1
GLOBAL
WARMING
Ilona Jančářová
2019
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse
Gases (GG)
2
*
INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND
 CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(Rio de Janeiro 1992)
 Kyoto Protokol 1997 - 5% reductions (2005 -
2012)
 European - wide GG emission reduction target:
8% during the period 2008 - 2012 comparing to
1990 levels
 (burden sharing for EU MS)
INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND
Doha Amendment 2012
 new obligations for MS in Annex I for the 2nd
period (2013-2020)
 18% reductions
 revision of the list of GG
COP 21- Paris 2015
 new global Climate Change Convention
 new obligations for the period 2020 ….
 voluntary national reductions – EU 40% 2030
3
Implementing the Kyoto
Protocol in the EU
GG reduction target:
 Emission trading (ET)
 Joint implementation of obligation to
reduce GG emissions (JI)
 Clean Development Mechanisms
CDM)
EU LEGISLATION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Legislation on emission reductions
2. Legislation on energy efficiency
3. Legislation on renewable sources of energy
Energy and climate package:
 20% GG abatement target
 20% renewable energy target by 2020
 20% energy efficiency target
20% GG emission
reductions target
The Climate and Energy package sets for the Union a 20 % GHG
emission reduction target by 2020 compared to 1990. This effort has
been divided between the sectors covered by:
a) Emission Trading System ('ETS')
b) non-ETS sectors under the Effort Sharing Decision
(ESD 2006/944).
 ETS provides an EU-wide cap
 ESD sets annual emission allocations in the non-ETS
sector for each Member State.
4
The emissions trading
system (EU ETS) (2013-2020)
„Cap and Trade“ principle a cap is set on the total
amount of certain GG that can be emitted by installations
covered by the EU ETS system: CO2, N2O, PFCS
 A single, EU-wide cap on emissions (absolute quantity
of GG which may be emitted in the EU) applies in place
of the previous system of national caps
 The cap is reduced over time, total emissions will fall
 In 2020, emissions from sectors covered by the system
will be 21% lower than in 2005.
 In 2030, under the Paris commitment, they would be at
least 40% lower.
EU ETS (2013-2020)
 Emission allowance = the right to emit
one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or the
equivalent amount of two more powerful
greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O)
and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
 Emission allowances - free allocation
- auctioning
 Companies can trade these allowances
with one another as they need.
5
NON EU ETS sectors
Effort Sharing Decision
 for most sectors not included in the EU ETS,
such as transport, buildings, agriculture and
waste.
 establishes binding annual greenhouse gas
emission targets for Member States for the
period 2013–2020
 reduction by non-ETS sectors of -10%
compared to 2005 that is then shared out
between EU Member States
NON EU ETS NATIONAL AND EU WIDE EMISSION
TARGETS by 2020
6
2020 target ….
The EU is on track to meet the 20% target
for 2020:
 EU emissions were reduced by 23%
between 1990 and 2016, while the
economy grew by 53% over the same
period.
 EU emissions decreased by 0.7% in 2016,
while GDP grew by 1.9%.
(https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en)
Key EU targets for 2030
A policy framework for climate and energy in the
period from 2020 to 2030:
 At least 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions
compared with 1990
 At least 32% of total energy consumption from
renewable energy
 At least 32.5% increase in energy efficiency
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/eu_en
Long-term goal
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/eu_en
 By 2050, the EU aims to cut its emissions
substantially – by 80-95% compared to
1990 levels as part of the efforts required
by developed countries as a group.
 Turning Europe into a highly energy
efficient and low-carbon economy will
also boost the economy, create jobs and
strengthen Europe's competitiveness.
7
The EU ETS legislation
 Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme
for greenhouse gas emission allowance
trading within the Community as amended
 Commission Regulation (EU) No 1031/2010
on the timing, administration and other aspects
of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission
allowances pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC
 other implementing legislation
Energy and climate
package - renewables
 20% renewable energy target to be attained in 2020
 Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources
 target to be reached by 2020 for the EU is a share of 20% energy
from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy.
 each MS has its own 2020 binding target
 Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources (target 32% of energy from RS
 Date of transposition: 30/06/2021
Energy and climate
package - energy efficiency
Directive 2012/27/EU on energy
efficiency as amended
 To enhance cost-effective improvements in
energy efficiency. (32% target by 2030)
 Applies to companies involved in the
distribution and sale of energy and final
consumers of energy. It does not apply to
companies subject to the EU ETS (ET Directive)
8
Energy and climate
package - energy efficiency
Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy
performance of buildings 2018/44
 Calculation of energy efficiency
 Minimum energy efficiency requirements
 Energy performance certificate
Energy and climate
package - carbon storage
 Directive 2009/31/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23 April
2009 on the geological storage of
carbon dioxide
 3 phases – capture, transportation,
permanent storage
Literature:
Jančářová, Ilona: Legal Aspects of Global Warming.
Amsterdam Law Forum, Amsterdam : Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Library, 2/2010, 2, od s. 51-60, 10 s. ISSN 1876-8156. 2010. URL
VOMÁČKA, Vojtěch a Ilona JANČÁŘOVÁ. Transboundary Impact
Assessment from the Central European Perspective. Czech Yearbook of
International Law, Huntington USA: Juris Publishing, Inc., 2012, roč. 3, č.
2012, s. 19-37. ISSN 2157-2976.
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/eu_en
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en