past simple
(form)
affirmative
1 / You / We / They / She / He / It	stopped.	
		
negative		
1 / You / We / They / She / He / It	did not (didn't) stop.	
•		
questions		
Did	1 / you / we / they / she / he / it	wait?
When did	Leonardo da Vinci	live?
What did	Leonardo da Vinci	paint?
short answers		
Yes,   1/you/we/they /she / he / it did.		No,   1 / you / we / they / she / he / it didn't.
		>
spelling rules
• Verbs ending in e, add -d:
• For one-syllable verbs ending one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and add -ed:
• Other one-syllable verbs add -ed:
• Verbs ending vowel + consonant +y, change -yto -/and add -ed: Note: verbs ending vowel + y add -ed:
• Two-syllable verbs ending one vowel + one consonant,
double the consonant if the stress is on the last syllable and add -ed:
• If the stress is on the first syllable, add -ed:
decide - decided
stop - stopped
wait - waited
study - studied play - played
prefer - preferred profit-profited
irregular verbs (see List of irregular verbs page 206)
Many verbs have irregular past simple forms eg   drink - drank
see -saw
Use past simple
• to talk about finished events in the past, when we think about a definite time.
Alexander's army marched beside the river and then stopped outside the city.
• to describe the events in a story.
Oliver heard the sound of a bell. Soon afterwards, the door softly opened.
• to describe habits and routines in the past. We usually use a time word or phrase. Leonardo painted in his studio every day
Subject and object questions are both possible with past simple (see Unit 1). What did Leonardo paint?        object question: + auxiliary did Who painted this portrait?       subject question: no auxiliary did
Examples of time words and phrases we use with past simple:
yesterday last night last week last year
on Tuesday        at 6.30 an hour ago        after that
in 1754 in January
1 Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets.
a Aztec civilization (develop)......dtMCiasp&d......in the Valley of Mexico, 7,500 feet above sea level.
b The Aztecs (leave)............................................their own land of Aztlan at some time during the 12th or 13th century.
c They (believe)............................................that Huitzilopochtli their war god (want)............................................ them to search
for a new land.
d They (arrive)............................................in the Valley of Mexico during the 12th or 13th century AD.
e They (build)............................................their capital city, Tenochtitlan, on an island in Lake Texcoco.
f They (plant)............................................trees on the island to make the land better, (work)............................................hard and
(improve)............................................the land.
g When the Spanish (arrive)............................................in 1519, Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, (think)............................................
that Cortez was a returning god.
h When the Spanish (see)............................................the Aztecs' gold, they (decide)............................................to conquer the city.
i   Later they (kill)............................................Montezuma, (defeat)............................................the Aztecs and (destroy)
Aztec religion and culture.
2 Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or False. Check the factual answers on page 208.
a Greek actors (wear)...............tiofX-..............masks and special boots. True,
b Spartan children (take)............................................baths only two or three times a year.
c The philosopher Socrates (drink)............................................poison and died.
d Alexander the Great's army (go)............................................as far as China.
e Heron of Alexandria (make)............................................a kind of jet engine.
f The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean)............................................'Happy Soldier'.
g Roman mathematics (have)............................................no zero.
h Most Roman girls (get)............................................married at the age of 18.
i Roman soldiers (pay)............................................for their own equipment and food.
j The Romans (know)............................................how to make soap and cement.
3 Seven of the sentences (including the example) contain historical errors. Guess which ones are wrong and rewrite them with a negative past simple form. Check the factual answers on page 208.
a Alexander the Great married Cleopatra.
.........A'c-^a^dcr We, Gre-aj- cf/'cM'-f" tu^rr^ c\e.o?ah:a,........................................................................................................... ■
b Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994.
c Leonardo da Vinci invented the Internet.
d Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900.
e Marco Polo stayed in China for five years.
f The ancient Romans used steam engines in their battles. ^
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... "a.
g Genghis Khan invaded Italy and captured Rome. £
'to
h Christopher Columbus reached America by accident.
q.
i   William Shakespeare wrote Don Quixote.
4 Complete the question for each answer. The Industrial Revolution in Britain
a When    did Jrke \^duSjrria\ ^.e-VoluAicM happen, m 3ri-\rain....................................................................................... ?
The Industrial Revolution happened during the second half of the 18th centuiy in Britain. " < How.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
Work changed with the building of large factories. c What...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
The first factories produced iron, steel, and textiles. d What...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
New technology encouraged the production of more ships, and railway equipment. e What power..................................................„........................................................................................................'........................................................,.....................?
Factories used steam power. f What...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
These factories required lots of coal for the steam engines. g Where...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
Manufacturers constructed their factories close to coal mines. i> Why...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
They decided to do this because it was expensive to transport coal. i   What.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
Factories also needed limestone and iron ore, for the manufacture of steel. j  Where.......................................,„.,..............................................................................................................................................................................................?
Industry in the UK developed near the coal fields of South Wales, the Midlands, north-east
England and central Scotland.
o* <o
5 Rewrite each statement about the playwright William Shakespeare as a yes / no question.
a He came from a rich family.
Q.....Vid ke coMcJ^romarich -xaivJlq............................................................................................................................................?
A No, not really. His father was a glove maker. b He grew up in London.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A No, in Stratford upon Avon, a small town about 160 km from London. c He went to school.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A Yes, we think so. d He knew Latin.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A Yes, he learnt Latin at school, and some Greek as well. e He got married.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A Yes, he was only 18 when he married Anne Hathaway, aged 26. f They had children.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A Yes, a daughter Susanna, and twins, a boy Hamnet and a girl Judith.
g He began writing plays in Stratford.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A We don't really know. We only know that after 1592 he was an actor and writer in London. h He wrote 37 plays all by himself.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A Well, we know he wrote two plays together with John Fletcher. Some people think that all his plays were really written by somebody else. i   He made up all the characters and plots of his plays.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A Actually no. He borrowed lots of ideas from other writers. This was quite usual in his time. j   He became rich and famous.
Q...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?
A He certainly became quite rich, and his plays were popular. But he only became really famous in the 18th century and later.
r
6  Complete the text with the past simple affirmative, negative or question forms of the verbs in brackets.
| Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
As a young man, Pasteur a................Z^ruAif-d...................at the Ecole Normale in Paris. Then at the age of just 32,
he b (become).............................................................a professor at the University of Lille. In 1856, Pasteur c (receive)
.............................................................a visit from a man called Bigo who d (own).............................................................a factory that
e (make).............................................................alcohol from sugar beet. He f (have)...........................................................a question for
Pasteur: why g (the alcohol / turn / to acid?).........................................................................................................................? When this
h (happen)............................................................., they i (not can).............................................................use it and j (throw)
.............................................................it away Bigo k (ask).............................................................Pasteur to find out the reason for this.
At first, Pasteur I (not know)............................................................., but when he m (examine)
.....................................................the alcohol under a microscope, he n (find).......................................................
... thousands of tiny micro-organisms. He o (believe).............................................................that they
p (cause).............................................................the problem, q (milk, wine and vinegar / behave /
in the same way?)..........................................................................................................................................................................?
Other scientists r (disagree).............................................................with him, and newspapers
s (make).............................................................fun of him. However, Pasteur t (continue)
.............................................................with his work, he u (invent).............................................................
methods of testing his theory and v (prove).............................................................
that he was right. Later he w (work).............................................................together with two
doctors and x (develop).............................................................vaccines for diseases such as
anthrax and rabies.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
1 Write five sentences about a famous historical figure from your country.
2 Write ten true things that you did, using the time words and phrases on page 14. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192.
B.UO
QJ q.
E
+-> in
past continuous, used to do
(form)
affirmative
I / She / He / It was You/We/They were
reading.
negative			
1 / She / He / It	was not {wasn't)	looking.	
You/We/They	were not (weren't)		
			J
questions and short answers					
	Was	1/she/he/it	waiting?	Yes, 1 was.	No, 1 wasn't.
	Were	you / we/they	watching?	you were.	you weren't.
Where	was	he	waiting?		
What	were	they	wearing?		
(use)
Use past continuous
• for a continuing unfinished action in the past.
When Sue arrived at 9.30 am, four people were waiting outside the office.
continuing past action
PAST
completed past event -
PRESENT
were waiting
arrived
• for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action. While we were doing the maths test, the fire alarm went off.
• for activities as background description.
The rainforest was full of sounds. Birds were calling from the trees and thousands of insects were buzzing and humming.
• for two continuing events happening at the same time.
While Cortes was talking to the emperor, his army was taking over the palace.
while, when
• Use while with past continuous for the time the event was happening.
• Use when with past simple for actions.
• We can use other more descriptive time phrases instead of when.
At the moment the earthquake struck, most people were going about their normal lives.
habits in the past
For describing habits and states in the past, it is more natural to use used to + verb than past continuous, especially when we make contrasts with the present. We do not mention the exact date.
Used to is unchangeable, and has only a past tense form. Negative: didn't use to Question: Did you use to ?
J
Rainforests used to cover a third of the Earth, but now they are getting smaller.
Once people didn't use to worry about this problem.
What games did you use to play in the playground at school?
Note: we also use past simple (+ frequency adverb) to describe habitual actions in the past. People once thought that the Sun travelled round the Earth.
1   Underline the correct form.
a While he took I was taking a bath, Archimedes discovered I was discovering the principles of density and buoyancy.
b When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked I was working in his laboratory, he dropped I was dropping a glass bottle which had some plastic inside - and invented / was inventing safety glass.
c Columbus arrived I was arriving in America while he tried I was trying to reach the Far East, d Alexander Fleming discovered I was discovering penicillin by accident while he looked I was
looking at some old experiments, e While Hiram Bingham climbed I was climbing in the mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered
I was discovering the lost city of Macchu Picchu. f While Isaac Newton sat I was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell / was falling on his
head, and he understood I was understanding gravity, g While Dr Harry Coover tried
I was trying to invent a new
kind of plastic, he made
I was making a very soft
substance which stuck I was
sticking things together. It was
Superglue. h While he observed I was
observing the Moon through
his telescope, Galileo realized
I was realizing that it had
mountains and craters.
Macchu Picchu
2A Use the prompts to make a question. The answers are in Exercise 1.
a Where / Edouard Benedictus / work when he invented safety glass?
.....tiherc ita$. edouard3e,Ae-Aic^u?> tccrti^......
.....keJMM-trJ.Sa+eAM ..<j'a$.S...............................?
b Where / Columbus / try to go when he reached America?
...........................................................................................................................................?
c Where / Isaac Newton / sit according to the story about gravity?
...........................................................................................................................................?
d What / Dr Harry Coover / hope to invent?
...........................................................................................................................................?
e What Galileo / look at / through his telescope?
2B Complete the sentence with the past continuous form of the verb in brackets. The sentences refer to Exercise 1.
f Edouard Benedictus (not try)........................................................
to invent safety glass, g Alexander Fleming (not hope)....................................................
to discover penicillin, h Hiram Bingham (not look for)....................................................
the lost city of Macchu Picchu. i   Isaac Newton (not sit)............................................................................
in his study when he understood gravity, j   Dr Harry Coover (not conduct)..................................................
an experiment to discover a kind of glue.
Complete the sentence with the past simple or past continuous form of the verb in brackets.
Alexander the Great
i While he (grow up). i(,aS <p^/ite| up  , the philosopher Aristotle was his teacher. Alexander (become)
..........................................................interested in science, medicine, philosophy and literature.
) While his father Philip (attend)..........................................................his daughter's wedding, a young nobleman (murder)
..........................................................him. Alexander was king of Macedonia at the age of 20.
: While he (fight)..........................................................his enemies in the north, the Greeks in the south (start)
..........................................................a rebellion. He (destroy)..........................................................all their cities.
i He (lead)..........................................................his army against the Persian Empire through what is now Turkey. While he
(stay) .........................................................in the ancient city of Gordium,
he (undo).........................................................the Gordian knot. A legend
said that only a future king of Asia could do this. : While his army (march)..........................................................through Persia,
it (defeat)..........................................................Darius, the king of Persia.
He (found)..........................................................the city of Alexandria at the
mouth of the Nile while he (visit)..........................................................Egypt.
» While he (travel)..........................................................with his army, he (give)
..........................................................his name to many other towns.
1 He (kill)..........................................................his friend Clitus in a quarrel,
while they (have)..........................................................dinner.
While he (attack)..........................................................the city of Mali in India,
he (receive)..........................................................a serious wound from an arrow.
While he (attend)..........................................................a banquet in
Babylon in 323 BC, he (fall)..........................................................
ill and (die)..........................................................
4  Complete the sentence with used to + a verb from the list.
write      spend      work      hold      help      act      teach      set      tell do
a Charles Dickens, the novelist,.........U$>£-A ko j4.oA'& until early in the morning, and then go for
long walks across London, b William Shakespeare..........................................................in some of his own plays.
c The German philosopher Immanuel Kant........................................................exactly the same things at the
same time every day, so that people..........................................................their watches by his actions.
d The author Agatha Christie..........................................................her second husband with his archaeological
excavations.
e The novelist James Joyce..........................................................English in the Italian city of Trieste, and some
people say that he..........................................................his students the wrong meanings of words as a joke.
f The novelist Marcel Proust..........................................................in a special soundproof room.
g The ancient Greek philosophers..........................................................their classes outside in the open air.
h The Russian novelist Vladimir Nabokov..........................................................his free time studying and catching
moths and butterflies.
5   Complete the sentence with used to + the verb in brackets in positive, negative or question form.
a What things (be)..........W&eA. itobc...........different in the past?
b For a start, all the continents (form)..........................................................one large land mass.
c Obviously, there (be)..........................................................cities and buildings, and forest covered a third of
the Earth.
d The climate was different, and animals such as the hippopotamus and rhinoceros (exist)
..........................................................in northern Europe.
e Many mountains in Europe (be)..........................................................active volcanoes.
f  Early people (live)..........................................................in complex societies, but in small groups in places
where they could find food.
g What (eat)..........................................................? They (eat)..........................................................whatever they could find.
h Early people (stay)..........................................................in the same place, but (travel)..........................................................long
distances, following the animals they needed for food.
6  Complete the text with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. The Vikings in America
According to Viking records, around the year 1,000, while some Viking sailors a (look for) iCCXC \co[£iAa for.
the coast of Greenland, they b (reach)..........................................................the eastern coast of America. While they
c (live)..........................................................there, they d (try)..........................................................to trade with the local Native Americans,
known by the Vikings as Skraelings, but in the end the Native Americans e (fight)..........................................................
them and f (drive)..........................................................them out. After several attempts to return, the Vikings
g (give up).......................................................... In 1968, while some archaeologists h (work)..........................................................in
Newfoundland, they i (discover)..........................................................the remains of one of the Viking settlements, and
j (prove)..........................................................that this story was true.
Charles-Marie de la Condamine
In 1735 Charles-Marie de la Condamine k (sail)..........................................................to South
America. At that time, scientists I (argue)..........................................................about the shape
of the Earth. The French Academy m (want)
..........................................................him to take measurements on the Equator, along with
two other scientists. The work
n (take)..........................................................them eight years and in the end, another
scientific team o (find)..........................................................the answer they
p (look for)......................................................... While de la Condamine q (travel)
..........................................................home along the River Amazon, he
r (learn).........................................................many interesting things about the local people
and their way of life. When he s (arrive).........................................................in Paris in 1745,
The River Amazon
he t (receive).........................................................a hero's welcome.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
I Make a list of ten things you used to do, but don't do any I more, and say what you do now.
0
"Ö
01 l/l
O c
'■M
c o
u
present perfect continuous
(form)
affirmative
I / You / We / They    have (Ve)     been reading. She / He / It            has ('s) s_._J
negative	
1 / You / We / They	have not (haven't/Ve not)      been working.
She /He /It	has not (hasn't / 's not)
	
questions				
	Have	1/ you /we /they	been waiting?	
	Has	she / he / it		
What	have	you	been doing?	
Where	has	she	been staying?	j
short answers			
Yes,     1 / you / we / they	have.	No,    1 / you / we / they	haven't.
she / he / it	has.	she / he / it	hasn't.
GUD
Use present perfect continuous
• to talk about recent continuing activities. What have you been doing lately?
I've been revising for my exams.
• to explain how recent continuing activities have caused the present situation. My eyes ache. I've been reading all day.
• to talk about recent continuing activities which will probably continue in the future. This diagram shows how the climate has been changing.
• with how long questions.
How long have you been studying French? (this is a continuing process, and isn't finished)
• with time words lately, recently, all (day), every (morning), for, since.
covering a period of time up to the present I
PAST -► PRESENT
I've been studying all morning. (It's still morning now and I haven't finished my work yet)
present perfect simple or present perfect continuous?
Present perfect simple I've written my project, (finished, but we don't know when)
Present perfect continuous    I've been writing my project, (continuing up to the present,
and not finished)
With verbs that describe continuing states eg work, live, there is little difference in meanii
I've worked here for three years. I I've been working here for three years. Note that we do not say / am working here for three years.
Complete the sentence using the verb in brackets in the present perfect continuous form.
e Tom needs cheering up. He (have)
a I'm sorry to keep you waiting. I hope you (not wait)......kaste&lkhe^MMkma......long.
b There you are! We (look for)
..................................................................you all morning!
c I feel really tired. I (study).............................................................
hard lately.
d Anna has got a really good suntan. She (go) ..................................................................to the beach a lot.
..................................................................a lot of problems lately.
f  I haven't seen you for ages. What (you / do)
..................................................................?
g I (work)..................................................................here for the past
three years, and I really like it. h Sam and Chris (paint)..................................................................
their room, and their clothes are covered in paint!
Underline the correct form.
A Scientists a have recently identified I have been identifying a new species of animal in the rainforest of Borneo.They b have been searching I searched for this creature for several years, after reports from local villagers, and say it is a type of lemur.
B Archaeologists in Guatemala c have found I have been finding a Mayan wall painting which they think is more than 2,000 years old. Archaeologist William Saturno d explored I has been exploring the site since 2002.
C Scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope think they e found I have found two new moons circling the planet Pluto. Astronomers f have been looking I looked closely at Pluto since 1978 when they g spotted I have spotted its first moon. The telescope h worked I has been working for fifteen years, and t has been producing I has produced more than 700,000 images of the universe.
D Australian scientists j have been discovering I hove discovered a new coral reef over 60 km long in the Gulf of Carpentaria by using satellites to spot the reefs in deep water. Recently divers k have managed I have been managing to reach the reefs
and take photographs.
3   Use the prompts and how long to make a question.
a astronomers / look for Pluto's moons?
.......Hr;«! Icit^ navf.a^jTongiy.rj^ be,e,A..............................
.....[gckiruq Jror .B^+o'sjuooks ?
b archaeologists / hope to find Atlantis?
e scientists / observe Vesuvius?
f biologists / try to find new species of mammal?
................................................................................................................................................? ?
c scientists / use satellites to discover new reefs? g archaeologists / excavate the palace in Guatemala?
d physicists / investigate the origin of the universe?     h doctors / search for a cure for HIV?
c
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192
O 13
c
'+-> c o
u
+-> u CD
4-i_
CD CL
+->
c
CD 1/1 CD
past perfect
(form )
past perfect simple
affirmative			
1 / You / We / They / She / He / It	had ('d)	left, (past participle)	J
			
negative			
1 / You / We / They / She / He / It	had not (hadn't)	left.	J
questions
Had     I / you / we/they / she / he / it left? What      had    they found?
short answers
Yes,    I / you / we / they / she / he / it had. No, hadn't.
Use past perfect simple to describe a past event which happens before another event in the past. Only use it when it is important to make clear that one event in the past happened before another.
On 12 July 1771, Cook's ship The Endeavour arrived back in Britain. Cook had not discovered a new continent, but he had visited places never seen before. In this example, 'not discovered' happened before 'arrived'.
past perfect event past simple event
PAST ^ ^ PRESENT
(a) Cook had not discovered... (b) the ship arrived back in Britain
We do not use past perfect simple simply to show that an event happened a very long time ago. We can sometimes use before or after with past simple to make the order of events clear.
By the time the ship reached the island, more then twenty sailors had died More than twenty sailors died before the ship reached the island.
forgot, remembered, realized
With forgot, remembered, realized, knew, we use past perfect simple to describe the past events that happened before the moment we forgot, remembered or realised something.
When Franklin checked the ship's position, he realized he had made a mistake.
(form )
past perfect continuous affirmative
1 / You / We / They / She / He / It	had     been waiting.	J
		
negative		
1 / You / We / They / She / He / It	had not (hadn't)      been waiting.	j
questions
What
Had I/you / we/they / she / he / it been waiting? had_they_been doing?
short answers
Yes,   I/you/we/they /she/ he / it had. No, _ hadn't.
(use)
Use past perfect continuous
• in a past tense narrative, to describe a continuing action in a period of time before something else happened.
Anna returned from France, where she had been studying French.
• to explain a past situation, by describing the events happening before. Both boys were wet and muddy. They had been playing football in the rain.
past perfect continuous
past simple event
PAST
PRESENT
(a) she had been studying French...    (b) Anna returned from France
See also Unit 16, Indirect (Reported) Statements.
Read the following information about famous moments in history. Then underline the correct form. Only one verb in each paragraph is past perfect.
A Columbus left Spain in August 1492 with three ships, to try and find a way to India by sailing west instead of east. When his ships a finally reached I had finally reached land on 12 October, he thought he was there, but the ships b actually arrived I had actually arrived in America instead.
B Captain Robert Scott wanted to reach the South Pole first. He and his companions finally arrived there on 1 January 1912 after a terrible journey across the ice, but c found / had found a Norwegian flag. Unfortunately for Scott, Roald Amundsen d got I had got there on 14 December, 18 days earlier.
C Leonardo painted his famous The Last Supper between 1495 and 1498, but the painting started to deteriorate within 50 years. The most common explanation for this used to be that Leonardo e used I had used the wrong kind of paint, but experts have always disagreed about this, and many believe that the damp in the wall is the cause of the damage. Between 1978 and 1999, experts f restored / had restored the painting, and the public can now see it again.
Complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect simple form of the verb in brackets.
a When I (try).......krxtA...............................to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run).......................................................down.
b I (turn).......................................................the computer off, but forgot that I (not save)......................................................my work.
c I only remembered I (not pay).......................................................the bill when my Internet connection (stop)
.......................................................working.
d When I (receive).......................................................the e-mail, I couldn't understand who (send).......................................................it.
e When I (check).......................................................the instructions, I understood what I (do).......................................................
f I knew I (receive).......................................................a virus when I (run).......................................................the anti-virus program.
g As soon as I (download).......................................................the document, I knew I (make).......................................................a mistake.
h I could see what (go).......................................................wrong as soon as I (look).......................................................inside the printer.
i I knew I (press).......................................................the wrong key when nothing (happen).......................................................
j When the screen (go).......................................................blank, I couldn't understand how it (happen)...................................................
u QJ
CL
03
©
Read these sentences about Julius Caesar. Then complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect form of the verb in brackets.
Julius Caesar (come)...........c-cme.................from an
aristocratic Roman family, though his family was not rich by Roman standards. When he was 15 his father (die)
............................................, and to avoid political problems
in Rome, Caesar (serve)............................................as a
soldier in the east.
By the time he (return)............................................to Rome,
he (win)............................................awards for bravery.
He (become)............................................a member of the
Senate, and governor of what is now Spain.
By the age of 40 he (rise)............................................to the
top of the political world, and (form)
............................................a political alliance with a
powerful general, Pompey, and a rich man, Crassus.
Between 58 BC and 49 BC he (fight)......................................
a war against the people of what are now France, Belgium, Switzerland and parts of Germany. By the end of this war, according to the historian
Plutarch, three million men (die)............................................
In 50 BC the Senate (order)............................................Caesar
to return to Rome. By that time, Crassus was dead
and Pompey (become)............................................Caesar's
enemy.
In the civil war that followed, Caesar (defeat)
............................................all his enemies.
By the time a group of Roman senators (murder)
........................................him in 44 BC, he (be)........................................
the most powerful man in Rome for only a year.
Choose the correct form, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
On 26 December 2004,Tilly Smith, a 10-year-old British schoolgirl, a......C.......on the beach with her family.They
b.................Christmas in Thailand. Suddenly Tilly c.................that something was wrong. She could see that the water
d.................and waves e.................up the beach.The beach f.................smaller and smaller. She g.................that there had been an
earthquake in Sumatra that morning, but she h.................a geography lesson she i.................at school just two weeks before.
So she j.................her mother what she k.................about earthquakes and giant waves. Luckily for the Smith family,Tilly's
teacher Andrew Kearney I.................the class about earthquakes and m.................them a video of a tsunami in Hawaii.Tilly
n.............................screaming at her parents to get off the beach.They o.................Tilly back to their hotel, which was not too
close to the shore, and p.................the alarm. One of the staff, who was Japanese, q.................the word tsunami, and
r.................everyone to leave the beach. From their room on the third floor, the Smiths s.................the terrible effects of
the tsunami on the area.Thanks to Tilly, everybody from that beach t.................that terrible day.
a	A walked	B had walked	C was walking	
b	A spent	B had spent	C were spending	
c	A felt	B had felt	C was feeling	
d	A rose	B had risen	C was rising	
e	A came	B had come	C were coming	
f	A got	B had got	C was getting	
g	A did not know	B had not known	C was not knowing	
h	A suddenly	B had remembered	C was suddenly	
	remembered	suddenly	remembering	
i	A had	B had had	C was having	
i	A told	B had told	C was telling	
k	A learnt	B had learnt	C was learning	
1	A taught	B had taught	C was teaching	
m	A showed	B had shown	C was showing	q
n	A started	B had started	C was starting	r
o	A took	B had taken	C were taking	s
P	A raised	B had raised	C were raising	t
A understood A ordered A watched A survived
B had understood B had ordered B had watched B had survived
C was understanding C was ordering C were watching C was surviving
5   Read the story of Archimedes and his bath. Then complete the text with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Archimedes, the Greek mathematician, is probably most famous for the story of King
Hieron II of Syracuse and the gold crown. The king a (want).......^(Kvdc^d.......to give a
gold crown as a gift to the gods, and b (give).......................................a carefully weighed
amount of gold to a goldsmith. The man c (produce)..........................................a beautiful
crown, but the king was worried that the craftsman d (not use)..........................................all the
gold to make the crown. Dishonest craftsmen often e (mix)..........................................gold with
silver, which was cheaper, but the king could not find a way of proving that the man
f (do)..........................................this. He g (ask)..........................................Archimedes to solve the problem. Archimedes
h (know)..........................................that gold and silver have different densities. The problem was that nobody could
calculate the mass of an object like a crown. While Archimedes i (think)..........................................about this problem,
he decided to go to the public baths to relax. While he j (climb)..........................................into the bath, he
k (notice)..........................................some water on the floor. It I (spill)..........................................over the side of the bath, and he
m (realize)..........................................that he n (solve)..........................................the problem by accident. The total amount of
water that o (spill)..........................................out of the bath must be the same as the volume of his body. He could use a
piece of pure gold and calculate its volume, and then test the crown and see if it was the same. According to
the story, he p (jump)..........................................straight out of the bath and q (run)..........................................down the street
calling 'Eureka - I've found it.' The goldsmith soon r (admit)..........................................that he s (cheat)..........................................
the king, and was punished. Archimedes t (discover)..........................................a principle of buoyancy.
6  Read the sentences about two mountain climbers. Then complete the sentence with the past perfect simple or past perfect continuous form of the verb in brackets.
The two climbers stopped to rest. They (climb)
........Aad be.-CS... c',bvvMq.........for hours and were
exhausted. Things were not looking good. They were very cold, because it (snow) ........................................................................heavily since mid-morning, and one of them (hurt)
........................................................................his ankle.
They (look)........................................................................for shelter
for the past two hours, because they realized that the weather was going to get worse.
They (already phone)........................................................................the
rescue centre for help.
They (also leave)........................................................................details
of their planned route at the village where they stayed the night.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
f They were experienced climbers and they
(prepare).......................................................................carefully for
their trip. They knew there was a cave halfway up the mountain.
g They spent a long time searching for the cave before they realized that they (head)
........................................................................ in the wrong direction.
Then the snow stopped, and they could see the dark entrance of the cave nearby.
h Luckily they (bring)........................................................................
warm clothes and plenty of food with them, and they waited safely in the cave.
Read the sentences from Exercise 6 again. Make sure you have checked the answers to this exercise. Translate the story into your language.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192.
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tense contrasts
past simple: decided past continuous: was looking
past perfect simple: had happened       past perfect continuous: had been working
Use past simple, past continuous and past perfect for events in a narrative (story).
• Past simple to describe actions or states in the past. That afternoon he decided to check the old experiments.
• Past continuous to describe continuing actions, or to set the scene. While he was looking at them ...
• Use past perfect when we need to make clear that one past action happened before another past action.
...he noticed that something unusual had happened... ... while he had been working on the new experiments.
past simple: What did you do? past continuous: What were you doing?
We were in a maths lesson. Water started dripping from the ceiling. We changed rooms. What were you doing? (when something happened)     We were writing a test. What did you do? (an action) We changed rooms.
present perfect simple and continuous: has won, has been winning past perfect simple and continuous: had won, had been playing
• Present perfect events are connected to the present in some way. Past perfect events are past events that take place before other past events.
She has just won the Grand Slam. She has been playing tennis for only six years. (She plays now - she started six years ago.)
When Anna won the Grand Slam in 2001, she had been playing tennis for only six years.
(All the events are in the past: she won in 2001, she started playing six years before that.)
past simple: discovered present perfect: have discovered
• Use past simple for finished events in the past. We can use a definite date or time. Clyde Tombaugh discovered the planet Pluto in 1930.
• Use present perfect for recent events without a definite time. Astronomers have discovered a new planet recently. They have named it Sedna.
• We can use since + point in time with present perfect but not with past simple.
I've been here since 8.301 (I'm still here.)
• We can usefor + period of time with present perfect for unfinished time, or past simple for finished time.
I've been in the team for two years. (I'm still in the team.)
/ was in the team for two years. (Finished - I'm not in the team now.)
present perfect simple: have taken       present perfect continuous: have been taking
• Use present perfect simple when an action has recently finished. Use present perfect continuous to describe a continuing action up to the present moment.
Have you taken your medicine? (just now or very recently)
Have you been taking your medicine? (over a long period up to now)
• Present perfect continuous can suggest that the action might continue into the future. I've done a lot of work lately, (but now I've finished)
I've been doing a lot of work lately, (and it is still going on)
present perfect simple and continuous: have lived, have been living present simple and continuous: live, am living
• Use present perfect to describe a period of time that continues up to the present, and includes the present.
How long have you been living here? (We don't say How long are you living here?) I've been here since 2002. (We don't say / am here since 2002.)
present simple, present continuous: have, am having
»  Use present simple for facts, things that always happen, habits and state meanings.
Rabbits live in holes in the ground.        I travel to work by bus. I enjoy Italian food. I have three sisters.
•  Use present continuous for events that are happening at the moment, or are changing, and for action meanings.
It's raining. Things are getting better.
I'm really enjoying this party. I'm having a great time.
1 Underline the correct form.
a When the police stopped I were stopping Smith's car for a routine check, they realized that he was the man who robbed I had robbed the bank, b I woke up in the middle of the night and turned on / was turning on the light. Someone or something climbed I was climbing in my window! c Unfortunately Jan arrived I was arriving at the station at 3.25, and found that she missed I had missed the train, d The doctors tried I had been trying their best, but while they were performing the operation, the patient died I was dying. e We'd been watching the film for half an hour before we realized that we were making I had made a terrible mistake. We went I had gone into the wrong cinema! f  On the morning of the accident, Mr Davis just finished I had just finished a night shift at a local factory, and didn't have I hadn't had any sleep for 24 hours.
2 Complete the sentence with the past simple or present
a I (leave)........................le-ft................ ........my bag on the
train this morning.
b Helen (complete)..............................................................the
test half an hour before the end. c The match can't begin yet because the other
team (not arrive)..............................................................
d We (not play)..............................................................chess for
ages. Do you feel like a game?
e I (like)..............................................................their last album,
but I'm not keen on the new one.
g I'm sorry I didn't answer I wasn't answering the phone earlier, but I was painting I had been painting the ceiling in my bedroom.
h The office Marlowe was visiting was on the 15th floor, and unfortunately the lift wasn't working I hadn't been working, so by the time he arrived at the top of the stairs, he was I had been out of breath.
i   On Christmas morning when they woke up I were waking up, the children looked eagerly out of the window. It snowed I had been snowing, and the garden was covered in a thick white carpet.
j   After the two film stars landed I were landing at the small airport, they left quickly in a van that was waiting I had been waiting for them since the early morning.
perfect form of the verb in brackets.
f When (you go)..............................................................to the
cinema last? g Sam (not take)..............................................................a day off
since last April, h (you see)..............................................................my wallet? I'm
sure I left it here on the desk, i   When (you realize)..............................................................that you
wanted to be a musician? j   I (have)..............................................................an idea! Why don't
we go skating tomorrow?
3   Complete the text with the past simple, past continuous or past perfect simple form of the verbs in brackets.
Mozart was born in 1756, the son of a professional musician. His father soon a (give up)........<^(Mc. up...........
composing when he recognized his son's musical talent. By the age of three, the young Mozart
b (learn)..............................................to play several pieces of music. While he and his father c (travel)..............................................
round Europe, Mozart met many famous musicians and composers. Before he was 17, he
d (compose)..............................................several operas. While he e (visit)..............................................the Vatican in Rome, he
f (listen).............................................................to a piece of music which, up to this point, the Vatican authorities
g (keep)..............................................secret. No one h (publish)..............................................a copy of the piece before, but Mozart
i (manage)..............................................to write it down from memory after he j (listen) ..............................................to it once.
By the age of 30 he l< (become)..............................................one of the most famous composers in Europe, and
I (have)..............................................a large apartment in Vienna, which is now a tourist attraction. It was here that he
m (write)..............................................his famous opera The Marriage of Figaro. In 1791, while he
n (work)..............................................on his Requiem, he o (fall)..............................................ill and died at the age of 35.
4
Choose the correct form, A, B, C or D, to complete the sentence.
a I............A............this computer for more than ten years, so I'm thinking
of getting a new one.
You're half an hour late! I............................here for ages!
I............................these black trousers better than those blue ones.
Can I borrow a pen? I............................mine.
I'd like to dance with you, but I............................for my friend.
Kate ............................in Poland since last October. She's really enjoying it.
Carol's great, isn't she?............................her long?
Paul............................in all day today, so now he feels like going out.
You'd better borrow this umbrella.............................really hard.
1	I	.........................on my project all morning, and I need			a break.		
a	A	have had	B	have been having	C	have	D am having
b	A	have waited	B	have been waiting	C	wait	D am waiting
c	A	have liked	B	have been liking	C	like	D am liking
	A	have lost	B	have been losing	c	lose	D am losing
e	A	have waited	B	have been waiting	C	wait	D am waiting
f	A	has taught	B	has been teaching	C	teaches	D is teaching
0	A	Have you known	B	Have you been knowing	C	Do you know	D Are you knowing
h	A	has stayed	B	has been staying	C	stays	D is staying
	A	It has rained	B	It has been raining	c	It rains	D It is raining
J	A	have worked	B	have been working	c	work	D am working
5   Underline the correct form.
a How a do you get on / are you getting on in Paris? Sorry b I haven't written / I'm not writing before but c / train I I've been training hard for my basketball team. We d played I have played in a tournament last week - we e come I came third! I really f enjoy I enjoyed taking part, but g I haven't done 11 wasn't doing anything else for the past month.
b Unfortunately, when Sarah's big day
h anived I was arriving, things i have gone I went disastrously wrong at first. For a start, it j was raining / has been raining and as the traffic was so heavy, she l< arrived I was arriving nearly ten minutes late for her interview. Then while she I was crossing / has crossed the road, a passing bus m splashed I was splashing her with water. But inside the building her luck n changed I has changed. 'Mr Fortescue o is expecting / has expected me,' she p was telling I told the receptionist.
'He q hasn't arrived I doesn't anive yet,' she was told. 'Just take a seat.' Perhaps everything would be all right after all!
An art historian r has discovered / is discovering two missing paintings by Fra Angelico (c 1395-1455) in the home of a pensioner from Oxford who s has died / died earlier this year. Jean Preston t bought I has bought the paintings when she u was working / has been working in America in the 1960s. Shortly before her death, a friend v recognized I has recognized them as part of a group of six small paintings which Angelico w painted / has painted in 1439. Miss Preston x paid I was paying about £200 for the pair, but experts y say / said they are now worth around £1 million.
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Look through the unit again and find two examples for each of these tenses: present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous.
Look at the explanation page again. Choose an example sentence from each section. Translate it into your language.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192.
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Answer key
Unit 1
Ex 1
a drive, cycles   b rises, sets   c travels   d costs
e meets   f reads   g understand   h starts   i give   j like
Ex 2
a don't do   b doesn't play, doesn't like   c don't think
d don't work   e doesn't agree   f don't want
g doesn't drive   h aren't   i don't stay   j doesn't sing
Ex 3
a leaves, isn't   b loves, don't interest   c don't study, is d don't dance, look   e doesn't go, goes   f does, doesn't crash   g doesn't have, has   h needs, doesn't burn i doesn't own, are  j live, don't eat
Ex 4
a live   b provides   c dive   d hold   e stand   f keeps g breeds   h lays   i return  j stands   k keep   I sleeps m eats   n hatches   o comes   p finds    q feed r spends   s returns   t look after
Ex 5
a don't get on   b doesn't love   c doesn't know d doesn't allow   e doesn't agree   f doesn't forgive g don't understand   h doesn't care   i doesn't see j don't realize
Ex 6
a Do, stop   b does, contain c Do, have
d does, cover   e Does, grow f does, take
g Do, pull   h does, produce i do, breathe
Ex 7
a does, do   b prevents   c doesn't allow   d catch e push   f destroy   g Do, help   h use   i don't work j don't give   k does, work   I starts   m doesn't get n come   o destroy
Unit 2 Ex 1
a are leaving   b is rising, are using   c is studying, is studying   d are standing   e are staying   f am going g is chasing   h is becoming   i are training j is listening
Ex 2
a do not understand   b is it getting   c don't agree d reaches   e lasts   f are still searching   g Are they looking   h doesn't seem   i consists   j has
Ex 3
a am speaking   b is visiting   c am standing
d looking   e are climbing   f are wearing   g is standing
by   h is rising   i are setting   j are trying   k is going on
I is happening   m is shaking   n are climbing
o are shouting
Ex 4
a isn't going   b isn't heading for   c isn't sending d isn't working   e aren't receiving   f aren't pointing g aren't producing   h isn't responding   i aren't having j aren't giving up
Ex 5
a Is the weather in your country changing?   b Is it growing warmer or colder?   c Are storms happening more often?   d Is less snow falling in winter? e Is summer getting hotter?   f Are the changes becoming a problem?   g Are people worrying about this?   h Are they doing anything to help?
Ex 6
a means b doesn't stay c is growing e is falling f is happening g is rising i die   j look after
d believe h have
Ex 7
a knows, are disappearing   b cover, contain   c remove, produce   d are they vanishing   e agree   f is changing g are cutting down, causing   h is happening   i are burning, using    j understand, are beginning
Unit 3 Ex 1
a developed   b left   c believed, wanted   d arrived e built   f planted, worked, improved   g arrived, thought   h saw, decided   i killed, defeated, destroyed
Ex 2
a wore g had
Ex 3
b took c drank d went h got   i paid   j knew
e made   f meant
a Alexander the Great didn't marry Cleopatra, b Nelson Mandela didn't become President of South Africa in 1994.   c Leonardo da Vinci didn't invent the Internet,   d Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900 BC.   e Marco Polo didn't stay in China for five years,   f The ancient Romans didn't use steam engines in their battles,   g Genghis Khan didn't invade Italy and capture Rome,   h Christopher Columbus didn't
reach America by accident,   i William Shakespeare didn't write Don Quixote.
Ex 4
a When did the Industrial Revolution happen in Britain?   b How did work change?   c What did the first factories produce?   d What did new technology encourage?   e What power did factories use? f What did these factories require?   g Where did manufacturers construct their factories?   h Why did they decide to do this?   i What did factories also need?   j Where did industry in the UK develop?
Ex 5
a Did he come from a rich family? b Did he grow up in London? c Did he go to school? d Did he know Latin? e Did he get married? f Did they have children? g Did he begin writing plays in Stratford? h Did he write 37 plays all by himself? i Did he make up all the characters and plots of his plays?   j Did he become rich and famous?
Ex 6
a studied   b became   c received   d owned
e made   f had   g did the alcohol turn to acid
h happened   i couldn't   j threw   k asked
I didn't know   m examined   n found   o believed
p caused    q Did milk, wine and vinegar behave in
the same way   r disagreed   s made   t continued
u invented   v proved   w worked   x developed
Unit 4 Ex 1
a was taking, discovered   b was working, dropped, invented   c arrived, was trying   d discovered, was looking   e was climbing, discovered   f was sitting , fell, understood   g was trying, made, stuck   h was observing, realized
Ex 2A
a Where was Edouard Benedictus working when he invented safety glass?   b Where was Columbus trying to go when he reached America?   c Where was Isaac Newton sitting according to the story about gravity?   d What was Dr Harry Coover hoping to invent?   e What was Galileo looking at through his telescope?
Ex 3
a was growing up, became   b was attending, murdered   c was fighting, started destroyed d led, was staying, undid   e was marching, defeated f founded, was visiting   g was travelling, gave h killed, were having   i was attacking, received, j was attending, fell, died
Ex 4
a used to write   b used to act   c used to do, used to set   d used to help   e used to teach, used to tell f used to work   g used to hold   h used to spend
Ex 5
a used to be   b used to form   c didn't use to be d used to exist   e used to be   f didn't use to live g did they use to eat, used to eat   h didn't use to stay, used to travel
Ex 6
a were looking for   b reached   c were living d tried   e fought   f drove   g gave up   h were working   i discovered  j proved   k sailed   I were arguing   m wanted   n took   o found   p were looking for    q was travelling   r learned   s arrived t received
Unit 5 Ex 1
a have sent   b have put up   c have collected d have planted   e have replaced   f have recycled g have shown   h have painted   i have installed j have organized
Ex 2
a has always come   b has fallen   c have caused d have not / haven't done   e have grown   f have not / haven't reproduced   g has reached   h have reduced   i have lost   j has become, have stopped
Ex 3
a Have you ever seen a humming bird?   b Have you ever read War and Peace?   c Have you ever visited San Marino?   d Have you ever swum in the Pacific Ocean?   e Have you ever taken a trip to the Sahara Desert?
Ex 2B
f wasn't trying g wasn't hoping h wasn't looking for   i wasn't sitting  j wasn't conducting
Ex 4
a yet b since g already
c yet d already h yet   i already, yet
e for, yet   f since
Ex 5
a have gone b have gone c have been d have gone e have not been f have been g has gone h has not been   i have been   j has gone
Ex 6
a Have scientists discovered a cure for the common cold? b Have people lived for long periods in space (yet)? c Have human beings landed on Mars (yet)? d Have scientists invented time travel (yet)? e Have doctors managed to transplant human hearts (yet)? f Have archaeologists found the lost city of Atlantis (yet)?   g Have scientists ever taught an animal to talk?
Ex 7
a B b B c A kB   IB   m A
d A n A
e A o A
fB gA pB
hB   iB jB
Unit 6 Ex 1
a haven't been waiting   b have been looking for c have been studying   d has been going   e has been having   f have you been doing   g have been working h have been painting
Ex 2
a have recently identified   b have been searching c have found   d has been exploring   e have found f have been looking   g spotted   h has been working i has produced  j have discovered   k have managed
Ex 3
a How long have astronomers been looking for Pluto's moons?   b How long have archaeologists been hoping to find Atlantis?   c How long have scientists been using satellites to discover new reefs?   d How long have physicists been investigating the origin of the universe? e How long have scientists been observing Vesuvius? f How long have biologists been trying to find new species of mammal?   g How long have archaeologists been excavating the palace in Guatemala?   h How long have doctors been searching for a cure for HIV?
Unit 7 Ex 1
a finally reached   b had actually arrived   c found d had got   e had used   f restored
Ex 2
a tried, had run   b turned, had not saved   c had not paid, stopped   d received, had sent   e checked, had done   f had received, ran   g downloaded, had made h had gone, looked   i had pressed, happened j went, had happened
Ex 3
a came   b died, served   c returned, had won d became   e had risen, had formed   f fought   g had died   h ordered, had become   i defeated  j murdered, had been
Ex 4
aC bC kB IB
c A m B
dC n A
eC o A
f C PA
gA qA
h A r A
i B s A
JA t A
Ex 5
a wanted e mixed
b gave c produced f had done   g asked
d had not used h knew
i was thinking  j was climbing   k noticed   I had spilled   m realized   n had solved   o had spilled p jumped    q ran   r admitted   s had cheated t had discovered
Ex 6
a had been climbing   b had been snowing, had hurt c had been looking   d had already phoned   e had also left   f had prepared   g had been heading   h had brought
Unit 8 Ex 1
a stopped, had robbed   b turned on, was climbing c arrived, had missed   d tried, died   e had made, had gone   f had just finished, hadn't had   g didn't answer, was painting   h wasn't working, was   i woke up, had been snowing  j landed, had been waiting
Ex 2
a left b completed c hasn't arrived e liked f did you go g hasn't taken i did you realise  j've had
d haven't played h Have you seen
Ex 3
a gave up   b had learned   c were travelling   d had composed   e was visiting   f listened   g had kept h had published   i managed   j had listened   k had become   I had   m wrote   n was working   o fell
Ex 4
a A b B cC d A e I) f R g A h A i 1) jB Ex 5
a are you getting on   b I haven't written c I've been training   d played   e came   f enjoyed g I haven't done   h arrived   i went  j was raining k arrived   I was crossing   m splashed   n changed o is expecting   p told    q hasn't arrived   r has discovered   s died   t bought   u was working v recognized   w painted   x paid   y say
Unit 9 Ex 1
a will be, will continue, will claim   b will cause, will probably destroy   c will never want, will reach d will crash, will cause   e will come, will have to
Ex 2
a will hold   b will take place   c will provide d will carry   e will sell   f will cost   g will use
Ex 3
a 6   b 8   c 9   dlO   e 2   f 7   g 1   h 4   i 5   j 3 Ex 4
Suggested answers: a I'm not going to waste paper, b I'm going to recycle paper and cardboard as much as I can.   c I'm going to recycle bottles, cans and organic waste,   d I'm not going to take plastic bags from the supermarket,   e I'm not going to make unnecessary car journeys,   f I'm going to walk or use a bike,   g I'm going to buy local produce, h I'm going to take a shower not a bath,   i I'm going to change to low-energy light bulbs,   j I'm going to turn off unnecessary lights.
Ex 5
a The volcano is going to erupt,   b The water is going to disappear,   c The river is going to flood the houses,   d The ship is going to hit the iceberg, e It's going to snow (again),   f The trees are going to blow down. / The wind is going to blow down the trees.
Unit 10 Ex 1
a retires 7 b takes off 3 c continues 8 d starts 9 e takes place 4 f rises 10 g expires 6 h closes 2 i leaves 5   j open 1
Ex 2
a are holding   b is coming   c is giving   d is showing   e are serving   f is arriving   g Is, meeting h are picking, up, taking   i is leaving
Ex 3
a will break   b is going to come out   c is going to start   d I won't drop it.   e We're playing   f I'll take g I'm going to study   h I'll see you
Ex 4
a I'll be lying   b I'll be waiting   c I'll be working d I'll be starting   e I'll be going   f I'll be watching g I'll be living   h I'll be catching
Ex 5
a will have started   b will / won't have invented c will / won't have found   d will / won't have discovered   e will / won't have moved   f will / won't have used   g will / won't have become h will / won't have made
Ex 6
a will continue   b enters   c will grow   d finishes e occurs   f will become   g collide   h will form i begins   j will produce   k will grow   I increases m will be   n stops   o expands   p will absorb q uses   r will become   s won't make   t will be
Ex 7
a A   bC   c. C   dB   eC   fC   gB   HC   i B jC
Unit 11 Ex 1
a There   b there   c There   d there   e There
f They   g there   h there   i They   j They   k there
I There   m They   n This   o There
Ex 6
Suggested answers: a I'm going to do biology, b I'll be back at two o'clock,   c It isn't going to work,   d Shall I turn the lights on?   e I'll sit with Helen,   f I'm going to study engineering.
Ex 2
a is a match on Tuesday,   b are three ways you can do this,   c was a lot of snow yesterday,   d isn't any milk,   e seems to be a strange man outside,   f were a lot of people at the rock concert,   g were crowds of people on the train,   h is an interesting television programme on at 8.00.