Viral Hepatitis Prof. MUDr. Petr Husa, CSc. Klinika infekčních chorob, FN Brno j0115884 Viral Hepatitis 1.Enterically transmitted – no chronic stage •VH A •VH E 2.Parenterally transmitted – possible chronic stage •VH B •VH C •VH D 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 VH A 933 614 325 127 114 70 322 132 128 1648 1106 VH B 636 604 457 413 370 392 361 304 307 306 247 VH C 634 637 798 858 846 868 844 1022 980 980 843 VH E 5 12 13 12 21 36 37 35 43 62 99 Viral Hepatitis in CR 1999-2009 A B C D E Genom RNA DNA RNA RNA RNA Incubation 15-50 30-180 15-180 30-180 15-60 Enteral Yes No No No Yes Parenteral Rare Yes Yes Yes No Sexual Rare Yes Rare Yes Rare Vertical No Yes Rare Yes Yes Chronicity No Yes Yes Yes Very rare Vaccination Yes Yes No VH B No Imunoglob. Yes Yes No VH B No hepatitis a virus Hepatitis A family Picornaviridae, genus Hepatovirus – non-enveloped RNA, 27 nm Global_HepA_ITHRiskMap Hepatitis A Epidemiology •Fecal –oral route of transmission üContaminated hands or daily used instruments üContaminated drinking water üContaminated food • •Vaccination available, recommended especially fore travelers to countries with lower standard of hygiene Concentration of Hepatitis A Virus graph hepatitis a virus infection graph Hepatisi B Virus Hepatitis B family Hepadnaviridae, enveloped DNA virus, 42 nm Global significance of HEP B •One of the biggest global health problems üMore than 2 billions of infections during the life ü350-400 million chronic carriers - China (125 million), Brazil (3,7 million), South Korea (2,6 million), Japan (1,7 million), USA (more than 1 million), Italy (900 thousand). ü25-40 % chronic carriers have LC or HCC, 0,5-1,0 million death due to decompensated LC or HCC ü50 thousand death annually due to fulminant hepatitis üGlobal vaccination in 158 countries • • Hepatitis B HepB_map_schedule Global vaccination against HBV- 2005 Hepatitis B in Czech Republic •Still important infection but incidence and prevalence are gradually decreasing üPrevalence of chronic carriers was 0.56 % (2001) üPrevalence of historical antibodies anti-HBc total was 5,59% (2001) üDecrease of prevalence and incidence due to vaccination of high-risk persons (health care workers, newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, before hemodialysis) üGlobal vaccination of all newborns and 12-years old children since 2001 • • Epidemiology of HEP B •Transmission ü blood and blood products ü sexual intercourse ü organ and tissue transplant recipients ü vertically from mother to newborn •Who is in the highest risk in well-developed countries? ü intravenous drug abusers ü persons with multiple sexual partners • Clinical pictures of acute HEP B •IP: 30–180 days (mostly 2–3 months) •Prodromal stage - flu-like syndrome •Icteric form: < 5 years < 10 %, > 5 years (30–50 %) •Chronicity: newborns > 90 %, children 30-40 %, adults 5–10 % •Fulminant hepatitis: < 1 % •Chronic HBV infection mortality: 15 – 25 % C:\Documents and Settings\admin\Desktop\slide_lib\png\Slide10.jpg Outcome of Hepatitis B Virus Infection by Age at Infection (graph) C:\Documents and Settings\admin\Desktop\slide_lib\png\Slide11.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\admin\Desktop\slide_lib\png\Slide12.jpg c_virus Hepatitis C family Flaviviridae, genus Hepacivirus, enveloped RNA virus 60 nm • Hepatitis C World Health Organization. Wkly Epid Rec .1999;74:425-427. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C: Global Prevalence: Update. 2003. Farci P, et al. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:103-126. Wasley A, et al. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:1-16. Europe 8.9 million (1.03%) Americas 13.1 million (1.7%) Africa 31.9 million (5.3%) Western Pacific 62.2 million (3.9%) Eastern Mediterranean 21.3 million (4.6%) Southeast Asia 32.3 million (2.15%) HCV, hepatitis C virus. The World Health Organization has estimated that approximately 170 million persons are infected with HCV worldwide. The distribution of HCV infection is not uniform around the world. In most places, approximately 1% to 2% of the population is infected with HCV, but some regions, such as Egypt, are burdened with rates that range from 10% to 20%. HCV screening is the first step in identifying the 170 million HCV-infected persons worldwide. Distribution of HCV genotypes Hepatitis C •Significant global health problem üabout 3 % of the world population are chronically infected with HCV üIn well-developed countries about 20 % of all acute hepatitis, 70 % chronic hepatitis, 40 % cirrhosis, 60 % HCC and indication to 30 % liver transplantations •In Czech Republic üprevalence 0,2 % (2001) •No vaccine, no hyper-immune immunoglobulin Epidemiology of HEP C •Transmission: ü blood and blood products ü sharing of used injection needles and syringes ü sexually (rare) ü vertically (rare) •Who is in the highest risk of HCV infection at present? ü intravenous drug abusers •Infection is frequently diagnosed in chronic stage • Patients with higher risk of HCV infection PIntravenous drug abusers (sharing of injection needles and syringes) PRecipients of blood transfusions before the year 1992 (especially hemophiliacs) PPersons with tattoo or piercing Clinical course of HEP C •Acute hepatitis is mostly asymptomatic •Probability of chronicity is high (40-50% till 90-100%). •Higher probability of chronicity: aOlder persons aHigher initial infection dose (transfusion versus needles) aHBV, HIV co-infection aabusus of alcohol aimmunodeficiency Clinical course of HEP C •LC in about 20 % patients with chronic HCV infection •HCC annually in 1-4 % patients with LC •Progression to HCC depends on: üage (more rapid progression in older persons) üalcohol abuse üHIV co-infection üHBV co-infection Serologic Pattern of Acute HCV Infection w/ Recovery Serologic Pattern of Acute HCV Infection w/ Progression to Chronic Infection Hepatitis D (Delta) Virus (photo and diagram) Hepatitis D Satelite virus, family Deltaviridae, enveloped RNA, 40 nm Hepatitis D •Ability of replication only in presence of HBV infection üCo-infection (better prognosis) üSuper-infection (worse prognosis) •Endemic in South America, Mediterranean Region, Romania, Central Africa •Very low prevalence in CR Anti-HDV prevalence in HBsAg-positive (approximately 15 000 000 persons) Rizzetto M. EASL 2009 koinfekce superinfekce Hepatitis E Virus (photo) Family Hepeviridae, genus Hepevirus, non-enveloped RNA virus, 27-34 nm hepatitida E Hepatitis E Source: CDC HEV0002 HEV genotypes Purcell RH, Emerson SU. J Hepatol 48 (2008) 494-503 HEV0003 Genotypes of swine HEV Purcell RH, Emerson SU. J Hepatol 48 (2008) 494-503 Hepatitis E •Travel-related disease especially •Infection is possible to acquire in CR as well (pork, sea food) •Main route of transmission by drinking water •Extremely serious clinical course in late pregnancy (mortality above 20 %) •Repeated infection may be possible •Rare cases of chronic hepatitis E in seriously immunosuppressed patients (organ recipients…) • • j0262752 HEV Serology (graph) Treatment of acute hepatitis •Symptomatic for all types ü physical and mental rest ü diet ü no alcohol, no hepatoxic drugs ü supportive treatment (silymarin, essential phosholipids) • j0318804 Nucleoside/ nucleotide analogues Interferon -alfa Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B Antiviral action Antiviral action Immunomodulatory action T helper cell Natural killer cell Cytotoxic T cell Antigen presenting cell B cell Treatment Options for CHB Interferon alfa has two distinct modes of action, antiviral and immunomodulatory. •Interferon alfa has direct antiviral activity via inhibition of viral replication through the activation of endonuclease, elevation of protein kinase and induction of 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase. •In addition, it has broad immunomodulatory properties, including the activation of T helper cells which in turn activate both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, both of which destroy infected hepatocytes. It also activates antigen-presenting cells which, together with the helper T cells, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. All of this enhances the host’s immune response to the virus. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have a single mode of action and are purely antiviral in activity, inhibiting reverse transcription of viral DNA. Current possibilities of treatment of chronic HBV infection •pegylated interferon alfa-2a – 48 weeks •conventional interferon alfa-2a or alfa-2b •lamivudine - long-term treatment (years), mostly temporary effect only, high risk of resistance •adefovir dipivoxil – for lamivudine-resistant mutants only, long-term treatment (years), mostly temporary effect only •entecavir •tenofovir • telbivudine Efficacy of treatment after 1 year – HBeAg positive Efficacy of treatment after 1 year – HBeAg negative Resistance to NUCs Current possibilities of treatment of chronic HCV infection •Pegylated interferon alfa-2a or alfa-2b + ribavirin üGenotype 1 – 48 weeks, SVR about 60 % üGenotype 2 or 3 – 24 weeks, SVR about 85 % S32584-032-f002 Downloaded from: Zakim and Boyer’s Hepatology (on 20 December 2006 12:53 PM) © 2005 Elsevier Development of chronic hepatitis C treatment efficacy