Physiology: spring semester 2013/2014 Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes 2. Structure and function of cell organelles 3. Passive transport across membranes. Co-transport 4. Compartmentalization of body fluids 5. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 6. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 7. Ion channels 8. Intercellular communication 9. Functions of the nerve cell 10. Functional morphology of synapses 11. Synthesis and break down of transmitters 12. Generation of resting membrane potential 13. Local response of membrane potential 14. Action potential 15. Excitability and refractoriness 16. Excitation-contraction coupling 17. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 18. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle 19. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of smooth muscle 20. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of cardiac muscle 21. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 22. Neuromuscular junction 23. Temporal and space summation (summation and recruitment) in skeletal muscle 24. Energy production and conservation 25. Caloric content of food. Direct calorimetry. 26. Energy balance. Indirect calorimetry. 27. Physiological role of calcium 28. Vitamins – overview 29. Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses 30. Basal metabolism 31. Regulating of food intake and its disorders 32. Hypoxia and ischemia 33. Heat production and heat loss 34. Physiological applications of law of Laplace 35. Electromyography 36. Registration of membrane potentials and currents 37. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement 38. Dead space, measurement 39. Resistance of airways, measurement 40. Pneumography and pneumotachography 41. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 42. Respiratory quotient 43. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 44. Sympathetic alpha- and beta-receptors 45. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 46. Physiological regulations (overview) 47. Homeostasis 48. Functional morphology of nephron 49. Urine formation 50. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation 51. Glomerular filtration 52. Function of renal tubules 53. Juxtaglomerular apparatus 54. Renal sodium transport, aldosteron 55. Passive transport in kidneys 56. Transport of glucose in kidneys 57. Urea formation 58. Hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. 59. Osmotic and water diuresis 60. Acid-base balance 61. Regulation of pH by kidneys 62. Acid-base balance determined by the acid-base nomogram (relationship between pH, pCO[2] and HCO^3-) 63. Clearance 64. Regulation of renal functions 65. Micturition 66. Regulation of constant pH 67. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 68. Intrapulmonary and pleural pressure. Pneumothorax. 69. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 70. Compliance of lungs. Respiratory work. 71. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. 72. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 73. Transport of O[2]. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. 74. Transport of CO[2] 75. Herring-Breuer reflexes 76. Regulation of ventilation 77. Respiratory responses to irritants 78. Arteficial ventilation 79. Formation, composition and functions of saliva 80. Gastric production of HCl 81. Functions of the stomach 82. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 83. Regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion 84. Co-ordination of GIT segments 85. Composition and function of pancreatic juice 86. Liver functions 87. Formation, composition and functions of bile 88. Digestion in the small intestine 89. Functions of colon 90. Resorption of lipids in the small intestine 91. Resorption of minerals and water in small intestine 92. Intermediary metabolism (overview) 93. Nitrogen balance 94. Metabolism of cholesterol. Aterosclerosis. 95. Metabolism of iron 96. Thermoregulation 97. Sympathetic nervous system (overview) 98. Parasympathetic nervous system (overview) 99. Adaptation to extreme environmental conditions 100. Adaptation to exercise 101. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 102. Regulation and adaptation Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives 4. Erythropoietin and erytropoesis 5. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 6. Cellular immunity 7. Humoural immunity 8. Histocompatibility complex (MHC) 9. Cellular interactions in immune response 10. Blood groups antigens (ABO group, Rh group) 11. Function of platelets 12. Hemocoagulation 13. Anticlotting mechanism 14. Conduction system of the heart 15. Cardiac automaticity 16. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront 17. Electric vector of the heart. Vectocardiography. 18. AV conduction, determination of QT interval 19. Examination of baroreflex sensitivity 20. Examination of heart rate and blood pressure variability 21. Special methods of ECG and blood pressure examination (vectocardiography, 24-hour-monitoring, His bundle electrogram) 22. Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage 23. Cardiovascular reflexes (Valsalva maneuver, Muller maneuver, diving reflex) 24. Invasive assessment of blood pressure 25. Non-invasive assessment of blood pressure 26. Measurement of cardiac output 27. Measurement of blood flow 28. Phonocardiography 29. ECG leads 30. ECG record in different leads 31. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 32. Cardiac contractility and its determination 33. Ejection fraction, heart failure 34. Polygraphic recording of one cardiac cycle (ECG, phonocardiogram, , aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume) 35. Specific features of cardiac metabolism 36. Heart as a pump 37. Differences between left and right heart 38. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 39. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 40. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 41. Stroke volume and cardiac output 42. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 43. Starling principle (heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 44. Frequency effect (homeometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 45. Heart rate 46. Regulation of cardiac output 47. Overview of arrhythmias 48. Mechanism of re-entry 49. Athlete´s heart 50. Coronary circulation 51. Coronary reserve. Ischaemic heart disease. 52. Cardiovascular system – general principles 53. Significance of Poiseuille-Hagen formula for blood flow 54. Vascular resistance 55. Blood pressure. Hypertension. 56. Arterial elasticity – significance 57. Arterial pulse wave 58. Physiological role of endothelium 59. Vasoactive substances 60. Micro-circulation 61. Venous pressure 62. Venous return. Venous stasis and embolism. 63. Lymphatic system 64. Pulmonary circulation 65. Cerebral circulation 66. Skin circulation 67. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 68. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 69. Placental and faetal circulation 70. Circulatory adjustments at birth 71. Bone formation and resorption 72. Hyperthermia and hypothermia 73. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 74. General principles of endocrine regulation 75. Chemical characteristics of hormones 76. Examination methods in endocrinology (RIA, enzymo-imuno-analysis) 77. Effect of hormones on target cells 78. Second messengers 79. Up- and down-regulation of receptors 80. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 81. Hypothalamic releasing hormones 82. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 83. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 84. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 85. Effects of thyroid hormones 86. Metabolism of iodine; Thyroid hormones synthesis 87. Hyper- and hypothyroidism 88. Endocrine pancreas 89. Insulin – mechanism of action 90. Glycaemia 91. Hyper- and hypoglycaemia. Diabetes mellitus. 92. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 93. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 94. Adrenal medulla. Synthesis of catecholamines. 95. Parathormone 96. Vitamin D and calcitonin 97. Antidiuretic hormon 98. Natriuretic peptides 99. Endogenous opioid system 100. Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm. 101. Puberty and menopause 102. Ovarian cycle and its control 103. Uterine cycle 104. Physiology of pregnancy 105. Physiology of parturition 106. Physiology of lactation 107. Hormonal contraception 108. Endocrine functions of testes 109. Regulation of body fluid volume 110. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure 111. Regulation of calcium metabolism 112. Regulation of glycemia 113. Regulation of adrenal cortex