Physiology: Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes and cell organelles 2. Passive transport across membranes. Co-transport 3. Compartmentalization of body fluids 4. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 5. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 6. Ion channels 7. Intercellular communication 8. Functions of the nerve cell 9. Functional morphology of synapses. Synthesis and break down of transmitters. Local response of membrane potential 10. Generation of resting membrane potential 11. Action potential 12. Excitability and refractoriness 13. Excitation-contraction coupling. Neuromuscular junction 14. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 15. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle 16. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 17. Caloric content of food. Direct calorimetry. Energy balance. Indirect calorimetry. 18. Physiological role of calcium 19. Vitamins – overview 20. Hypovitaminoses and hypervitaminoses 21. Basal metabolism. Respiratory quotient 22. Hypoxia and ischemia 23. Physiological applications of law of Laplace 24. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement. Dead space. 25. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 26. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 27. Sympathetic alpha- and beta-receptors 28. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 29. Physiological regulations (overview) 30. Homeostasis 31. Functional morphology of nephron 32. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation. Regulation of renal functions 33. Glomerular filtration. Clearance 34. Function of renal tubules 35. Juxtaglomerular apparatus 36. Renal sodium transport, aldosteron 37. Passive transport in kidneys 38. Transport of glucose in kidneys 39. Urea formation 40. Hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. Urine formation. 41. Osmotic and water diuresis 42. Acid-base balance and its evalution by the acid-base nomogram (relationship between pH, pCO[2] and HCO^3-) 43. Micturition 44. Regulation of constant pH 45. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 46. Intrapulmonary and pleural pressure. Pneumothorax. 47. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 48. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. 49. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 50. Transport of O[2]. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. 51. Transport of CO[2] 52. Regulation of ventilation 53. Respiratory responses to irritants 54. Formation, composition and functions of saliva 55. Gastric production of HCl 56. Functions of the stomach 57. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 58. Regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion 59. Co-ordination of GIT segments 60. Composition and function of pancreatic juice 61. Liver functions 62. Formation, composition and functions of bile 63. Digestion in the small intestine 64. Functions of colon 65. Resorption of lipids, minerals and water in small intestine 66. Intermediary metabolism (overview). Nitrogen balance 67. Metabolism of cholesterol. Aterosclerosis. 68. Metabolism of iron 69. Thermoregulation 70. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (overview) 71. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 72. Regulation and adaptation Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives 4. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 5. Cellular immunity (specific and nonspecific) 6. Humoural immunity (specific and nonspecific) 7. Blood groups antigens (ABO group, Rh group) 8. Function of platelets 9. Hemocoagulation 10. Anticlotting mechanism 11. Conduction system of the heart 12. Cardiac automaticity 13. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront 14. Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage 15. Cardiovascular reflexes (Valsalva maneuver, Muller maneuver, diving reflex) 16. Invasive assessment of blood pressure 17. Non-invasive assessment of blood pressure 18. Measurement of cardiac output and blood flow 19. ECG leads. ECG record in different leads 20. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 21. Cardiac contractility and its determination 22. Ejection fraction, heart failure 23. Polygraphic recording of one cardiac cycle (ECG, phonocardiogram, , aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume) 24. Heart as a pump 25. Differences between left and right heart 26. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 27. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 28. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 29. Stroke volume and cardiac output 30. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 31. Autoregulation of cardiac contraction: Starling principle (heterometric type), frequency effect (homeometric type) 32. Heart rate 33. Regulation of cardiac output 34. Overview of arrhythmias 35. Coronary circulation 36. Coronary reserve. Ischaemic heart disease. 37. Cardiovascular system – general principles 38. Vascular resistance 39. Blood pressure. Hypertension. 40. Arterial elasticity – significance 41. Arterial pulse wave 42. Physiological role of endothelium 43. Vasoactive substances 44. Micro-circulation 45. Venous pressure 46. Venous return. Venous stasis and embolism. 47. Lymphatic system 48. Pulmonary circulation 49. Cerebral circulation 50. Skin circulation 51. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 52. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 53. Placental and faetal circulation. Circulatory adjustments at birth 54. General principles of endocrine regulation. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 55. Chemical characteristics of hormones 56. Examination methods in endocrinology (RIA, enzymo-imuno-analysis) 57. Effect of hormones on target cells 58. Second messengers 59. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 60. Hypothalamic releasing hormones 61. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 62. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 63. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 64. Effects of thyroid hormones. Metabolism of iodine; Thyroid hormones synthesis 65. Hyper- and hypothyroidism 66. Endocrine pancreas 67. Insulin – mechanism of action 68. Glycaemia 69. Hyper- and hypoglycaemia. Diabetes mellitus. 70. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 71. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 72. Adrenal medulla. Synthesis of catecholamines. 73. Parathormone 74. Vitamin D and calcitonin 75. Antidiuretic hormone. Natriuretic peptides 76. Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm. 77. Puberty and menopause 78. Ovarian cycle and its control 79. Uterine cycle 80. Physiology of pregnancy 81. Physiology of parturition and lactation 82. Hormonal contraception 83. Endocrine functions of testes 84. Regulation of body fluid volume 85. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure 86. Regulation of calcium metabolism 87. Regulation of glycemia 88. Regulation of adrenal cortex