Physiology: spring semester 2013/2014 Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes and cell organelles 2. Passive transport across membranes. Co-transport 3. Compartmentalization of body fluids 4. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 5. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 6. Ion channels 7. Intercellular communication 8. Functions of the nerve cell 9. Functional morphology of synapses 10. Synthesis and break down of transmitters 11. Generation of resting membrane potential 12. Local response of membrane potential 13. Action potential 14. Excitability and refractoriness 15. Excitation-contraction coupling 16. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 17. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle 18. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of smooth muscle 19. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of cardiac muscle 20. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 21. Neuromuscular junction 22. Energy production and conservation 23. Caloric content of food. Direct calorimetry. Energy balance. Indirect calorimetry. 24. Physiological role of calcium 25. Vitamins – overview 26. Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses 27. Basal metabolism 28. Hypoxia and ischemia 29. Physiological applications of law of Laplace 30. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement. Dead space. 31. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 32. Respiratory quotient 33. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 34. Sympathetic alpha- and beta-receptors 35. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 36. Physiological regulations (overview) 37. Homeostasis 38. Functional morphology of nephron 39. Urine formation 40. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation 41. Glomerular filtration 42. Function of renal tubules 43. Juxtaglomerular apparatus 44. Renal sodium transport, aldosteron 45. Passive transport in kidneys 46. Transport of glucose in kidneys 47. Urea formation 48. Hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. 49. Osmotic and water diuresis 50. Acid-base balance 51. Acid-base balance determined by the acid-base nomogram (relationship between pH, pCO[2] and HCO^3-) 52. Clearance 53. Regulation of renal functions 54. Micturition 55. Regulation of constant pH 56. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 57. Intrapulmonary and pleural pressure. Pneumothorax. 58. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 59. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. 60. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 61. Transport of O[2]. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. 62. Transport of CO[2] 63. Regulation of ventilation 64. Respiratory responses to irritants 65. Formation, composition and functions of saliva 66. Gastric production of HCl 67. Functions of the stomach 68. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 69. Regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion 70. Co-ordination of GIT segments 71. Composition and function of pancreatic juice 72. Liver functions 73. Formation, composition and functions of bile 74. Digestion in the small intestine 75. Functions of colon 76. Resorption of lipids, minerals and water in small intestine 77. Intermediary metabolism (overview). Nitrogen balance 78. Metabolism of cholesterol. Aterosclerosis. 79. Metabolism of iron 80. Thermoregulation 81. Sympathetic nervous system (overview) 82. Parasympathetic nervous system (overview) 83. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 84. Regulation and adaptation Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives 4. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 5. Cellular immunity 6. Humoural immunity 7. Complement system 8. Blood groups antigens (ABO group, Rh group) 9. Function of platelets 10. Hemocoagulation 11. Anticlotting mechanism 12. Conduction system of the heart 13. Cardiac automaticity 14. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront 15. Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage 16. Cardiovascular reflexes (Valsalva maneuver, Muller maneuver, diving reflex) 17. Invasive assessment of blood pressure 18. Non-invasive assessment of blood pressure 19. Measurement of cardiac output and blood flow 20. ECG leads 21. ECG record in different leads 22. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 23. Cardiac contractility and its determination 24. Ejection fraction, heart failure 25. Polygraphic recording of one cardiac cycle (ECG, phonocardiogram, , aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume) 26. Specific features of cardiac metabolism 27. Heart as a pump 28. Differences between left and right heart 29. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 30. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 31. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 32. Stroke volume and cardiac output 33. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 34. Starling principle (heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 35. Frequency effect (homeometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 36. Heart rate 37. Regulation of cardiac output 38. Overview of arrhythmias 39. Coronary circulation 40. Coronary reserve. Ischaemic heart disease. 41. Cardiovascular system – general principles 42. Vascular resistance 43. Blood pressure. Hypertension. 44. Arterial elasticity – significance 45. Arterial pulse wave 46. Physiological role of endothelium 47. Vasoactive substances 48. Micro-circulation 49. Venous pressure 50. Venous return. Venous stasis and embolism. 51. Lymphatic system 52. Pulmonary circulation 53. Cerebral circulation 54. Skin circulation 55. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 56. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 57. Placental and faetal circulation. Circulatory adjustments at birth 58. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 59. General principles of endocrine regulation 60. Chemical characteristics of hormones 61. Examination methods in endocrinology (RIA, enzymo-imuno-analysis) 62. Effect of hormones on target cells 63. Second messengers 64. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 65. Hypothalamic releasing hormones 66. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 67. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 68. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 69. Effects of thyroid hormones 70. Metabolism of iodine; Thyroid hormones synthesis 71. Hyper- and hypothyroidism 72. Endocrine pancreas 73. Insulin – mechanism of action 74. Glycaemia 75. Hyper- and hypoglycaemia. Diabetes mellitus. 76. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 77. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 78. Adrenal medulla. Synthesis of catecholamines. 79. Parathormone 80. Vitamin D and calcitonin 81. Antidiuretic hormone. Natriuretic peptides 82. Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm. 83. Puberty and menopause 84. Ovarian cycle and its control 85. Uterine cycle 86. Physiology of pregnancy 87. Physiology of parturition and lactation 88. Hormonal contraception 89. Endocrine functions of testes 90. Regulation of body fluid volume 91. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure 92. Regulation of calcium metabolism 93. Regulation of glycemia 94. Regulation of adrenal cortex