GAP FILL 1 The Endocrine System (adrenal glands and gonads) The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of molecules known as (1)………… The endocrine system helps to (2)…………. metabolism, growth, development and puberty, tissue functions and plays a part also in what (3)………. we are in. The field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is (4)……………, a branch of the wider field of (4)……………medicine. The endocrine system mainly uses blood (5)……… as information channels. Different glands are (5)……….. in many regions of the body. Adrenal glands The adrenal glands are a pair of glands that secrete hormones (6)…..….. into the bloodstream. Each gland can be divided into two (7)…….. organs. The outer region, the (8)………. , secretes hormones which have an important effect on the way in which energy is stored and food is used and on characteristics (9)……. as hairiness and body shape. The smaller, inner region known as the (10)……… is the body's first line of defence and response to physical and (11)……… stresses. Ovaries The ovaries are a pair of oval or almond-shaped glands which lie on either side of the (12)…….. and just below the opening to the (13)…….. tubes. In addition to producing eggs, in other words (14)……, the ovaries produce (15)………. sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone. Testicles / Testes The (16) ……….. is a sac that hangs under the penis and holds the testes. It is divided internally into two halves by a membrane. The testicle ………. (17) inside the scrotum and produces as many as 12 trillion sperms in a male's lifetime. Each sperm takes about seventy-two days to grow and mature. If it becomes too cool on the outside, the scrotum will (18) ………. to bring the testes closer the body. GAP FILL 2 Join up with a partner from the other group and (1) using information you noted, complete the gaps in this case study of a woman with a heart problem. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS A.L., a 68-year old woman, retired(1), was admitted to hospital with ______ pain, _______of breath, fainting and nausea(2). She had taken three sublingual _________ of nitroglycerine in 10 minutes without any significant relief before calling the ___________(3). The patient scores the pain as “7” on the scale of 1-10. It __________ to her left _________, neck and jaw(4). The patient also admits the condition started by unexpected short ___________ beating periods(5). She denies any previous chest pain. A month ago she had a stress test done which suggested cardiac disease. She admits to avoiding the prescribed medication as she felt good. Her family history was significant for cardiovascular _________ (6). Her father and mother died of acute myocardial ____________. Patient´s older sister died from a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Her ECG on admission presented tachycardia. Her _______ colour was dark and blue on her lips and fingertips. Her diagnosis was possible coronary artery disease or acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization and angiography was recommended. She has been taking a daily dose of hormonal tablets for her osteoporosis for the last two years and daily medication for her hypertension and recurrent migraines(7). She denies taking any other ______. The patient _________ half a pack of cigarettes a day and has been doing this since her husband passed away 6 months ago. She drinks _________ occasionally (8). She is allergic to pollen (9) and slightly obese. She also admits feeling ___________ recently as her daughter with three children has lost her job and she has been missing her husband (10) GAP FILL 3 II. Fill in the gaps with one missing word. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two urethers, the (4) __________ and the urethra. In their shape they are similar (5) __________ beans. They are located in the (6) ____________ cavity, on each side of the spinal column at the level of the last thoracic vertebra. The kidneys may be regarded as (7) ___________ through which blood passes and which eliminate a substance called urea from the blood, along with other (8) ___________ products. (9) _____________ is the functional structure of the kidneys. The funnel-shaped extension of the urether at the entrance to the kidney is called the renal (10) ___________. After the (11) __________ has been cleansed it leaves the kidney through the renal vein. Pyelography is a method used to (12) ______________ pathological and congenital abnormalities in the urinary system. (13) _________-scopy (signifies something like “to look at / view the insides of the bladder) is an endoscopic procedure using a probe involving a small camera device, which is inserted in the urinary bladder through the urethra, enabling us to inspect the internal structures of the bladder. GAP FILL 4 How the kidneys work. Blood is led to the (4)___________ directly from the abdominal aorta by way of the renal (5) ____________ and arterioles. Since the arterioles are (5) __________ , blood passes in them slowly but constantly. Blood flow through the kidney is so essential that the kidneys have their own special device for maintaining (7) __________ flow. If blood pressure falls in the vessels of the kidney, so that blood flow is (8) __________, the kidney is stimulated to produce a substance called renin and secretes it (9) _________ the blood. Renin stimulates the contraction of arterioles so (10) _________ blood pressure is (11) ________ and the blood flow in the kidneys is restored (12) _________ normal. If this fails, various complications may (13) __________. GAP FILL 5 Blood Fill in the gapsJ Normally, 7-8% of human body weight is from blood. …….. (1) adults, this amounts to circa 5 litres of blood. This essential fluid carries ….. (2) the critical functions of transporting oxygen and nutrients to our cells and getting ….. (3) of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other waste products. In …………..(4), it plays a vital role in our immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body ………..(5) Blood is a highly specialized tissue composed of many different kinds of components. Blood is a specialised biological liquid (technically a ………..(6) consisting of red blood cells (also called RBCs or ………………..(7), white blood cells (also called ….………….(8) and ……………(9) (also called thrombocytes) placed in a complex medium known as blood ………..…(10) Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which blood cells are placed. It makes ……… (11) about 55 % of the total blood volume. A product of plasma which does not contain fibrinogen is referred to as blood ….………(12) RBCs are disc-like bodies, concave on both sides. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body …………..(13) invasion of bacteria and they are classified in two groups: ……………….…(14) and ……………....(15) The most numerous cells in blood are red blood cells. These contain ………….(16), which (when oxygenated) gives blood its red colour. The iron-containing part of hemoglobin provides the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help resist infections, and platelets are important in the ……………..…(17) of blood, also called coagulation. Blood is circulated round the body through blood …………….(18) by the pumping action of the heart. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- from the Greek word ‘haima for ‘blood’. Anatomically, blood is considered a ………….……(19) tissue from both its origin in the bones and its function. Red blood cells are produced in the red …………..………(20).; this process is called the ………………(21) Some bones that contain blood producing marrow can stop production over time. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; ……. (22) adults, red blood cell production tends to limit itself to the vertebrae, the breastbone (also called the ……….……(23), the rib cage, pelvis and parts of the upper and lower extremities. Human blood is divided into four groups A, B, AB, 0 according to the type of ……..……..(24) on the surface of the red blood cells. Blood …………….…..(25) is a process by which a blood donor has voluntarily given blood for storage in a blood ……..………(26), generally for subsequent use in a blood transfusion.