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GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TUBE
Mucous membrane (tunica mucosa):
Folds (plicae), smaller processes (papillae), villi (villi intestinales). Lamina epithelialis,
lamina propria mucosae, lamina muscularis mucosae. Folliculi lymphatici solitarii or
folliculi lymph. aggregati – Peyer’s patches.
Submucous tissue (tunica submucosa)
The nervous plexus is called plexus submucosus Meissneri.
Muscular tissue (tunica muscularis)
Striated or smooth musculature. Internal circular and external longitudinal. The nervous
plexus myentericus Auerbachi.
Outer layer
Tunica adventitia or tunica serosa (visceral peritoneum).
Glands of the GIT
Intramural (e.g. goblet cells) or extramural glands.
ORAL CAVITY (CAVUM ORIS)
Rima oris
Vestibulum oris
Cavum oris proprium
Vestibule of the mouth (vestibulum oris)
Labia oris - labium superius – sulcus nasolabialis, philtrum - tuberculum labii superioris
cheiloschisis (cleft lip)
gnathoschisis (cleft jaw)
palatoschisis (cleft palate)
- labium inferius - sulcus mentolabialis
pars intermedia
fornix vestibuli superior et inferior - frenulum
anguli oris
glandulae labiales
m. orbicularis oris.
Buccae - glandulae buccales, m. buccinator, papilla parotidea - ductus parotideus.
Raphe pterygomandibularis – mandibular anesthesia
Gingiva - gingiva proper (attached gingiva) - pars fixa gingivae
- pars libera gingivae
Alveolar mucosa – separated from the gingiva by the mucogingival border
The oral cavity proper (cavum oris proprium)
diaphragma oris - mylohyoid muscles, geniohyoid muscles, anterior belly of the digastric
muscle
glandula submandibularis
glandula sublingualis
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Salivary glands
Glandulae salivariae minores - labiales, buccales, molares, palatinae, linguales
Glandulae salivariae majores - sublingualis, submandibularis and parotis
Glandula submandibularis – ductus submandibularis – caruncula sublingualis
Glandula sublingualis– plica sublingualis, ductus sublingualis major, ductus
sublinguales minores
Glandula parotis - fossa retromandibularis, fascia parotideomasseterica.Tractus angularis
separates the gland from the trigonum submandibulare. Parotid plexus - CN VII – nervus
facialis.
Ductus parotideus - papilla parotidea
Glandula parotis accessoria
Palate (palatum)
Hard palate (palatum durum) - palatine processes of the maxillae and horizontal plates of
the palatine bones
Raphe palati
Papilla incisiva
Plicae palatinae transversae
Glandulae palatinae
Soft palate (palatum molle, velum palatinum)
Aponeurosis palatina
Uvula palatina
Arcus palatoglossus et arcus palatopharyngeus
Tonsilla palatina – fossa (sinus) tonsillaris, plica triangularis, fossa supratonsillaris–
plica semilunaris, 12 – 15 cryptae tonsillares– tonsillitis – tonsillar pegs, paratonsillar
vein - tonsillectomy.
Muscles of the soft palate:
Musculus tensor veli palatini – CN V.
M. levator veli palatini
M. uvulae
M. palatoglossus
M. palatopharyngeus
plexus pharyngeus (CN IX., X.).
Tongue (lingua)
Corpus linguae
Radix linguae - tonsilla lingualis
Dorsum linguae - sulcus terminalis (ductus thyroglossus), sulcus medianus
Papillae filiformes, fungiformes, foliatae, valatae, (calliculi gustatorii)
Apex linguae
Margines linguae
Facies inferior linguae - frenulum linguae, plicae fimbriatae, plica sublingualis caruncula
sublingualis
Plica glossoepiglottica mediana and two plicae glossoepiglotticae laterales - valleculae
epiglotticae
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DENTITION
Dentes permanentes
32 teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars in one quadrant of the complete
permanent dentition.
Description of the tooth:
Crown (corona dentis)
Masticatory surface (facies occlusalis) - tubercula dentalia
Contact ss. (facies approximales) - facies mesialis, facies distalis
Vestibular s. (facies vestibularis) - f. labialis, f. buccalis
Oral s. (facies oralis) - f. palatina, f. lingualis
Neck (collum dentis) - epithelial attachment (junctional epithelium)
Root (radix dentis)
Pulp cavity (cavitas dentis) - canalis radicis - foramen apicis dentis
Structure of the tooth
Dentin (dentinum) 70% of inorganic substances.
Enamel (enamelum) 97% of inorganic substances.
Cement (cementum) formed by the fibrous bone.
Pulp (pulpa dentis) - areolar connective tissue, vessels and nerves.
Fixation of the tooth
Periodontium - collagen Sharpey’s fibers
Parodontium - gum, periosteum, alveolus, periodontium, cement
Morphology of individual teeth
Dens incisivus -1 root, crown - occlusal edge. The largest incisor is upper medial one. The
root is long, conical and flat from sides.
Dens caninus are long teeth with one root, the crown projects in the acute spike with cutting
edges at its sides. The root is long and flat from sides. The upper canine is bigger than lower.
Dens premolaris has 2 tubercles on its occlusal surface (one vestibular, the other lingual).
Upper premolars have both tubercles of the same size, the lower have the bigger vestibular
tubercle. Premolars have one root except the upper first premolar that has two roots –
palatinal and buccal.
Dens molaris - the occlusal surface of upper molars has 4 tubercles separated by a deep
groove. The size of molars decreases distally. The crown has 2 buccal and 2 palatinal
tubercles. The groove has the shape of the letter H. Upper 1st
molar is the strongest and
biggest tooth of the upper arch. The additional tubercle may be on its palatine side
(tuberculum anomale Carabelli). Upper 2nd
and 3rd
molars have often only 2 tubercles.
The occlusal surface of the lower molars has the quadrangular shape. The groove has the
shape of the cross. The 1st
molar has often 5 tubercles the 5th
lies distally.
Third molars have variable crowns and may be impacted. Upper molars have 3 roots (2
vestibular and 1 palatinal), lower have 2 roots (1 mesial and 1 distal)
Dentes decidui
Crowns of milk teeth are lower and wide. They are of white colour with a blue shade. Roots
are narrower and sharper and diverging because they surround crowns of permanent teeth.
Dental formula
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Dentition can be expressed as a dental formula. The jaws are vertically symmetrical. The
teeth on the left side of the mouth will correspond to the teeth on the right. The teeth may be
indicated by several ways – kind of tooth is denoted by a letter - lowercase letters (i1, i2, c,
m1, m2 – milk teeth) or uppercase letters (I1, I2, C, P1, P2, M1, M2, M3 – permanent teeth;
by numerals – Roman (I, II, III, IV, V – milk teeth) or Arabian (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 –
permanent teeth).
Quadrants is determined by numerals 1-4 clockwise from the maxillary right quadrant for
permanent teeth and 5-8 clockwise for milk teeth:
1|2 5|6
4|3 8|7
Today dentists use a formula according to which each tooth is allocated a two-digit number.
The left designates the quarant and the right designates the tooth order. 43 – mandibular right
permanent canine, 62 – maxillary left deciduous lateral incisor.
Occlusion
Upper dental arch has a shape of the half of an oval, lower arch of a parabola. Therefore the
teeth do not meet each other exactly. Normally the crowns of the upper teeth direct slightly
forward and those of the lower teeth backward. Thus the cutting edges of the upper front teeth
lie anterior to those of lower front teeth like a pair of scissors. In the premolars and molars the
vestibular tubercles of upper teeth overhangs those of lower teeth. Each tooth is in contact
with two opposing teeth, with the principal antagonist (over a large contact area) and with an
adjacent secondary antagonist. Only the 1st
lower incisor and the third upper molar have a
single antagonist. In rare cases the cutting edges are opposite each other like a forceps. In
prognathism – the upper jaw is displaced anteriorly; in progenism – the lower jaw is anterior
to the upper one.
Eruption
The primordia of the deciduous teeth are already in a newborn child. The growing root pushes
the crown to the gum, which atrophies and the tooth erupts.
I 6th
-8th
month
II 8th
-12th
month
III 16th
-20th
month
IV 12th
-16th
month
V 20th
-36th
month
Exchange of the teeth
Crowns of the permanent teeth grow orally and elicit resorption of alveoli of milk teeth and
their roots. Roots of milk teeth shorten and disappear, the rest of the crown releases from the
gum.
1 7th
-8th
year
2 8th
-9th
year
3 11th
-13th
year
4 9th
-11th
year
5 11 th
-13 th
year
6 6th
-7th
year
7 12th
-14th
year
8 17th
-40th
year
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