santa Elena S. A. v. Republic of Costa Rica (Case No
Award of February 17, 2000, 15 ICSID Review—FILJ 169 (20
. ARB/96/1), Final
00).
124
i. e. CME Czech Republic B.V. (The Netherlands) v. Czech Republic (CME), Partial Award of September 13,
invoked by the Claimant.
Republic (Lauder), UNCITRAL Final Award of September 3, 2001,
2001, as published in <http://www.mfcr.cz/static/Arbitraz/en/PartialAward.pdf>.
125
i. e. Santa Elena, para. 68.
126
Argentina Answer, at 179, with reference to the table of cases
127
Ronald S. Lauder v. Czech
<http://www.mfcr.cz/static/Arbitraz/en/FinalAward.doc>, para. 203; S. D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of
Canada, Partial Award of November 13, 2000, http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/tnanac/documents/myersvcanadapartialaward_final_13-11-00.pdf>,
para. 280.
June 26, 2000, as
para. 100; Argentina
128
Pope & Talbot Inc. v. Government of Canada (Pope & Talbot), Interim Award of
published in <http://www.appletonlaw.com/cases/P&T-INTERIM%20AWARD.PDF>,
Answer, at 205-208.
129
Lauder, <http://www.mfcr.cz/static/Arbitraz/en/FinalAward.doc>, para. 200.
R 219 (1984-II), at
4 (1978); Argentina
, paras. 96, 102.
nerally OECD: Fair
130
Metalclad, 40 ILM 55 (2001), para. 103.
131
Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, Stratton v. TAMS-AFFA Consulting Engineers of Iran, 6 CT
225; see also Phelps Dodge Corp. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 CTR 121 (1986-I).
132
CME, <http://www.mfcr.cz/static/Arbitraz/en/PartialAward.pdf>, para. 688.
133
U.S. Supreme Court, Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 10
Rejoinder, at 182.
134
Pope & Talbot, <http://www.appletonlaw.com/cases/P&T-INTERIM%20AWARD.PDF>
135
CME, <http://www.mfcr.cz/static/Arbitraz/en/PartialAward.pdf>, para. 611. See also ge
and Equitable Treatment Standard in International Investment Law, September 2004.
2003, <http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/laudo-051903%20-English.pdf136
Tecmed, Award of May 29, >;
43 ILM 133 (2004), para. 154.
137
Robert Azinian and others v. United Mexican States (Case No. ARB(AF)/97/2) (Azinian), Award of
November 1, 1999,14 ICSID Review—FILJ 538 (1999); 39 ILM 537 (2000); 121 I.L.R. 2 (2002); 5 ICSID Rep.
272 (2002); American Manufacturing & Trading, Inc. v. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Case No.
ARB/93/1), Award of February 21, 1997, 36 ILM 1534 (1997); 12 Int'l Arb. Rep., No. 4, at Sec. A (Apr. 1997);
5 ICSID Rep. 14 (2002), Argentina Answer, at 225-227.
138
Argentina Answer, at 226.
139
Alex Genin and others v. Republic of Estonia (Case No. ARB/99/2) (Genin), Award of June 25, 2001, 17
ICSID Rev.—FILJ 395 (2002); P. Juillard: “L’évolution des sources du droit des investissements”, Recueil des
Cours de l’Académie de Droit International, Vol. 250, 1994.
140
Metalclad, 40 ILM 55 (2001), para. 99.
145
114
Tecmed, <http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/laudo-051903%20-English.pdf>; 43 ILM
154.
133 (2004), para.
retation of NAFTA Article 1105(1), July 21, 2001,<
States Free Trade Agreement of June 6, 2003,
ad_file1_4004.pdf
f Burundi, Award embodying the parties' settlement agreement of
142
NAFTA Free Trade Commission, Interp
http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/tna-nac/NAFTA-Interpr-en.asp>.
143
Chile-United
<http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Chile_FTA/Final_Texts/asset_uplo
>, Article 10.4.2.
144
Antoine Goetz and others v. Republic o
February 10, 1999, 15 ICSID Review—FILJ 457 (2000).
145
In respect of the renegotiation with gas producers see the Witness Statement of Dr. Bernardo Velar de
ning Elettronica Sicula, International Court of Justice, Judgment of July 20, 1989, ICJ Reports
er, at 257.
Irigoyen, August 11, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 3, at 524-525.
146
Case Concer
1989, 15.
147
Genin, Argentina Answer, at 255. Also Myers, Argentina Answ
148
Oscar Schachter: International Law in Theory and Practice, 1991, at 313, Argentina Answ
149
er, at 259.
; Witness Statement
Azinian, 14 ICSID Review—FILJ 538 (1999); 39 ILM 537 (2000); 121 I.L.R. 2 (2002); 5 ICSID Rep. 272
é Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Case No. ARB/01/13) (SGS v.
J 301 (2003)
Lauder, para. 221.
150
Witness Statement of Dr. Christian Folgar, August 12, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 4, at 765-769
of Dr. Bernardo Velar de Irigoyen, August 11, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 3, at 524-525.
151
(2002); Argentina Answer, at 225.
152
Genin, 17 ICSID Rev.—FILJ 395 (2002); Argentina Answer, at 223-224.
153
SGS Sociét
Pakistan), Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, August 6, 2003, 18 ICSID Review—FIL , para.
Vivendi Universal v. Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No.
35.
154
Compañía de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and
ARB/97/3), Award of November 21, 2000, 16 ICSID Review—FILJ 641 (2001), 641.
155
Azurix Corp. v. Argentine Republic (Case No. ARB/01/12), Decision on Jurisdiction of December 8, 2003,
43 ILM 262 (2004).
. v. Republic of the Philippines (Case No. ARB/02/6) (SGS v.
sdiction, January 29, 2004,
Mining), Award on
gust 6, 2004,<http://www.asil.org/ilib/JoyMining_Egypt.pdf>.
ational Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, ICJ Reports 1997, 7, para. 51.
ly 31, 1905, UNRIAA, Vol. X, at 353.
pondent also cites in this
-United States Claims Tribunal Reports, Vol.
ty of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Resolution 56/83, January 28, 2002.
rs. 51-52.
ponsibility
156
SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A
Phillipines), Decision of the Tribunal on Objections to Juri
<http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/SGSvPhil-final.pdf>.
157
Joy Mining Machinery Limited v. Arab Republic of Egypt (Case No. ARB/03/11) (Joy
Jurisdiction, Au
158
License, Clause 9.8.
159
License, Clause 18.2.
160
Argentina Answer, p. 585; Argentina Rejoinder, p. 833.
161
Intern
162
French Company of Venezuelan Railroads, Ju
163
Dickson Car Wheel Co., July 1931, UNRIAA, Vol. IV, p. 670-682. The Res
connection the Sea-Land Service Inc. v. Iran, June 20, 1984, Iran
IV, p. 149-175.
164
Responsibili
165
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, pa
166
James Crawford: The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Res , 2002, at 178 et seq.
ssed in Crawford, at
ternational Justice, Société Commerciale de Belgique, 1939, Series A/B, No. 78.
171
Eric Wyler: L’Illicite et la Condition des Persones Privées
167
The Caroline incident of 1837 and related diplomatic correspondence of 1842, as discu
179-180.
168
Russian Indemnity case, UNRIAA, Vol. XI, 431 (1912).
169
Permanent Court of In
170
The Torrey Canyon, Cmnd. 3246, 1967.
, 1995, at 192 et seq.
172
Crawford, at 184.
173
Crawford, at 185.
174
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project, pars. 51-52.
175
Himpurna California Energy Ltd. v. P.T., May 4, 1999, as cited in Claimant’s Reply, note 403.
176
Permanent Court of Internacional Justice, Société Comérciale de Belgique v. Greece, 1939, Ser. A/B, No. 78,
pars. 167-174.
177
The Martini case, as cited in Claimant’s Reply, at 102-103.
178
U. S.- Russia Investment Treaty, June 17, 1992, Para. 8 of the Protocol, as cited in Claimant’s Reply, note
442. The treaty is not in force.
179
U. S.-Bahrain Investment Treaty, September 19, 1999, as cited in Claimant’s Reply, note 443.
146
Justice, ies in and Against
risdiction and Admissibility,
il Platforms, Merits, November 6, 2003, para. 43.
anufacturing and Trade Inc. v. Zaire, ICSID Case No. ARB/93/1, February 21, 1997.
anuary 24, 1992, in
mittees of Foreign
nsay it, threats to international
vans: “When is it Right to Fight?”,
180
International Court of Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activit
Nicaragua, (Merits), ICJ Reports, 1986, at 14, paras. 222, 282; also decision on Ju
ICJ Reports, 1984, at 392, para. 83.
181
International Court of Justice, Case Concerning O
182
American M
183
AAPL v. Sri Lanka, ICSID Case No. ARB/87/3, June 27, 1990.
184
Crawford, at 185.
185
Letter from the President of Argentina to Congress submitting the text of the Treaty, J
Cámara de Diputados, Reunión No. 70, April 30, 1992, at 6722-6723; Report of the Com
Affairs and Worship and Economy, ibid.
186
As discussed by an experienced diplomat, “With no higher authority to gai
peace and security are what the Security Council says they are”; Gareth E
Survival, Vol. 46 (3), 2004, 59-82, at 69.
187
Statement by Professor José E. Alvarez, Hearing, Vol. 7, August 17, 2004, at 1633-1637.
188
Statement by Professor Anne Marie Slaughter, Hearing, Vol. 8, August 18, 2004, at 1947-1949.
.
ent to the 1988 Trade Act, 50 USC app. para. 2170, (Supp. 1989). See generally the
particular reference
olitical Protectionism and United States
lorio”, Virginia Journal of International
189
Statement by Professor Anne Marie Slaughter, Hearing, Vol. 8, August 18, 2004, at 1844
190
Exon-Florio Amendm
discussion in Hearing, Vol. 7, August 17, 2004, and Hearing, Vol. 8, August 18, 2004, with
to the discussion by the parties and experts of José E. Alvarez: “P
International Investment Obligations in Conflict: The Hazards of Exon-F
Law, Vol. 30, 1989, 1.
ference to the International Law Commission’s work is to
191
Nicaragua, 1986, para. 222.
192
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros, pars. 51-52. The re
International Law Commission, Yearbook, 1980, Vol. II (Part Two), at 34-52, para. 36.
193
International Law Commission, Yearbook, 1980, Vol. II (Part Two), at 34-52, para. 36.
194
Rainbow Warrior, RIAA, Vol. XX, 1990, 217, at 251-252, para. 75; Crawford at 189.
brief, at 11.
aras. 152-153; Crawford, at 190.
nocco, 1905, UNRIAA, Vol. X, 184.
es in Greece, Yearbook of the International Law Commission
195
Crawford, at 189.
196
Claimant’s post-hearing
197
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros, p
198
e l’OriCompagnie Générale d
199
Properties of the Bulgarian Minoriti , 1980,
Claimant’s Reply, note 494.
nheimer, June 16, 1900, RSA, Vol. XV, 37, at 40, as cited in Wyler, at 193-194.
, as cited in Argentina Reply, note 702.
entina Rejoinder, paras. 960 et seq.
ing, August 18, 2004, Vol. 8, at 1940-1941.
ent by Ms. Lucy Reed, 20 August, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 10, at 2211.
ins Report, June 11,
, January 28, 2002,
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Resolution 56/83, January 28, 2002,
manent Court of International Justice, Chorzow Factory case, Merits, 1928, Series A No. 17, at 47; and
comments by F. V. García-Amador: The Changing Law of International Claims
Vol. II (Part Two), 34, para. 13, as cited in
200
Orr & Laube
201
Gould Marketing, Inc., Iran-U. S. C. T. Reports, Vol. 3, 147
202
Claimant’s Rejoinder, para. 304.
203
Claimant’s Rejoinder, para. 307.
204
Arg
205
Argentina Rejoinder, para. 981.
206
Hear
207
Hearing, August 18, 2004, Vol. 8, at 1941-1942.
208
Crawford, at 190.
209
Statem
210
See generally the Report of Mr. Fabián Bello on TGN’s indebtedness and the Word-Coll
2004.
211
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Resolution 56/83
Article 34.
212
Article 35.
213
Per
, Vol. II, 1984, at 578-580.
214
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Resolution 56/83, January 28, 2002,
Article 36.2.
215
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Resolution 56/83, January 28, 2002,
Article 36.1.
216
Lusitania, RIAA, Vol. VII, 1923, p. 32, at 39, emphasis in original; and comments by James Crawford: The
International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility, 2002, at 178 et seq.
217
James Crawford: The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility, 2002, at 225, para.
21.
218
International Glossary of Business Valuation Terms, American Society of Appraisers, ASA website, June 6,
2001, p.4
147
odaran, “Investment Valuation”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002, pp.946-949.219
Dam
/83, January 28, 2002,
2003)
220
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Resolution 56
Article 38.
221
Marvin Feldman v. Mexico, Award of December 16, 2002, 18 ICSID Review—FILJ 488 ( , par. 194.
cal approach for the
ello also states: “In
most adequate ones
ash flow method, which is the method used by Mr. Wood-Collins because that method is
9, at 1969. Dr. Bello, however,
d; expert report of Dr. Fabián
222
Expert Report of Dr. Fabian Bello, June 11, 2004, at 24.
223
Mr. John Wood-Collins states: “DCF valuation, by contrast, is an appropriate and practi
valuation of CMS's interest in TGN”, Valuation Report of 17 June 2002, p.5; Dr. Fabian B
order to value a company, there’s different mechanisms that can be used. I consider that the
are those that use the c
the most effective one, the discounted method”, 19 August, 2004, Hearing, Vol.
questions the way Mr. Wood-Collins has proceeded in applying the DCF metho
Bello, June 11, 2004, par. 94.
224
Statement of Mr. Nigel Blackaby, August 20, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 10, at 2183.
rt, March 2005, p. 7, <www.eiu.com>.
7, <www.eiu.com>.
7, <www.eiu.com>.
228
Rebuttal Statement of witness for CMS Mr. T. Miller, March 16, 2004, p.5.
229
Statement by Ms. Lucy Reed, August 9, 2004, Hearing, Volume 1, at 28.
230
Statement by Ms. Lucy Reed, 20 August, 2004, Hearing, Vol. 10, at 2211.
231
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Series “6 month t. Bill, Secondary Market Rates, Weekly.”
225
The Economist Intelligence Unit, Argentina Country Repo
226
The Economist Intelligence Unit, Argentina Country Report, March 2005, p.
227
The Economist Intelligence Unit, Argentina Country Report, March 2005, p.