Read about collective bargaining (which is usually carried out by trade unions on behalf of the employees) and summarize its purpose.
What are synonyms for the following words and phrases (try to find some before reading, and then find the synonyms used in the text): .
duty__; salary__; trade union representatives
___; provisions_; process for
__; contract
dealing with workers' complaints_
was breached_ ; unbiased
t Collective bargaining contracts govern the rights and obligations of employers and employees in many private and public sector employment gelations. Under
j collective bargaining, representatives of the employees bargain with a single employer or a group of employers for an agreement on wages, hours, and working
% conditions for the employees. The agreement worked out by the representatives of the employees, usually union officials, is generally subject to a ratification vote
7 by the employees.
Terms usually found in collective bargaining contracts are: [1] identification of
»the work belonging exclusively to designated classes of employees, [2) wage and
benefits clauses, \3\ promotion and lay-off clauses, which are generally tied in i part to seniority, (4J a management's rights clause, and [5J a grievance procedure
by which persons contending the contract was violated or that they were i) disciplined or discharged without "just cause" may ultimately have their cases
decided by impartial labor arbitrators. ;.•''„• . /•'..        .... V.
__'_R,A.Anderson, I.Fox, D^P.Twomey, Business Law
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DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES
i General duties of employers. Duties of employers are, for the most part, rights of
employees. In addition to payment of wages, employers owe various common law 3 obligations to employees, which constitute implied terms in the contract of
employment in the absence of express agreement to the contrary, j   Special statutory rights of employees. In recent years* legislation has given
increasing rights to employees. Some rights apply generally, such as those to 7 written notification of terms, and itanized.pax.sMo^Mte,:änd..'. to.-'-'minlnium
periods of notice. Other rights apply only to particular types of employee, or in 9 special situations.
S.B. Marsh, J. Soulsby, Business !mw
WAGES
Wages are usually defined as the amount paid periodically, especially by the ^day or week or month, for the labour or service of an employee. The term is commonly used in plural. The. singular has a rather rhetorical flavour, but it has sometimes .a special convenience with reference to a particular instance or amount (day's wage, minimum wage). Wages should be distinguished from salary, traditionally defined as a fixed payment made periodically to a person as compensation for regular work, however, restricted now to payments made for non-manual or iwn-mschmuosl. work (as opposed to wages).
Read the following text which further elaborates on the role of wages in an employment relationship.
i The amount of wages may be fixedby negotiation, may depend upon a collective
bargain, may be implied from the custom or practice of the trade, or stem from a j combination of these. Exceptionally, in the absence of any agreement, there is an
obligation to pay a reasonable amount 5   To a limited extent, there is Government intervention. We have seen that the
Wages Councils exist to help some workers with inadequate bargaining n*wer. ? The Equal Pay Act aims to ensure equal pay for men and women doing the
same work. The Government also makes provision for families living with a child, 9 where either parent is employed but on low pay. If the family's income is below
a certain level, the parentfs) will be entitled to 'family credit' under the Social ■i Security Acts 1992. A person on low income may also be entitled to a housing
benefit in the form of rent rebate, and he may only have to pay part of the u community,charge or poll fern If he is at a disadvantage in obtaining work because
of some physical or mental handicap, he may, from 1992, claim a disability
working allowance. _S.B. Marsh, J. Soulsby, Business Law
Think of the following phrases and try to explain them: to fix by negotiation; in the absence of an agreement; reasonable amount; government intervention; inadequate bargaining power; person on low income; community charge; poll tax.
Find in the text synonyms for: low salary _; non-existence
___; family contributions_.
~y  Explain the following phrases: General duties; agreement to the contrary; notification of terms; pay statement; period of notice.
Find the key sentence in the preceding text which expresses the general idea of rights and duties in an employment relationship,
(c?) What are two kinds of terms contained in a contract of employment?
Y   those written explicitly are___terms;
ii.   those resulting from a wider (legal) context or which can be established by Hrr.umctnntial p.virtrnc.r: am terms
source: Chromá 11
CiliXllAUlU I
Employment law
Complete the words into the text below. ■ '
express term waive his right unfair dismissal fixed term
minimum continuous employment redundancy payment
indefinite period      reasonable notice maximum statutory
1 A contract for j .    .    .or a particular piece of work normally en;|S automatically on the expiration of the time or completion of the workffl 3 as is moreusual, employment is for an jL_ either party mag
end it by giving notice to the other, and the length of notice requited ||| s frequently an .j. -in the contract. Even in a fixed period contract||
there may be a term entitling one or both parties to terminate earlier b|j§
r noti ce. If there is no prior agreement on the notice p eriod, J^.____j
must be given. . .;3§
9 The statutory £-....       periods of notice are set out in the Employment^ Protection (Consolidation) Act. After two years' employment the worker|| ii. is entitled to at least two weeks and, thenceforth, at least one week's notice.| for each year of ,      • _^ up to a maximum statutoryf
13 entitlement of 12 weeks. \
The employer has a corresponding right to at least one week's notice from % lis the worker after^continuous employment of one month, but there is no ?
sliding, scale, thereafter, however long the employment, one week is the \t...       scalutory, notice which the "worker need give.
It should be noted again that these periods are jV .,..ry minima. The 19 individual contract of employment can expressly or impliedly provide for longer periods of notice, but never less. On the other hand at any time, for »i example on leaving or dismissal, either party can $, ... to notice.
It should be emphasized that, even if proper notice is given, an employee 23 may still be entitled to jo. ..... or statutory compensation for
"t-4--- ..... S.B. Marsh, J. Soulsby, Business Caw
__________
I. The following text deals with duties of employees - put the headings to the right paragraphs according to their contents:
A-to take care and exercise reasonable skill B-to give loyal and faithful service C~to obey instructions D-to render personal service
As well as rights, employees obviously have duties:
(1)
The worker mast be prepared to work
within the terms of his contract. The work must be carried out personally and cannot be delegated to a substitute.
(2)_: The worker must take reasonable care in
exercising bis duties. He must take responsible care of his employer's property, and be careful that his conduct does not harm fellow workers or outsiders so as not to impose vicarious liability on his employer. Negligence may entitle the employer to dismiss the employee, and also to be reimbursed by him.
(3)__: All reasonable and legitimate orders
which are within the terms of the employment must be obeyed.
(4)__: A number of important applications
may be given of this rather vague expression: an employee must carry out his duties at work in an honest and responsible manner; an employee indulging in "moonlighting" (working in his own time either for himself or another employer) may break his contract if the other work competes with and damages that of his employer.
II. Find verbs in the preceding text for the definitions:
______to pay money back for some loss
_to perform
_to do what someone in authority tells you to do
___to take part in an activity
III. The following text outlines situations in which an employee may be justifiably dismissed. Put the right prefixes (DIS-, MS-, NON-, IN-) to create negative nouns:
An employer may be justified in discharging an employee because of the employee's
(1)_performance of duties,
(2) representation or fraud in obtaining the employment,
(3)_obedience to proper directions, .
(4)_loyalty,
(5) theft or other_honesty,
(6) possession or use of drugs or intoxicants,
(7) wrongful_conduct, or
(8)_competency.