Adobe Systems Global Climate Change in EU Environmental Policy Jiri Vodicka, Ph.D. 18. 10. 2023 Brainstorming session Discussion points ̶Is climate change real? How do you perceive climate change? ̶How is climate change affecting you personally (or your family)? ̶Is your state/local authority (municipality) active in combating climate change? ̶Do you think all people are affected the same way? Are there any vulnerable groups? Is climate change discriminating any groups? ̶What should we do? Are there any viable solutions? ̶ ̶ Structure ̶Introduction ̶ ̶Current Issues ̶ ̶Sources of Law ̶International ̶EU ̶Green Deal ̶ Introductory thoughts ̶Global x National (systemic) x Individual emissions ̶ ̶ ̶International x EU x Local level ̶ ̶ ̶How to force states into actions? ̶ ̶ https://www.statista.com/statistics/986392/co2-emissions-per-cap-by-country-eu/ https://factsonclimate.org/infographics/climate-change-scheme Climate Change Debate: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) Released 9 years ago https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjuGCJJUGsg Paris Agreement: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) Released 6 years ago Current issues Solutions? ̶Regulatory mechanisms ̶ ̶Technological progress (Innovation) ̶ ̶Change in consumer behaviour ̶ ̶Focus on specific sector ̶ ̶Carbon pricing Bill Gates on Climate: “Are We Science People or Are We the Idiots?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmBj-5owOLA History of climate change ̶First mention 110 years ago (1912) ̶ ̶1938 Guy Callendar ̶ ̶1970s ExxonMobil‘s projected changes ̶ ̶1988 James Hansen (NASA) ̶ ̶1992 Rio Earth Summit ̶The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ̶UNFCCC 1979 First Climate Conference (Geneva) 1988 IPCC founded Pics. https://theconversation.com/for-110-years-climate-change-has-been-in-the-news-are-we-finally-ready- to-listen-188646 https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64241994 https://www.ucsusa.org/climate/accountability 6th Synthesis Report ̶IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) ̶AR 6 Synthesis Report ̶ Summary of 6 Synthesis report: https://www.wri.org/insights/2023-ipcc-ar6-synthesis-report-climate-change-findings Sources of Law - International ̶International customs ̶General widely recognised principles of law ̶ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio 1992) ̶International consensus on combating climate change ̶Obligation for parties to monitor and report emissions ̶ ̶Kyoto Protocol ̶5,2 % reduction of GHG (2008-2012) ̶Doha Amendment (2012-2020), 18 % reduction ̶ http://lawdefine.blogspot.com/2017/04/unced-or-earth-summit-or-rio-declaration.html Sources of Law - International ̶Paris Agreement (COP 21, Paris, 2015) ̶196 parties ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ̶Updated every 5 years ̶EU 55% reduction by 2030 compared to 1990 Its overarching goal is to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.” https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndc s#NDC-registry-- Paris Agreement – a short introductory video EU and Climate Change ̶EU Party to UNFCC, Kyoto and Paris joint obligation with MS to reduce GHGs ̶ ̶Commitments: 20 % 40 % (2030) 55 % (2030) 100 % (2050) ̶ ̶Legal instruments: policies, strategies, laws (regulations and directives), economic ̶ ̶pre-Green Deal Era x post-Green Deal Era RePower EU ReFuel EU EU and Climate Change ̶Art. 11 + art. 191 TFEU ̶Art. 3(3) TEU ̶ ̶ ̶European Commission: ̶DG Climate Action ̶DG Environment ̶DG Agri ̶DG Energy ̶DG Grow ̶DG Move ̶DG Regio Basis for EU environmental policies and legislation Executive Agency: CINEA (European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency) European Environment Agency EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era ̶Game changer ̶ ̶Fit-for-55 package ̶ ̶Holistic approach to climate change (mostly) through sectoral legislation ̶ ̶Setting an international example ̶ ̶ ̶ https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/macron-calls-for-regulatory-break-in-eu-gr een-laws-to-help-industry/ EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Affected sectors: ̶Industry, transport, electricity generation, agriculture + forestry, financial, waste management etc. Affected environmental sectors: ̶Air protection, nature (biodiversity), noise pollution etc. EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) ̶Art. 2(1) Net zero target by 2050 ̶Art. 4(1) intermediate target of 55 % reduction by 2030 ̶Art. 4(3) 2040 target? (tba) ̶Art. 7(2-3) insufficient national measures ̶Possible grounds for infringement procedure art. 258 TFEU? Principle of solidarity art. 3 TEU EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) – Directive 2003/87 ̶Polluter pays principle ̶CO2, N2O, PFC ̶ ̶A certain number of free allowances, but the number is being reduced ̶Covers only selcted sectors (+ maritime) ̶Covers cca 38 % of EU GHGs ̶ ̶ETS 2 – buildings + road transport + small industry ̶ ̶ ̶ https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/ https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/a-new-hope-recommendations-for-the-eu-emissions-trading- system-review/ EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era EU collective target EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation: Agriculture and forestry LULUCF (Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry) – regulation 2018/841 ̶EU 2030 target EU target for carbon removal (310 mil tones of GHG) ̶Specific 2030 MS targets ̶GHGs net removals EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation: Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RES II) ̶Binding overall Union target for 2030 32 % in art. 3 ̶Renewable energy communities ̶RES in transport sector at least 14 % in art. 25 ̶Gradual phase-out of I. generation biofuels MS target! Palm Oil -> Global Trade! -> Breach of WTO rules? Výsledek obrázku pro palm oil eu import https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/reality-check-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eu-biofu els-policy/ EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Overarching sectoral legislation Regulation 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action ̶5 dimensions: ̶energy security; ̶internal energy market; ̶energy efficiency; ̶decarbonisation; and ̶research, innovation and competitiveness ̶Art. 4 national targets/objectives/contributions ̶ESR ̶LULUCF ̶RES II – indicative trajectory of 18 % by 2022 43 % by 2025 65 % by 2027 EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Light vehicles (cars) 57,5 % GHG!! Sectoral legislation: Transport ̶The fastest and most growing sector ̶ ̶Cca 23,04 % GHGs intra-EU transport ̶+ 3,83 % international maritime ̶+ 3,66 % international aviation ̶ ̶Road transport forms cca 72 % of GHGs from Transport Secotr ̶ More than industry or agriculture! https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/greenhouse-gases-viewer EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Where to reduce GHGs EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation: Transport – fuels ̶Directive 2009/30 as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions ̶Regulation 2023/1804 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure ̶National targets + mandatory national targets for alternative infrastructure Electricity (road, shore-side elektricity supply in ports, electriciuty for aircrafts) Hydrogen Liquefied methane ̶RES II Directive (biofuels + MS targets) ̶Aviation: ReFuel Aviation Proposal for a Regulation on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport ̶SAF (Austainable Aviation Fuel) + ETS 2 – fuel suppliers https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2022)698900 EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation: Transport – production of vehicles ̶Regulation 2019/631 – CO2 emissions from new vehicles ̶„ban“ on combustion engine vehicles from 2035 ̶Gradual phase-out of combustion engines (passanger cars and ligt commercial vehicles) ̶ 15 % 55 % (50 %) ̶Only new cars! ̶ ̶ETS: aviation + maritime ̶ ̶ ̶ EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Other sectoral legislation: ̶Directive 2009/31 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide ̶ ̶Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27 (target of 32,5 % by 2030) ̶ ̶Regulation No. 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases (Fgases) ̶ ̶ ̶ EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation: Finance Taxonomy – Regulation (EU) 2020/852 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment ̶What it is? ̶Sustainable economic activity classification ̶Aiming at private sphere ̶Guidance for banks and other financial entities ̶6 objectives and 3 types of activities (low carbon, transitional and supportive) ̶ EU and Climate Change: post-Green Deal Era Sectoral legislation: Finance – ESG framework ̶Regulation 2019/2088 on sustainability‐related disclosures in the financial services sector ̶ ̶Regulation 2019/2089 as regards EU Climate Transition Benchmarks, EU Paris-aligned Benchmarks and sustainability-related disclosures for benchmarks ̶ ̶Directive 2022/2464 as regards corporate sustainability reporting Questions? Adobe Systems Jiri.Vodicka@law.muni.cz Thank you for your attention! Adobe Systems Sources ̶Gates Bill. How to Avoid a Climate Disaster: The Solutions We Have and the Breakthroughs We Need. 2021. ̶Thunberg Greta. The Climate Book. 2022. ̶Jancarova, I. Climate Change In Eu Policy. Masaryk University:Faculty of Law. Spring 2022. ̶European Commission ̶European Environment Agency ̶ ̶Podcasts: https://unfccc.int/blog/5-climate-action-podcasts-you-should-be-listening-to