1. Replace the underlined words with a synonym.

    alleviate, subside, washed out, stiffness, squeeze, impairment, determine, bring on, cause

1.      Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are tremors, slow movement and muscle rigidity.

2.      Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include difficulty in learning and worsening of judgment.

3.      Treatments are available to lessen some of the symptoms.

4.      What triggers this disease is unknown.

5.      We don’t know what causes the symptoms to arise.

6.      Scientists have not yet been able to identify the cause.

7.      Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which the median nerve is compressed.

8.      During the last phase of migraine the person often feels drained.

9.      The bad feeling disappears within 24 hours.


2. Match the words so that they form phrases.

1.      experience

                   a)      sheath

2.      lapse into

                   b)      disease

3.      lose

                   c)      unconsciousness

4.      myelin

                   d)      consciousness

5.      pass on

                   e)      pain

6.      progressive

                   f)        to a person

7.      recurrent

                   g)      convulsion

8.      throbbing

                   h)      seizures


3. History lesson: complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets.

a) If Alexander the Great (march) __________________ west instead of east, he (conquer)
__________________ the whole of Europe.

b) If more Vikings (go) ______________ to North America, the Viking settlements (succeed)
____________.

c) If the ancient Egyptians (build) __________________ bigger boats, they (cross)
__________________ the Atlantic and (land) __________________ in America.

d) If a storm (not hit) __________________ Bartolomeu Dias’s ship off the coast of Africa in 1487,
they (not arrived) __________________ in the Indian Ocean by accident.

e) If Cheng Ho and other Chinese explorers (continue) __________________ further on their voyages,
they (sail) __________________ up the west coast of Africa and reached Europe in the early 15^th
century.



4. Listening.

a) Watch the video about the polio epidemic and answer the questions below.

1.      Why did the first polio epidemic occur at the beginning of the 20th century?

2.      What purposes did the March of Dimes have?

3.      When was the first polio vaccine created?

4.      Why was Ms Duffy not allowed to go to the cinema when she was a child?

5.      What was the situation like in 1953?



b) Read the text and complete a word which fits best.

Polio is a ____________ disease caused by a virus that mainly ____________ children. Before people
knew the importance of sanitation babies often ____________  polio at a young age when their
mothers’ ____________ system still protected them so the disease passed with no symptoms and the
babies would not get polio again. As the importance of sanitation was recognised, children were not
____________ to the polio virus until protection from mothers’ immune system had long worn
____________. As a ____________, older kids become infected ____________ polio and many experienced
symptoms before the disease passed. 10 to 15% of them became ____________ or killed when the virus
attacked the nerves of the spine and brain.


                                      5. Speaking: Depression

1. What is depression?

2. Have you ever been depressed? Why?

3. Do you know anyone who suffers from depression?


Depression

Everyone occasionally _______ blue or sad. However, these feelings are usually short-lived and pass
within a _______of days. When you have depression, it interferes _______daily life and causes pain
for both you and those _______care about you. Depression is a common but serious illness.

A _______of people with a depressive illness never seek treatment. But _______majority, even those
with the _______severe depression, can get better with treatment. Medications, psychotherapies, and
other methods can effectively treat people with depression.

Depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain. Brain-imaging technologies, _______as magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), _______shown that the brains of people who have depression look different
_______those of people without depression. The parts of the brain involved _______mood, thinking,
sleep, appetite, and behaviour appear different. But these images do not reveal why the depression
has occurred. They also _______be used to diagnose depression.

Symptoms of depression:

·         Persistent ____________ (SAD), ____________ (ANXIOUS), ____________ (HOPE) and feeling of
guilt

·         _______________ (IRITATE) and restlessness

·         Loss of interest in activities once _______________  (PLEASURE), including sex

·         Fatigue, decreased energy, difficulty concentrating and making _______________ (DECIDE)

·         Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or _______________ (EXCESS) sleeping

·         _______________ (EAT) (=eating too much) or appetite loss

·         _______________ (THINK) of suicide, suicide attempts


Number the treatments of depression according to their importance:

___ Improve and regulate your diet (omega-3 fatty acids and nutrients)

___ Antidepressants and psychotherapy

___ Get in a routine

___ Set manageable goals

___ Exercise

___ Get enough sleep

___ Try occupational therapy or get a pet