present simple (form) affirmative I / You / We / They want go take She / He / It wants goes takes Most verbs add -s for third person she / he / it: want - wants Verbs ending -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o: add -es passes washes live - lives relaxes goes negative I / You / We / They do not {don't) She/He/It does not (doesn'f) want relax go take questions and short answers Do I/you / we/they Does she/he/it work? Yes, I do. / No, I do not (don't). work? Yes, he does. / No, he does not (doesn't). (use) Use present simple for • facts, or things that always happen. Water boils at 100°C. • routines and habits. The birds return to the island every spring. • timetable events. The Drama Club meets every Thursday at 7.30. • plots of films, stories and plays. At the party, Romeo sees Juliet and falls in love with her. yes/no questions and short answers Do male penguins keep the eggs warm? Does water boil at 80°C? Yes, they do. No, it does not I doesn't. question words We put question words in front of present simple yes I no questions. Why do people grow? Where does water come from? When do fish sleep? What does this word mean ? Who do you sit next to? How does a camera work? what and who subject questions With what and who it is possible to ask questions about the subject of a sentence. In this case, we do not use a question form. Who knows the answer to this question? What makes it work? 1 Complete the sentence with the affirmative form of the verb in brackets. a I (drive)............cioVf-.................but my sister (cycle)............................................ b The Sun (rise)............................................in the east and (set)............................................in the west. c The Prime Minister (travel)............................................abroad in his own private aeroplane. d It (cost)............................................$20 million to be a space tourist for one week in the International Space Station. e The European Commission (meet)............................................in Brussels. f My dad (read)............................................two books every week. g I (understand)............................................geography more than science. h My favourite TV programme (start)............................................at half past ten. i The teachers at our school (give)............................................us lots of homework. j We (like)............................................swimming because it's fun and good exercise. 2 Complete the sentence with the negative form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions. a You (do)...............dSpjLdLdb....................any of the cooking! b My brother (play)................................................................tennis because he (like)................................................................it. c I (think)................................................................that's a good idea. d Teachers (work)................................................................at weekends. e The government (agree)................................................................with the new EU laws. f We (want)................................................................to see that film because it looks boring. g His mum (drive)................................................................a fast car. h Those new mp3 players (be)................................................................very expensive. i These birds (stay)................................................................in the country during winter. j He (sing)................................................................very well, does he? 3 Complete the sentence with the affirmative or negative form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions. a The plane (leave)........................in half an hour but Nick (not / be) ............................................at the airport yet. b My best friend (love)............................................science fiction films but they (not / interest) ............................................me. c I (not / study)............................................chemistry because it (be)............................................difficult. d I (not / dance)............................................because I (look)............................................stupid. e The Sun (not / go)............................................round the Earth, the Earth (go)............................................round the Sun! f My new computer (do)............................................lots more things than my old one, and it (not / crash)............................................ g My dad (not / have)............................................any qualifications but he (have) qj ............................................a really good job. Q. h Fire (need)............................................oxygen to burn. It (not / burn)............................................ without C oxygen. +_> i My teacher (not / own)............................................a mobile phone because some people think they (be)............................................bad for your health. (U j According to scientists, animals (live)............................................longer if they (not / eat) Q. ............................................too much. £%, Complete the text with the affirmative form of the verbs in brackets Emperor penguins a (live).....................{&&........................in the Antarctic. The sea b (provide).......................................................all their food, so they are good swimmers. They c (dive).......................................................under the water and d (hold).................................their breath for up to 20 minutes. When the weather is very cold, the penguins e (stand).......................................................in a group. This f (keep).......................................................them warm. The Emperor is the only penguin that g (breed).......................................................in winter in Antarctica. Each female h (lay).......................................................one egg in May or June. They then i (return).........................................................to the sea to feed. Each male then j (stand).......................................................with an egg on his feet. His feet k (keep).......................................................the egg warm. He I (sleep) ........................................ most of the time and m (eat).......................................................no food for about 65 days. When the egg n (hatch)......................................................., the female o (come).......................................................back and p (find)................................................... her mate. Now the females q (feed).......................................................the young penguins. The male r (spend).......................................................his time eating. After a few weeks, the male s (return).......................................................to the family, and then both parents t (look after).......................................................the chick. Complete the text with the negative form of the verbs in brackets. ROMEO AND JULIET Two families, the Montagues and Capulets, live in Verona, Italy, but they a (get on).......cfow -f of.A on............... with each other. Romeo, son of Montague, thinks he is in love with Rosaline, but unfortunately she b (love)................................................................him. He goes to see her at a party at the house of his enemy Capulet, but there he sees Juliet, Capulet's daughter. She c (know)................................................................his name because he has a mask Tybalt, one of the Capulet family, tries to fight with Romeo, but Capulet d (allow)................................................................ this. However,Tybalt e (agree)................................................................with him, and f (forgive)................................................................ Romeo for coming to the house. Romeo manages to talk to Juliet, and he kisses her.They g (understand) ................................................................that their families are enemies. When Romeo learns the truth, he h (care) ................................................................that his love for Juliet could be very dangerous. Later he goes back to the house and stands in the garden. Juliet is standing on the balcony talking to herself about Romeo, but i (see) ................................................................him below in the garden. After he talks to her, they soon show their love for each other, and agree to get married. However, they j (realize)................................................................that a terrible tragedy is about to happen. t Complete the question using the verb in brackets. Check the factual answers on page 208. a ..................Do..................bones..............S-rop..............growing? (stop) b How much water............................................ the brain............................................? (contain) c ............................................you............................................hair on your tongue? (have) d How many square metres............................................an adult's skin ............................................? (cover) e ............................................hair............................................faster in hot weather? (grow) f How long............................................the heart............................................to pump blood around the body? (take) g ............................................muscles............................................or push? (pull) h Which vitamin............................................the liver............................................? (produce) i How many times a day............................................you............................................ in and out? (breathe) Brain Bone Muscle Skin Complete the text with the affirmative, negative or question form of the verbs in brackets. What a (do)....................dfo&S...................the body.........................do......................to protect itself? Your body b (prevent).......................................................harmful microorganisms entering and causing harm. The skin, for example, c (allow).......................................................microorganisms to enter. Hairs and mucus in your nose d (catch).......................................................invaders, and then you e (push).......................................................the mucus out when you cough, sneeze or blow your nose. Enzymes and acids in the body, and white blood cells also f (destroy).......................................................bacteria. g (help).......................................................antibiotics.......................................................? Doctors h (use)............................................. antibiotic drugs to fight bacterial infections, but antibiotics i (work)....................................................... against viruses. This is why doctors j (give).......................................................antibiotics to patients with a common cold or flu. How l< (work).......................................................immunization.......................................................? Immunization (or vaccination) is another way of protecting the body, by injecting the body with dead or inactive microorganisms. After vaccination, the body I (start).......................................................to make antibodies that destroy the microorganism. Because the microorganisms in the vaccination are not dangerous, the person m (get).......................................................ill. When they n (come).......................................................into contact with a live (dangerous) micro organism, then the antibodies o (destroy).......................................................the infection before it makes them ill. extension activity 1 Make a list of five facts from this unit which interest or surprise you. 2 Write ten sentences about your routines and habits. present continuous (form) affirmative 1 You / We / They She /He /It am ('m) are (Ye) moving, is ('s) J negative 1 You / We / They She/He / It am not ('m not) are not ('re not 1 aren't) studying, is not (isn't 1 's not) J questions and short answers Am 1 going? Yes, 1 am. / No, 1 am not ('m not). Are you / we/they waiting? Yes, they are. / No, they are not (aren't 1 're not). Is she / he / it singing? Yes, he is. / No, he is not (isn't 1 's not). - spelling rules • One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and add -ing: sit - sitting get - getting put - putting • Verbs ending in e, drop e before adding -ing: like-liking write - writing • Verbs ending -ie change -ie to -y: lie-lying die-dying • Two-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant usually double the final consonant and add -ing: travel - travelling admit - admitting • All other verbs add -ing: play-playing feel-feeling try-trying (üsT) Use present continuous • for actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished. Sorry, I'm busy at the moment. I'm doing my homework. • for continuing, unfinished actions which are not actually happening at the moment of speaking, with verbs like work, learn, read, study etc. What are you doing in science? We're learning about the universe. • for changing situations, with verbs like become, get, grow, change, increase, or with expressions such as more and more. The earth is becoming warmer. More and more people are leaving the countryside. • for a future arrangement, with a time reference (see Unit 10). We're leaving tomorrow. Note: we do not repeat auxiliary be when we talk about two or more actions. We are doing an experiment and making notes. present continuous or present simple? The Earth moves round the Sun. The floor is moving! It's an earthquake! Most scientists work with computers. I'm working on my science project. (present simple = a general fact) (present continuous = at the moment) (present simple = a general fact) (present continuous = at the moment) verbs not usually in present continuous Use present continuous with action verbs. For state verbs, which describe feelings, opinions etc, use present simple. Thoughts and opinions think, understand, know, suppose, believe, want, remember, forget, depend, agree Feelings like, love, hate, feel, prefer, need Senses see, hear, smell: basic sense meanings with can. I can see etc / see (= I understand) / hear (= people tell me) This meat smells (= has a smell) Possession and existence belong, contain, have, include, mean, seem, weigh present simple and continuous with different meanings Some verbs have a state meaning in present simple and an action meaning in present continuous. / think it's a good idea. I'm thinking about it. It has four legs. I'm having a great time. The surface feels hard. I'm feeling sick. (I feel sick is also possible) I'm seeing Tom on Friday. Present simple for opinion Present continuous for action (I haven't decided yet.) Present simple for description Present continuous for action (happening now) Present simple for description Present continuous for action (happening now) Present continuous for future action (I'm meeting) Complete the sentence with the affirmative form of the verb in brackets. a Look, all the people (leave)...........are. k,a.VMq............. b The Earth's temperature (rise).............................................................because people (use).............................................................too much energy. c She (study).............................................................economics and he (study).............................................................philosophy. d You (stand)............................................................too close to the road. e We (stay).............................................................in a lovely hotel by the beach. f I (go).............................................................to the supermarket now, do you need anything? g The cat (chase).............................................................the dog. h Technology (become).............................................................cheaper all the time. i Pawel and Marek (train).............................................................for the football game next week. j Manuela (listen).............................................................to music in her room. 2 Underline the correct form. a Scientists do not understand / are not understanding everything about the universe, b They disagree about some important facts. For example, does it get / is it getting larger or smaller? c Although they don't agree / are not agreeing about everything, there are some facts about the universe which they are sure about, d Take the planet Venus, for example. Here the temperature reaches / is reaching over 400°C. e And another unusual fact about Venus is that a day there lasts I is lasting longer than a year. f Many scientists still search I are still searching for life in other parts of the universe, g Do they look / Are they looking for life on Venus? h It doesn't seem / isn't seeming to be the kind of place where life might exist, i The atmosphere of Venus consists I is consisting mainly of carbon dioxide (C02). j And it has / is having an air pressure 90 times greater than that of Earth. 3 Complete the text with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Good afternoon, everybody. I a (speak)............flfU Spe-flkinq to you from Mount Surprising, the giant volcano. A team of scientists b (visit)................................................................the volcano, and I'm here for Big TV, just in case anything exciting happens. I c (stand)................................................................here near the top of the crater, and d (look)................................................................down into the volcano.At the moment the four scientists e (climb)................................................................down into the crater. It doesn't look very dangerous, I must say, but they f (wear)................................................................special clothes and a rescue team g (stand by)................................................................just in case! A little bit of smoke h (rise)................................................................ from the volcano, but that's normal. Now the scientists i (set)................................................................up their equipment. They j (try)................................................................to collect some gas, which will help them understand what exactly i< (go on)................................................................under the volcano. Wait a minute! Something I (happen) ................................................................! The ground m (shake) ................................................................!The four scientists n (climb) ................................................................out of the volcano as quickly as they can.They o (shout)................................................................ something as well. I think it's time to leave! Complete the sentence with the negative form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions. a As you know, the Marina space mission (go) /SuM" qoiAq............according to plan. b As far as we can tell, the spacecraft (head for).............................................................the moon. c We can't be sure because at the moment it (send).............................................................us any useful information. d Some of the equipment on the spacecraft (work).............................................................properly. e As a result, we (receive).............................................................radio signals. f It seems that the solar power panels (point).............................................................at the Sun. y So as a result, they (produce).............................................................enough power. h And at the moment Marina's computer (respond).............................................................to our signals. i We are trying to correct the problem but we (have).............................................................any luck. j However, we (give up).............................................................hope. © 5 Use the prompts to make a question. a the weather in your country / change .....IS Jfa.jtoattiMJtl k.MjMr.couA+rq..chaHqinq.....? b it grow / warmer or colder c storms / happen more often ? d less snow / fall in winter e summer / get hotter f the changes / become a problem g people / worry about this h they / do anything to help 6 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. Population a (mean)....................>V.e.anS....................the number of people who live in a particular area. The population of the world b (not stay)...........................................................the same. At the moment it c (grow) .............................................................at an increasing rate. In fact, scientists d (believe).............................................................that the world population will increase until 2200, and then stop growing. However, things are not the same in all parts of the world. At present in many Western industrial countries the population e (fall).............................................................. This f (happen).............................................................because families are small, and health conditions are good. In developing countries, on the other hand, the population g (rise).............................................................sharply. In Ghana, for example, most families h (have)............................................................. several children. Many children in Ghana i (die).............................................................from illness, so it is important to have lots of children.They earn money for the family and j (look after)............................................................. their parents in old age. 7 Complete the sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. a Everybody (know).......................blOitJS.......................that the world's rainforests (disappear) b Although rainforests (cover)................................................................only six per cent of the Earth's land surface, they (contain)................................................................about 50% of all species of life on the planet. c They also (remove)................................................................carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and (produce) ................................................................oxygen (O2), d As they are important, why (they / vanish)...............................................................? e Most scientists (agree)................................................................that there are two main reasons. f First of all, the way of life in these forests (change)................................................................ g In some forests, big companies (cut)................................................................down more and more trees (deforestation) and (cause)................................................................damage to the land. h In other places, another kind of deforestation (happen)................................................................ i Here farmers (burn)................................................................more and more of the forest and (use) ................................................................the land to feed cattle. j Now that governments (understand)................................................................the problem, they (begin) ................................................................to control these activities. extension activity 1 Write five true sentences about your continuing activities, with learn, read, write, study and try to. 2 Write five true sentences about yourself, people you know, your school etc describing changing situations. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. \___) present perfect simple (form) affirmative 1/You/We/They have (Ve) decided. (past participle) She/He/It has ('s) negative 1/You/We/They have not (haven't 1 Ve not) decided. She / He / It has not (hasn't / 's not) J questions Have Has Where have What has I/you / we/they she / he / it you she decided? put it? done? short answers Yes, I / you / we / they have, she/he/it has. No, I / you / we / they haven't, she / he / it hasn't. Regular verbs use -ed form as the past participle. Irregular verbs have irregular forms. verb wait (regular) see (irregular) past simple waited saw past participle waited seen See the List of irregular verbs on page 206. Use present perfect simple • to describe an event in the past without a definite time. Someone has broken a window in our classroom. • to describe what someone has completed or achieved in a period of time. I've finished my homework, and I've cleaned my room. • to describe how many things someone has done. Scientists have found more than 30 unknown insects. • to describe someone's experiences, what he or she has done in life. I've travelled by plane, but I haven't flown in a helicopter. • to describe changes, comparing past and present. Our climate has become much warmer. action verb happening in a period of time up to the present, exact time not known ? ? ? i ? ? ? ? PRESENT Someone has broken a window. We often use time words and phrases with present perfect simple to make the meaning clear. just, recently Someone has just broken a window. Scientists have recently found more than 30 unknown insects, ever?, never Have you ever flown in a helicopter? I've never travelled by plane, already (sooner than expected) I've already finished my homework. It was easy! yet? (we expect something to happen soon) Have you finished yet? not... yet (for things which have not happened so far) Peter hasn't phoned yet. I'm still waiting, for and since We use for with a length of time. She's worked here for ten years. We use since with a point of time to describe when the period of time began. They've lived here since 2001. been and gone A number of astronauts have been to the Moon. (and have returned) The space probe Voyager has gone past the planet Neptune. (it hasn't returned ) 1 Complete the sentence using a verb from the list in present perfect simple form. collect install organize paint plant put up recycle replace send show What we have done to make our school a greener place a We.........................a(XJC< S.C.hA'.......................information leaflets to all parents. b We................................................................................information posters in every classroom. c We................................................................................over five tonnes of litter for recycling. d We................................................................................fifteen trees in front of the school. e We................................................................................50 light bulbs with energy-saving bulbs. f We................................................................................25 ink cartridges from computer printers. g We................................................................................three films about how to save energy. h We................................................................................signs on all the doors reminding people to turn off the lights. i We................................................................................five new energy-saving heaters. j We................................................................................teams of students to turn off unused lights. 2 Read these sentences about fish. Then put the verb in a About 15% of protein eaten by humans (always come)........k#.S altialjS coru&.......from fish. b Recently, however, the number of fish (fall).................. c Several things (cause)......................................................................this problem. d Most scientists agree that governments (not do) ......................................................................enough to stop overfishing. e This means that fish populations (grow) ......................................................................smaller. brackets into present perfect simple form. f Many fish (not reproduce)..................................................................... fast enough to replace their numbers, g The population of North Sea cod, for example, (reach)......................................................................a dangerous level. h EU laws (reduce)......................................................................the numbers of fishing boats, i As a result, many fishermen in traditional fishing ports (lose)......................................................................their jobs. j In recent years, fish in the UK (become) ......................................................................expensive, and many people (stop)......................................................................eating it. _0J Q. E Vi +-> u 0) 4— i_ 0> Q_ +•» C