Physiology: spring semester 2016 Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes and cell organelles 2. Transport across cell membranes 3. Compartmentalization of body fluids 4. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 5. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 6. Ion channels 7. Intercellular communication 8. Functions of the nerve cell 9. Functional morphology of synapses 10. Generation of resting membrane potential 11. Local response of membrane potential 12. Action potential 13. Excitability and refractoriness 14. Excitation-contraction coupling 15. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 16. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of various types of muscle 17. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 18. Neuromuscular junction 19. Temporal and space summation (summation and recruitment) in skeletal muscle 20. Energy metabolism and its measurement 21. Physiological role of calcium 22. Vitamins 23. Regulating of food intake and its disorders 24. Hypoxia and ischemia 25. Heat production and heat loss, thermoregulation 26. Physiological applications of law of Laplace 27. Registration of membrane potentials and currents 28. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement 29. Dead space, measurement 30. Resistance of airways, measurement 31. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 32. Respiratory quotient 33. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 34. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 35. Physiological regulations (overview) 36. Homeostasis 37. Functional morphology of nephron 38. Tubulary processes, tubulary reabsorption and secretion, urine formation 39. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation 40. Glomerular filtration, principals and regulation, juxtaglomerular apparatus 41. Renal sodium, potassium, chlorid transports, their regulation 42. Urea formation 43. Water resorption, hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. 44. Osmotic, water and pressure diuresis 45. Examination of renal function. Clearence. 46. Micturition 47. Metabolic and endocrine renal function 48. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 49. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 50. Compliance of lungs. Respiratory work. Pneumothorax. 51. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 52. Transport of O[2]. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of CO[2] 53. Herring-Breuer reflexes 54. Regulation of ventilation 55. Respiratory responses to irritants 56. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of saliva 57. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of gastric secretion 58. Functions of the stomach 59. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of pancreatic juice 60. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 61. Co-ordination of GIT segments 62. Liver functions 63. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of bile 64. Digestion and resorption in the small intestine 65. Functions of colon 66. Sympathetic nervous system (overview) 67. Parasympathetic nervous system (overview) 68. Adaptation to extreme environmental conditions 69. Adaptation to exercise, athlete´s heart 70. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 71. Regulation and adaptation Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives. Metabolism of iron. 4. Erythropoietin and erytropoesis 5. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 6. Mechanism of innate immunity 7. Acquired immunity 8. Blood types 9. Function of platelets 10. Hemocoagulation 11. Anticlotting mechanism, fibrinolytic system 12. Conduction system of the heart 13. Cardiac automaticity 14. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront. Electric vector of the heart. 15. Examination of heart rate and blood pressure variability. Examination of baroreflex sensitivity 16. Special methods of ECG and blood pressure examination (vectocardiography, 24-hour-monitoring) 17. Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage 18. Cardiovascular reflexes (Valsalva maneuver, Muller maneuver, diving reflex) 19. Invasive assessment of blood pressure 20. Non-invasive assessment of blood pressure 21. Cardiac output and its measurement 22. Measurement of blood flow 23. ECG leads. ECG record in different leads 24. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 25. Cardiac contractility and its determination 26. Polygraphic recording of one cardiac cycle (ECG, phonocardiogram, aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume) 27. Specific features of cardiac metabolism 28. Differences between left and right heart 29. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 30. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 31. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 32. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 33. Starling principle (heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 34. Frequency effect (homeometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 35. Heart rate 36. Regulation of heart functions 37. Overview of arrhythmias 38. Coronary circulation. Coronary reserve. Ischaemic heart disease. 39. Cardiovascular system – general principles 40. Significance of Poiseuille-Hagen formula for blood flow 41. Vascular resistance in various parts of circulation 42. Blood pressure. Hypertension. 43. Arterial elasticity – significance 44. Arterial pulse wave 45. Physiological role of endothelium 46. Vasoactive substances 47. Micro-circulation 48. Venous pressure 49. Venous return. Venous stasis and embolism. 50. Lymphatic system 51. Pulmonary circulation 52. Cerebral circulation 53. Skin circulation 54. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 55. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 56. Placental and faetal circulation. Circulatory adjustments at birth 57. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 58. General principles of endocrine regulation 59. Chemical characteristics of hormones 60. Effect of hormones on target cells 61. Second messengers 62. Up- and down-regulation of receptors 63. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 64. Prolactin 65. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 66. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 67. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 68. Thyroid hormones. Regulation and dysregulation. 69. Endocrine pancreas 70. Insulin and mechanism of its action 71. Glycaemia, its regulation and dysregulation 72. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 73. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 74. Adrenal medulla. Synthesis and degradation of catecholamines. 75. Bone formation and resorption. Regulation of calcaemia. 76. Natriuretic peptides 77. Endogenous opioid system 78. Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm. 79. Puberty and menopause 80. Cyclic changes in non-pregnant women 81. Physiology of pregnancy 82. Physiology of parturition 83. Physiology of lactation 84. Hormonal contraception – the principals 85. Endocrine functions of testes, its regulation 86. Regulation of body fluid volume 87. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure