Conditionals * 0 conditional If (When) you press the switch, the light _________ (come) on. If + simple present, __________________ It refers to the present/past/future. It is possible/impossible/always true. * 1st conditional If I _______ (fail) the exam, I _____ (be) sad. If + simple present, ________ + __________ It refers to the present/past/future. It is possible/impossible/always true and also very likely/very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled. * 2nd conditional If I _____ (win) 50 million crowns, I _________ (travel) around the world. If + past tense, ________ + __________ It refers to the present/past/future. It is possible/impossible/always true and also very likely/very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled. * 3rd conditional If I ______________ (be) in the accident, I ___________________ (die) there. If + past perfect, ______ _______ + past participle It refers to the present/past/future. It is possible/impossible/always true that the condition will be fulfilled. 1. Complete the sentences with these conjunctions: provided (that), unless, in case (of) a. Take an umbrella __________ it rains. b. __________ you start with the treatment immediately, it won’t help you. c. __________ the room is clean, I don’t mind which hotel we stay at. d. __________ he was very ill, he would be at work. e. Call this number __________ of emergency. f. Travelling by car is convenient __________ that you have somewhere to park. g. I will leave my mobile phone switched on __________ Jane calls. h. You will be sick __________ you stop eating junk food. 2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. If you __________ (freeze) a piece of metal, it __________ (contract). a. You __________ (pass) the exam in biophysics unless you __________ (study) hard. b. Humans are among the few animals to have colour vision. If you __________ (be)a horse for example, you __________ (see) everything in black and white. c. The brain works in two parts, the left side and the right side. Scientists can put one side of the brain to sleep, and see what happens. For example, if they __________ (turn off) the right side of the patient’s brain, the patient __________ (be able) to sing, because musical ability comes from the right side of the brain. d. If you __________ (cool) the steam, it __________ (turn) back into water. e. If my grandfather __________ (be) alive, he __________ (be) a hundred tomorrow. f. Beetles are one of the most numerous species on the planet. In fact, if other insects and animals __________ (eat) beetles, in about a year the beetle population __________ (weigh) as much as the whole Earth! g. If you __________ (smoke) , chemical changes __________ (take place) in your cells because they don’t receive enough oxygen. 3. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. a. If Alexander the Great (march) _________ west instead of east, he (conquer) _________ the whole of Europe. b. If more Vikings (go) _________ to North America, they (bring) ________ some Indians back to Europe. c. If the ancient Egyptians (build) _________ bigger boats, they (cross) _________ the Atlantic and (land) _________ in America. d. If a storm (not hit) _________ Bartolomeu Dias’s ship off the coast of Africa in 1487, they (not arrive) _________ in the Indian Ocean by accident. e. If Columbus (not read) _________ about Marco Polo’s trip to China, he (not try) _________ to sail there by crossing the Atlantic. f. If Columbus (sail) _________ east in 1492, he (reach) _________ China or Japan. g. If the Aztecs (not think) _________ that Cortes and his men were gods, the Spaniards (not conquer) _________ Mexico so easily. h. If Lewis and Clark (not find) _________ a way across America from St Louis to the Pacific in 1806, thousands of settlers (not make) _________ the journey in later years to settle in the central North America. i. If Charles Darwin (not take) _________ a voyage to South America between 1831 and 1836, he (not write) _________ his famous book The Origin of Species. Breaking bad news 1. Discuss with your partner: a) Have you ever got any bad news from the doctors (or any of your relatives)? b) What is the best way to break bad news to someone? Do you have any personal experience? 2. Watch the video Breaking bad news 1: alternatively http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCBQUGvZU7k a) What is the patient suffering from? b) What are the strong and weak points of this conversation? 3. Read the Six Steps of SPIKES: a) make sure whether you understand all the underlined vocabulary b) Do you agree with these steps, would you follow them if you were a doctor? c) Watch the video breaking bad news 2 and tick which steps were carried out. S – Setting · Arrange for some privacy · Involve significant others · Sit down · Make connection and establish rapport with the patient · Manage time constraints and interruptions. P – Perception of condition/seriousness · Determine what the patient knows about the medical condition or what he suspects. · Listen to the patient’s level of comprehension · Accept denial but do not confront at this stage. I – Invitation from the patient to give information · Ask patient if s/he wishes to know the details of the medical condition and/or treatment · Accept patient’s right not to know · Offer to answer questions later if s/he wishes. K – Knowledge: giving medical facts · Use language intelligible to patient · Consider educational level, socio-cultural background, current emotional state · Give information in small chunks · Check whether the patient understood what you said · Respond to the patient’s reactions as they occur · Give any positive aspects first e.g.: Cancer has not spread to lymph nodes, highly responsive to therapy, treatment available locally etc. · Give facts accurately about treatment options, prognosis, costs etc. E - Explore emotions and sympathize · Prepare to give an empathetic response: · Identify emotion expressed by the patient (sadness, silence, shock etc.) · Identify cause/source of emotion · Give the patient time express his or her feelings, then respond in a way that demonstrates you have recognized connection between 1 and 2. S – Strategy and summary · Close the interview · Ask whether they want to clarify something else · Offer agenda for the next meeting e.g.: I will speak to you again when we have the opinion of cancer specialist. 4. Read a paragraph about Katie Martin, imagine you are her doctor and it is right after her surgery. You have to inform her parents. With your partner prepare a strategy for informing the parent using the SPIKES protocol. 4. Find the words bellow in the text and match them with their definitions 1. evacuation a. the fact that a part of the body is unable to do something fully 2. tracheostomy b. changing position 3. contusion c. the process of getting rid of solid or liquid material from e.g. the brain 4. dural d. to understand 5. laceration e. relating to or affecting the tough membrane forming the outermost of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord 6. reposition f. tearing or a deep cut in one’s flesh or organ 7. to ambulate g. to care for the appearance, getting dressed etc. 8. grooming h. intestines 9. bowel i. mentally perceptive and responsive 10. retrieval j. the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory 11. alert k. walk from place to place 12. to sustain l. surgical opening in the neck for the insertion of a catheter or tube to facilitate breathing 13. to comprehend m. to maintain, to keep 14. impairment n. traumatic injury of the brain, bruise of the brain tissue