Complete the word which fits best. 1. A thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is called ____ 2. __________ are two main branches of the trachea that go into the lungs. These then further divide into smaller channels called __________, which end in __________ individual air sacs. 3. The right lung is composed of three __________ while the left one usually has only two. 4. The nose has two openings which the air is inhaled through they are called __________ 5. Thick, viscous, gel-like material that moistens the air and protects inner body surfaces such as the inside of a nose. ________ 6. A tough, elastic connective tissue found in the joints, outer ear, nose, larynx, and other parts of the body. __________ 7. The breathing process has two parts: _________ (breathe in) and __________ (breathe out) 8. A delicate membrane that encloses the lungs is __________ Form adjectives from the following nouns. lungs - p_____ bronchus- b_______ respiration- r__________ alveolus - a____________ trachea - t_________ nose - n___________ thorax- t________ diaphragm - d___________ Key 1. A thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. diaphragm 2. Bronchi are two main branches of the trachea that go into the lungs. This then further divides into smaller channels called bronchioles, which end in alveoli, individual air sacs. 3. The right lung has three parts which are called lobes. 4. The nose has two openings through which the air is inhaled, they are called nostrils 5. Thick, viscous, gel-like material that functions to moisten and protect inner body surfaces such as the inside of a nose. mucus 6. An organ in the larynx by means of which we can make sounds. vocal cord/voice box 7. A tough, elastic connective tissue found in the joints, outer ear, nose, larynx, and other parts of the body. cartilage 8. The respiration process has two parts: inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling) 9. A delicate membrane that encloses the lungs. pleurae Form adjectives from the following nouns. lungs (pulmonary) bronchus (bronchial) respiration (respiratory) alveolus (alveolar) trachea (tracheal) nose (nasal) pleura (pleural) diaphragm (diaphragmatic) 1. Relative Clauses A. Transform these sentences using a relative pronoun. The girl who/that was injured in the accident is now in hospital. The girl who/that was in the accident is now in hospital. The patient (who/whom/that) the consultant wanted to see is no longer here. Where is the syringe which/that was in this box? Have you bought the ointment (which/that) you wanted? I know a couple of people who/that suffer from asthma. Do you know the woman (who/that) the obstetrician is talking to? / who/that is talking to the obstetrician? Here are the books (which/that) I was looking for. / for which I was looking. I did not get the job which/that was advertised in Newsweek. B. Grammar rules: which, that, subject, more, object, formal, who, whose, whom We use ____who that_____ for people. x We use ___which that____ for things. We use ____whose_____ to refer to a fact that something belongs to someone or something. You must use who/that/which when it is the _____subject____ of the relative clause. You can leave out who/that/which when it is the ___object______ of the relative clause. The use of who/which is more _____formal____ than that. If the relative pronoun is an object (or is used with a preposition), we use ____whom__ in a formal situation. C. Complete what or that. a) ___What___ happened was my fault. b) Everything ___that___ happened was my fault. c) The device __that____ broke down is working again. d) Did you hear __what___ they said? e) I gave her all the money ___that___ I had. f) ___what____ = the thing(s) that D. Complete the following sentences, use more options where possible. Lungs are the organs which/that help us breathe. The amount of oxygen which/that/- people inhale can be measured. Louis Pasteur was a French microbiologist who/that discovered the principles of vaccination. The donor whose kidney was removed has recovered quickly. The diseases which were/that were/ - described in the lecture are very contagious. He is one of the scientists who/whom/that/ - I admire the most. This is his third book, the publication of which made such an impression. A hospital is a place in which/where sick people are treated. 1667 was when/ the year in which the first successful blood transfusion was carried out. I can’t think of a reason why I should help you. This is how /the way we do appendectomy. Tell the people who are/- waiting outside to come in. 2. Watch the video on „Where does snoring come from”, answer the following questions. What method is used in the video for determining the cause of snoring? How is it done? Sleep/sedated endoscopy What parts of the body can cause snoring? nose, back of the tongue, soft palate, uvula, vocal cords/voice box,… What treatment for snoring is suggested in the video? surgery (different types of surgery, e.g. septoplasty, tongue reduction or advancement, etc.) 4. Check up at the doctor’s A. Read the text about a cough and complete the words: phlegm crackles productive dry cough up stained loose non-productive wheezes noticed gave up breath back smoke heavily Cough is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and lung disease. A cough may be _____productive_______ where the patient coughs up sputum, or _______non-prodictive_____ where there is no sputum. A productive cough is often described as ______loose______ and a non-productive cough as _______dry______. Sputum (or _______phlegm______) may be clear or white (mucoid), yellow due to the presence of pus (purulent), or blood- _____stained_____ (as in haemoptysis). A doctor is examining a patient who is complaining of a cough. Doctor: How long have you had the cough? Mr Hamilton: Oh, for years. Doctor: Do you smoke? Mr H.: I used to _______smoke heavily________, but I _____gave up_____ a year ago. D: Do you _____cough up_____ any phlegm? H: Yes. D: What colour is it? H: Usually yellow. D: Have you ever _____noticed______ any blood in it? H: No, I haven’t. D: Any problems with your breathing? H: Yes, I get very short of breath. I have to stop halfway up the stairs to get my ____breathe back____. Auscultation (listening to the chest with a stethoscope may reveal the presence of sounds, apart from the normal breath sound, there are two main kinds of added sounds: · ____crackles____, which sound like hairs being rubbed together and suggest the presence of fluid in the lungs · ____wheezes____, which are more musical sounds, like whistling and indicate narrowing of the airways. The sound of an asthma patient’s breathing is also called wheeze. The sound heard when the pleural surfaces are inflamed, as in pleurisy, is called a pleural rub. Make word combinations: Blood-stained Breath sounds Deep breath Pleural rub Productive cough Respiratory tract Rewrite the questions using words that are better known to patients a) Is your cough productive? Loose, do you cough up something b) What colour is the sputum? phlegm c) Is it ever purulent? Yellow, with pus d) Have you ever had haemoptysis? Have you ever noticed any blood in it e) Do you suffer from dyspnoea? Do you have any problems with breathing? Should smoking be banned? 1f, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5g, 6e, 7h, 8d Find these words in the reading and match them with their meaning. To confirm, urge, kick the habit, to drop, to suggest, inconclusive, to ban, to argue, to ensure, unconvincing, dubious, objection 1. __________ - To prove that something is true. 2. __________ - to quickly move downwards, to lower 3. __________ - not producing a definite result or complete proof of something 4. __________ - a statement that shows that you disagree with a plan, or a reason for your disagreement 5. __________ - to stop doing something that is bad for you 6. __________ - not capable of persuading you that something is true or right 7. __________ - not sure about the truth or quality of something, or whether you should do something 8. __________ - to forbid 9. __________ - to discuss something with someone who has a different opinion from you 10. __________ - a strong wish or need 11. __________ - to tell someone your ideas about what they should do 12. __________ - to make certain that something will happen properly 1. confirm, 2. To drop, 3. Inconclusive, 4. Objection, 5. Kick the habit, 6. Unconvincing, 7. Dubious, 8. To ban, 9. Argue, 10. Urge, 11. Suggest, 12. ensure