Citation: 31 Food Drug Cosm. L.J. 218 1976
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Food Law-International
By JULIUS G. ZIMMERMAN
Mr. Zimmerman, an Attorney in New- York City, Is Editor of
Foreign Law of the Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal.
T HIS IS THE THIRD TIME that I have had the privilege of
reporting to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Law Section of the
New York State Bar Association on the progress of foreign food
laws and the international situation in this field. My first two reports
were made in 1959 and 1969 with each report covering the preceding
decade.' Now another seven years have passed and we can look
back on a quarter of a century which virtually witnessed the development
of modern food law. In my last report, I -described the outstanding
characteristic of the period as an "explosion of food law" which
had its beginning at about mid-century after the end of the Second
World War, a war that had slyarked an almost incredible development
of science and technology on a worldwide scale. In fact, the
pace of this technological development seems to be accelerating, as
does the growth of food law. A number of reasons explain this trend:
(1) the population explosion of the post-war era;
(2) the development of modern transportation ;
(3) the development of the news media facilities which transmit
information to all parts of the world within minutes;
(4) the electronic collection and processing of data by computer;
(5) the development of modern packaging methods for foods;
and
(6) the growing interest and awareness of consumers in the field
of nutrition and the concept of a balanced diet.
Zimmerman, J. G., "Progress of Food Law Developments in the Past
Foreign Food Law," 14 Foon DRu-, Decade," 24 FoOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW
COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL 189 I(March JOURNAL 184 (April 1969).
1959); Zimmerman, J. G., "International
FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976-PAGE 218
In recent years, three additional reasons reinforced this trend:
(1) an ever-growing number of new sovereign nations;
(2), the ever-widening scope of legislation affecting food;
and
(3) the piecemeal method of legislating which prevails in
many countries.
(1) Growing Number of Sovereign Nations: In 1945, when the
charter of the United Nations was signed in San Francisco on June
26, there were 51 original member nations-including the United
States-which ratified the charter. By December of 1975, that number
had increased to 143. Thus, the membership of the United Nations
almost tripled during the past 30 years. This was due primarily
to the transformation of former colonies into independent countries.
All these new countries are issuing new legislation of their own in
an increasing number of languages, which complicates the study of
food law on a worldwide basis.
(2) Widening Scope of Legislation: The scope of legislation affecting
food and food law has also widened considerably in recent years
by the growing demands for the additional protection of the health
and pocketbook of the consumer, the protection of environment, etc.,
Much of this concern goes beyond the boundaries of "food law" in
the strict meaning of the term.
(3) Piecemeal Method of Legislating: Because much of recent legislation
has been prompted by political and/or economic pressures in
a fast-changing world, we notice in many countries a proliferation of
laws and regulations which overlap both in substance and in 'the
assignment of administrative jurisdictions. However, during the past
15 years, a few countries have introduced comprehensive legislative
reforms in the field of food law, namely Italy (1962), Belgium (1964),
Sweden (1971), Denmark (1973), the Federal Republic of Germany
(1974) and Austria (1975).
Any comparative study of food law on a worldwide scale depends
on the availability of at least the text material of laws and regulations
which deal with the production, manufacture, processing, packaging,
labeling and distribution of food in its various stages from raw
materials to the packaged item offered to the consumer. Here in the
United States, we are fortunate in having a very well-developed and
up-to-date system of government and private publications. This makes
it easy for the 'scholar-as well as for interested members of the
public-to obtain or to peruse the original legislative texts, court
PAGt 219,FOOD LAW-INTERNATIONAL
decisions, commentaries, etc. which form the body of the food, drug
and cosmetic law (both federal and state) in force in the United
States. Numerous professional journals supplement this information,
as do the various annual Symposia, such as the Educational Conference
sponsored by the Food and Drug Law Institute (FDLI) in
cooperation with the Food and Drug Administration. The proceedings
are published in the FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL, which,
incidentally, published 129 articles about foreign and international
food law during the past 22 years. Its entire May 1973 issue was devoted
to papers presented at the international Conference held in
Budapest, Hungary on November 3 and 4, 1972 tinder the sponsorship
of the FDLI.
Rely on Translations
A very good -documentation about food and drug law can be
found also in Canada, the United Kingdom and other developed countries.
But, because so many different languages are used in this field,
one has to rely on translations into English and/or French, the most
commonly known and used languages in the field of foreign and international
food and drug law. Such translations are frequently very
difficult to obtain. There are few information centers or law libraries
which have a complete collection of national Official Gazettes, not to
speak of specialized material dealing with food law and related matters.
Highly specialized in this field are the World Health Organization
(WHO) in Geneva and the Food and Agricultural Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome, particularly the Legislation
Branch of the FAO. However, their publications, which deal with
food law proper and which are available to the general public, are
frequently only digests (WHO International Digest of Health Legislation,
a quarterly) or excerpts (FAO Food and Agricultural Legislation-semi-annual)
and are not meant to be a complete and up-todate
record of food legislation. They are, however, available in an
English edition.
The FAO is also publishing a series of legislative studies (not
available for purchase) which includes such titles as No. 4 "Legal
Systems for Environment Protection (Japan, Sweden, United States)
by P. H. Sand (1972), and No. 7 "An Outline of Food Law-Structure,
Principles, Main Provisions" by Alain Gfrard (1975).
Gerard's study contains an appendix with a bibliography on food
law listing works in English, French and German, as follows:
(1) works on food law in general;
FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976PAGE 220
(2) the work of international organizations-selected periodical
publications, reports and miscellaneous documents;
(3) specialized food law journals;
(4) monographs, selected books, studies and articles(A)
international law and comparative law;
(B) national law (Belgium, Canada, France, the Federal
Republic of Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Sweden, Tunisia,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States).
Comprehensive Study of Comparative Food Law
At this point, special mention must be made of the first comprehensive
study of comparative food law ever made, under the joint
authorship of the late Professor E. J. Bigwood and Dr. Alain G~rar.d
(Brussels University Food Law, Research Centre). It was published
in four volumes (1967-1971) under the title "Fundamental Principles
and Objectives of a Comparative Food Law" by S. Karger in Basel.
This study covers the food laws of 13 West European countries,
Canada and the United States.
The Food Law Research Centre in Brussels has just completed
another very important comparative study which is being published
in loose-leaf form by Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company in Amsterdam
and New York. It is entitled "Food Additives Tables" and
provides a comparative survey of the legal regulations governing
food additives in the 20 most important countries exporting and importing
food products: 16 West European countries (Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland,
Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom) and Canada, Israel, Japan
and the United States. This work will consist of one volume of
about 800 pages to be published in four parts and to be completed by
the end of 1976. After completion, the work will be kept up-to-date by
publication of annual supplements.
The growing interest in the study of comparative food law in
Europe illustrates the fact that, in spite of all the efforts by governments
and international organizations to "harmonize" the food laws
of the individual countries, many differences still continue to exist,
which is a great obstacle to international trade in food, a most undesirable
situation in a world where no single country is completely
self-sufficient with respect to its available food supplies. There are
few fields of law with a greater diversity of national legislation than
IFooI LAW-INTERNATIONAL PAGE 221
food law. This is due to differences in the constitutional, administrative
and general legal background and the degree of industrialization
and technological development which, in turn, depends on whether
a country is primarily a producer and exporter of agricultural raw
materials or engages in the manufacture, processing and packaging
of food products, or both. A higher industrialization requires a more
sophisticated law.
Combination of Food and Drug Law
One of the most striking differences in the national food laws
is the scope of what products are being regulated under this topic. In
the United States, the basic Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
regulates food, drugs, devices and cosmetics. The combination of
food and drug law in the basic legislation is also the tradition in
many countries of the British Commonwealth, but not on the European
continent.
The Federal Republic of Germany, for instance, promulgated, on
August 20, 1974, a comprehensive law intended to completely reform
the existing Food Law Act of January 17, 1936 as amended. This
new law, which came into force on January 1, 1975, authorized the
Minister of Youth, Family and Health, in cooperation with the
Minister of Nutrition and Agriculture, and the Minister of Economy
to implement the law by regulations and to invalidate all obsolete
and conflicting provisions which still may be on the statute books.
The new Act is entitled "Law on the Traffic with Foods, Tobacco
Products, Cosmetics and other objects of daily use" and covers specifically
foods (whether raw or processed) with their edible wrappings,
additives, tobacco products intended for smoking, chewing and snuffing,
cosmetics, and objects and wrappings which come into contact
with foods, cosmetics, tobacco products or the human body, not just
casually, such as clothing, bed linen, bracelets, frames for eyeglasses,
toys, cleaning products for household use and insecticides. This list
does not include any items which may fall under the separate German
Drug Act.
Legal Terminology
Another sector with great diversity is legal terminology. Thus
the term "food additive" or its equivalent !in foreign languages is in
universal use but the definition -differs in many countries. The German'
Food Law Act of 1974 abolished the concept of "foreign substances"
of the 1936 Act and introduced a new concept of "food additives"
in Article 1, Section 2 which reads as follows:
FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976PAGE 222
"Additives, in the meaning of this law, are substances which are intended to
be added to foods to influence their condition or to endow them with certain
characteristics or .effects; not included in this definition are substances of natural
origin or substances which are chemically identical with natural substances and
are generally considered by the public as being used primarily because of their
nutritional, olfactory or taste value, or as luxury items. Not included are drinking
and table water."
This definition differs from the official definition of "food additive"
for the purpose of the "Codex Alimentarius" which reads as
follows:
"Food additive means any substance not normally consumed as a food by itself
and not normally used as a typical ingredient of the food, whether or not it has
nutritive value, :the intentional addition of which to food for a technological
(including organoleptic) purpose in- the manufacture, processing, preparation,
treatment, packing, packaging, transport or holding of such food results, or
may be reasonably expected to result, (directly or indirectly) in it or its byproducts
becoming a component of or otherwise affecting the characteristics
of such foods. The iterm does not include 'contaminants' or substances added
to food for maintaining or improving nutritional qualities."
'
Both definitions differ from the definition in Section 201(s) of
the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. One has to keep this
problem of definition in mind when making a comparative study of
"additive" regulations. Virtually all countries have now adopted the
principle of "positive lists" which means that only the use of additives
which have been specifically authorized by regulation is permitted.
Progress of International Harmonization
Ever since the creation of the United Nations and its specialized
agencies FAO and WHO, concerted efforts have been made on regional
and worldwide levels to bring about a harmonization of food
laws. I gave a historical overview of this development in my two
previous reports to this Section and in a special report to the InterAmerican
Ba.r Association (TABA) in Quito, Ecuador, in 1972.
3
The
progress of harmonization in the European Economic Community
(EEC) is recorded in the loose-leaf reporter service of Commerce
Clearing House, Inc. and published in the English language.
4
Procedural Manual of ithe ,Codex "Food Regulation in Latin America,"
Alimentarius C'ommission, p. 26 (4th 28 FooD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL
Ed.) 585 (Sept. 1973).
'Zimmerman, J. G., "Harmoniza- ' See also Gerard, Alain, "Food
tion of Food' Laws and Food Stan- Law in the 'Common Market," 27 FOOD
dards in Latin America," 27 FOOD DRUG DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL 483 (Aug.
COSMETIc LAW JOURNAL 645 (Oct. 172).
1972). See also Bledel, Enrique E.,
PAGE 223FOOD LAW-INTERNATIONAL
The task of developing worldwide food standards is now primarily
concentrated in the Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius
Commission, the organization and function of which is described in
a Procedural Manual (fourth edition) published by the Commission.
At the time of its first session in 1963, it had some 30 members, mostly
developed countries. By 1976, its membership had increased to 114
countries of which number more than two-thirds are developing countries.
Altogether the Commission has had ten sessions, the last one
in July of 1974. The eleventh session is scheduled for March of 1976.
Detailed reports of each session are published with a summary of the
activities of its various committees. Among its subsidiary bodies are
six Worldwide Codex General Subject Committees, -eleven Worldwide
Codex Commodity Committees and three geographically limited
Coordinating Committees for Europe, Africa and Latin America. An
additional Committee for Asia is in the process of being formed. These
coordinating committees explQre the need for and the practicality of
regional harmonization on a continental scale.
The procedure for the elaboration of worldwide and regional
Codex standards provides for eleven steps in accordance with the
Procedural Manual. Step nine is the recommended standard which is
sent to all member states and associate members of FAO and WHO
for acceptance in accordance with the acceptance procedure laid down
under the General Principles of the Codex Alimentarius which provides
for three options: (1) full acceptance; (2) target acceptance;
and (3) acceptance with specified deviations.
International Standards
According to a report prepared by G. E. Kermode, Chief of the
FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme for the European Food Law
Association (EFLA) Conference in Parma (September of 1975), so
far 70 international standards have 'been finalized and adopted by the
Commission and have been or will be sent to governments for acceptance.
An additional 40 international standards for milk and milk
products have been elaborated and adopted by the joint FAO/WHO
Committee of Government Experts on the Code of Principles concerning
Milk and Milk Products, a subsidiary body of the Commission,
and sent to governments for acceptance. Acceptances have been
and continue to be forthcoming. I refer for details to the Session Reports
of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and to the December
1975 "List of Standards. Codes of Practice and other Documents alFOOD
DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976PAGE 224
ready adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and those
under Elaboration."5
Another very valuable source of information about regional developments
are the professional associations. In the western hemisphere,
there is the IABA which meets every two years. It last met
in Cartagena, Colombia, in September of 1975. Since 1957, it has had a
special section (now -a separate Committee XIX) for food and drug
law.
I would like now to present a special report about EFLA, a new
professional association whose first international Conference was held
in Parma, Italy on September 28 and 29, 1975.
The European 'Food Law Association
The EFLA was created on May 4, 1973 in Brussels as an international
nonprofit association with a scientific purpose under Belgian
law. Its Constitution was adopted by its first General Assembly and
approved by Belgian Royal Decree of October 8, 1973 which gave it
the status of legal entity. Its French language name is "Association
Europ6enne pour le droit de l'Alimentation" (AEDA).
The objectives of EFLA are described in Article 2-1 as follows:
"to contribute in Europe, by all appropriate means: (a) to a better knowledge
of food law considered as a specialized sector of the general law; (b) to the
development of food law and to its international harmonization with due regard
to its interdisciplinary character and, to its particular role in the field of consumer
protection."
It is to serve as:
(1) a permanent structure for cooperation in considering current
food law problems;
(2) a permanent structure for information and consultation
by the spreading of information in the field of food law, the publication
of reviews, monographs or scientific papers, the organization
of conferences and seminars, and finally cooperation, as a
consultative international association, with organizations and administrations
endowed with political responsibility;
(3) the framework for responding to requests to address international
organizations, or governments, with recommendations
that could influence the evolution or harmonization of food law.
The EFLA is meant to be an independent.(not a pressure group),
scientific (nonprofit) and consultative (it has no responsibility or power
in the political or economic fields) organization. While it is primarily
'Document CX/GEN 75/1.
PAGE 225FOOD LANNI
,
INTERNATIONAL
concerned with the evolution of food law in Europe, :it welcomes cooperation
with any person or institution, public or private, national or
international, even if established outside Europe, that pursues similar
aims.
The First International Congress of EFLA took place in Parma,
Italy on September 26 and 27, 1975. It was attended by more than
100 members of EFLA and numerous guests from nine West European
countries, Poland and the United States, including high government
officials concerned with health and food legislation and representatives
of national and international associations and organizations such
as FAO, WHO, EEC, BENELUX and Council of Europe.
The morning session of September 26, chaired by Dr. D. M.
Caponera, Chief of the Legislation Section of FAO, was devoted to
general addresses by Dr. R. Piccinino, the President of the Association,
who stressed the necessity of harmonizing the food laws, and
Professor M. J. L. Dols, Vice-President of EFLA who read a message
from Professor E. J. Bigwood who regretted not being present
on account of illness. Also read were several other messages of greetings
from WHO, EEC, Council of Europe, the FDLI in Washington
(Mr. Daniel F. O'Keefe, Jr.) and officials of the Italian Government and
the City of Parma, notably the Chamber of Commerce which had
contributed greatly to the organization of this Conference.
Consumer Protection and Food Labeling
Following these'iintroductory remarks, Dr. D. Eckert, Ministerial
Dirigent of the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family and Health in
Bonn, reported about "New Developments in European Food Legislation."
Such developments proceeded at an accelerated pace during the
past 15 years, resulting in comprehensive new food acts in Italy
(1962), Belgium (1964), Sweden (1971), Denmark (1973), the Federal
Republic of Germany (1974) and Austria (1975) with the emphasis
on consumer protection an( food labeling. Comprehensive new labeling
regulations were issued -in the United Kingdom (1970), Sweden
(1971), France (1972), Austria (1973) and Norway (1975). A very
important Directive on Food Labeling is now being prepared in EEC.
The main topics under discussion are: (1) the complete list of ingredients;
(2) the date marking; (3) nutritional labeling; and (4)
claims.
The afternoon session of September 26, chaired by Professor M.
J. L. Dols, former President of the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius
Commission, was devoted to the topic'of "Drafting and Acceptance
FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976PAGE 226
of International Food Standards." Professor Alain Gerard, Secretary
General of EFLA, presented a detailed paper on the "Juridical and
Institutional Aspects" of this procedure which discussed: (1) the
general theory of drafting and acceptance of international food standards;
(2) the role of the international organizations in the field of
standardization of food products, namely:
Inter-governmentalorganizations
Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission;
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE/UN);
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD);
Council of Europe;
European Economic Community;
BENELUX Economic Union;
International Olive Oil Council (COI French);
International Vine and Wine Office (IWO) (OIV Fr.);
Non-governmentalorganizations
International Organization for Standardization (ISO);
International Dairy Federation (IDF) (FIL Fr.);
International Organization of Consumers Unions (IOCU).
The second day, September 27, was devoted to the subject of
"Reception" or incorporation of international food standards within
the national laws of the individual countries. The morning session
was chaired by R. A. Dehove, member of the Council of EFLA and
former Director of the Central Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture
of France in Paris. The first paper was a report by Robert Delville,
Director of European Affairs of Coca-Cola Europe, on the "Legal
and Institutional Aspects" of such Reception. The procedure differs
depending on the organization which elaborated the international
standard, such as the Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission,
EEC, BENELUX Economic Union or ISO. Mr. Delville
reviewed specifically the procedure in the United Kingdom, France,
Germany and BENELUX, but concluded that the acceptance of
international standards must overcome many difficulties based on
political or economic considerations and the different historical backgrounds
which account for the peculiarities of the individual national
laws. The second speaker was Professor R. Monacelli of the Superior
Institute of Health -in Rome, and Secretary General of the Italian
PAGE 227FOOD LA\V-NTERNATIONAL
Society of Food Science, who spoke about "The Scientific, Technological
and Social Aspects" of Reception.
Afternoon Session
The afternoon session, chaired by Dr. R. Piccinino, had several
special problems on the agenda: (1) a paper on "Canned Products"
by G. Jumel, Director General of the National Chamber of the Canning
Industry in Paris; (2) "apaper about "Meat and Meat Products"
by Dr. H. Schulze, lecturer at the Veterinarian Faculty of the University
of Munich; and (3) a paper on "The Appellations of Origin" by
G. P. Mora, President of the Consortium of Parmigiano and Reggiano
Cheeses in Parma.
In addition to the papers mentioned on the agenda and read during
the Conference, the participants received a number of papers which
had been prepared specially for this Conference:
(1) "The Elaboration of International Food Standards by the
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission" by G. 0. Kermode,
Chief, FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme;
(2) "The Harmonization of National Legislations in the EEC"
by E. Gaerner, Principal Administrator, Commission of Agriculture
of EEC in Brussels;
(3) "The Elaboration of International Food Standards within
the Framework of the Partial Agreement of the Council of Europe"
by Dr. 0. Messer, Deputy Director of Economic and Social Affairs;
and
(4) "Activities of the United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe in the Field of Agricultural and Food Trade Standards,"
an extract from a -document published by ECE/UN0
;
(5) individual reports about Reception in Austria, Belgium,
the Netherlands, 'Luxemburg, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark,
Finland, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom.
All the papers presented, at the Parma Conference were in French
or English. Some were read in Italian but simultaneous translations
into French and English were provided during the sessions.
Tentative plans were made for some regional meetings in 1976
and a full scale Conference in 1977.
1; AGRT/WP. 1/3.
FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976PACE 228
APPENDIX
Food Law-International
Selected Bibliography of Publications in the English LanguageArticles
published in the FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL*
Supplement
(101) International Aspects of Food
and Drug Legislation (Selected
Bibliography)
by Julius G. Zimmerman
(102) Control of Television Advertising
in Great Britain
by Peter Woodhouse
(103) The Changing Complexion of
the Food Industry in the Common
Market
by Paul P. Ashley
(104) Reaching the Common Market
Consumer
by Julius Green
(105) Food Law in the Common Mar-
ket
by Alain Gerard
(106) Harmonization of Food Laws
and Food Standards in Latin
America
by Julius G. Zimmerman
(107) A Food Lawyer's Report on the
Eighth Session of the Codex
Alimentarius CommissionCritique
and Targets for the
Future
by Lawrence I. Wood and
Stephen A. Weitzman
July
August
July
1971 303-322
1971 328-333
1972 460-464
August 1972 468-482
August 1972 483-501
October 1972 645-650
October 1972 651-656
*,For items 1-100, see Zimmerman,
Julius G., "International !Aspects of
Food and Drug Legislation," 26 FOOD
FOOD LAW-INTERNATIONAL
DRu- COSMETIc LAW JOURNAL 303 (July
1971).
PAGE: 229
(108) Acceptance and Enforcement of
Codex Standards
by L. M. Beacham
(109) A General Look at Codex Ali-
mentarius
'by Eddie F. Kimbrell
(110) Current Codex Alimentarius Ac-
tivities
by L. M. Beacham
December 1972
December 1972
January 1973
Paperspresentedat the BudapestFDLI Conference
(111) Consumer Interests
by Eirlys Roberts
(112) The Government's Agency Response
to Consumerism
by Virgil 0. Wodicka
(113) Industry's Concern in Meeting
Consumer Needs
by T. S. Thompson
(114) Codex Alimentarius Commission
by Richard Wildner
(11.5) International Standards and Food
Law
by Andras Miklovicz
(116) Adapting to Innovation: New
Foods and Legislation
by G. F. Schubiger
(117) Food Additives: Systems of Reg-
ulations
by Ernst G. Rapp
(118) A Food Law for the Future
by Robert Delville
(119) Perspectives of a Modern Food
Law
by E. J. Bigwood
(120) The Council of Europe's Work
in the Fields of Consumer Protection
and Food Law
by 0. Messer
May
May
May
May
May
May
May
May
May
May
1973 301-307
1973 308-316
1973 317-325
1973 326-330
1973 331-339
1973 340-344
1973 345-350
1973 351-358
1973 359-364
1973 365-368
FOOD DRUG COSMETIC LAW JOURNAL-APRIL, 1976
761-765
766-769
79-86
PAGE 230
(121) Comments Made on Papers Delivered
at the Budapest Food
Industry Symposium on International
Food Regulations
by Michael F. Markel
(122) Establishment in Brussels of the
European Food Law Association
(123) Food Regulation in Latin America
by Enrique E. Bledel
(124) EEC Developments Affecting
Products-Registration and Liability
(Pharmaceuticals)
by Jeffrey W. Bartlett
(125) Safety, Efficacy and Quality Review
in the United Kingdom
(Medicines)
by J. V. R. Marriott
(126) The Canadian Approach to Food
and Drug Regulations
by A. B. Morrison
(127) Canadian Regulation of Food,
Drugs, Cosmetics and Devices
-an Overview
by Robert E. Curran
(128) Current Topics in Canadian Food
Regulatory Affairs
by D. G. Chapman
(129) Comments and Views from the
Perspective of a Canadian Food
Lawyer
by James A. Robb
j le
July
1973 401-406
1973 493-494
September 1973 585-595
August 1975 483-494
August
November 1975
November 1975
November 1975
November 1975
1975 495-502
632-643
644-653
654-658
659-664
[The End]
FOOD LAW-INTERNATIONAL PAGE 231