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Date

UČO
            Signature



1.   Types of axoplasmatic transports according to direction and speed, their functions in the
intact neuron and during axon regeneration, examples of transported molecules.

2.   Smell - stimuli, receptor cells, transduction mechanism of smell stimuli in bipolar cells.

3.   Structural-functional compartments of the cerebellum (horizontal and longitudinal divisions).
Connections of the spinal cerebellum (median and paramedian zones) and their functional
involvements. Cerebellum and learning. Effects of cerebellar lesions - examples.






































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1.   Draw and describe motor cortical pathways that influence the motoneurons in spinal cord,
describe their functions. Describe their crossing of midline and somatotopic arrangement.

2.   Temperature sense - stimuli, receptors and their characteristics. Temperature regulation.

3.   Eye movements - basic types and their function, eliciting stimuli. Describe CNS structures
involved in control of saccadic eye movements. Electrooculography.

























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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe scheme of ascending pathways for the nociceptive information in spinal
system.

2.   Transduction of light signal in photoreceptors.

3.   The basal ganglia, their afferent, efferent, and basic internal connections. Four basic
functional loops of the basal ganglia. Role of the basal ganglia in motor control. Examples of the
basal ganglia impairments in humans.

























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            Signature



1.   Structural basis for the blood-brain (hematoencephalic) barrier, its transport mechanisms
and significance.

2.   Postsynaptic potentials – mechanisms of generation. Length and time constant of the neuronal
membrane and its relation to temporal and spatial summation of membrane potentials.

3.   Structural-functional compartments of the cerebellum (horizontal and longitudinal divisions).
Connections of the vestibular cerebellum, the pontocerebellum and their functional involvements.
Cerebellum and learning. Effects of cerebellar lesions - examples.























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Date

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1.   Structures free of total blood-brain (hematoencephalic) barrier, describe their localization
and functional effects.

2.   Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) -
principles of measurement, examples of clinical and experimental use.

3.   Reflexes in motor control. Myotatic and Golgi tendon organ reflexes and their functional
involvements. Draw and describe scheme of these reflex arches. Supraspinal influences on reflexes.
Task specific reflex reversal. Evaluation of reflexes in clinical practice, examples. H reflex.























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            Signature



1.   Describe pathways for projection of the visual information to subcortical structures, and
their functional significance.

2.   Resting potential of the neuron. Equilibrium potential for sodium, potassium and chloride.

3.   Learning and memory – nondeclarative and declarative memory, corresponding CNS structures in
humans. The role of hippocampal formation. Cellular mechanisms of habituation and sensitization.
Neurophysiological mechanisms of memory storage – long term potentiation and depression. Memory
impairments.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe the organization of spinal motoneurons in ventral horn. General
categorization of motor pathways.

2.   Receptor (generator) potential - electrophysiological characteristics and mechanisms of
generation. Coding of sensory information – intensity, duration and modality. Adaptation of sensory
receptors.

3.   Central system of emotion and stress - major structures and pathways of limbic forebrain
including amygdala. Information inputs to the limbic forebrain, information processing. Projections
of the limbic forebrain to effector systems. Components of a defensive response. Assessment of
capabilities to cope with threat in relation to corresponding behaviour. Linkage of psychosocial
stress to organ pathology.






















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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe motor pathways from the brainstem that influence the spinal motoneurons,
describe their functions.

2.   Control of feeding behaviour – motivational state and its determinants, central structures,
corresponding behaviour).

3.   Nociception and pain, stimuli, receptors, physiological significance. Classification of pain,
nerve fibres. Pain perception. Referred pain. Draw and describe scheme of ascending pathways for
the nociceptive information in trigeminal system. Describe structures for endogenous analgesic
system and its functional significance.






















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Date

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            Signature



1.   Describe types of the neuronal synapses and their characteristics by localization and
transmitters. Structural and functional differences between chemical and electrical synapses.

2.   Taste - stimuli, receptor cells, transduction mechanisms. Taste buds and their innervation.

3.   Language and speech - modern concept of organization. CNS structures engaged in spoken and
written language. Target muscle groups and corresponding motor pathways. Function of hemispheres in
different aspects of language. Aphasias.
























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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe neurons and their connections and function in the enteric nervous system.

2.   Auditory signal – physical characteristic, mechanisms of transduction in the hair cells of
Corti organ.

3.   Control of locomotion. Spinal pattern generators, basic stepping pattern and its modulation by
afferent information. Describe function of main CNS structures involved in locomotion. Describe and
draw a scheme of proprioceptive pathways from the lower extremity.

























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            Signature



1.   Somatosensory pathways from the skin of body and extremities, scheme and its description.

2.   Neuromuscular junction – basic structural components and their functions. Mechanisms of signal
transmission, end plate potential.

3.   Central system of emotion and stress - major structures and pathways of limbic forebrain
including amygdala. Information inputs to the limbic forebrain, information processing. Projections
of the limbic forebrain to effector systems. Components of a defensive response. Assessment of
capabilities to cope with threat in relation to corresponding behaviour. Linkage of psychosocial
stress to organ pathology.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe a scheme of somatosensory pathways from the skin of facial part of the head
(trigeminal system).

2.   Reflexes in motor control - monosynaptic, polysynaptic reflexes. Reflex arc. Muscle tone. Alfa
and gama motoneurons, their function.

3.   Sense of balance – description of stimuli and receptor cells. Detection of head position due
to gravity. Detection of angular and linear acceleration. Draw and describe a simple scheme
illustrating position, localization and connections of neurons that convey vestibular information
to brainstem. Nystagmus.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe structural arrangement and innervation of muscle spindle and Golgi tendon
organ, describe their function.

2.   Cerebral blood flow and its regulation. Factors affecting cerebral blood flow. Brain
metabolism and oxygen requirements. Regional blood flow changes - autoregulation.

3.   Optical system of the eye. Common defects of the image-forming mechanism. Adaptation to
different light intensities. Accommodation. Photopic and scotopic vision. Draw and describe simple
scheme of pathways for mydriatic and miotic pupillary reflexes and accommodation.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe proprioceptive pathways from the upper and the lower extremities.

2.   Specialization of the hemispheres. Gnostic functions – examples, impairments.

3.   Vision – detection of motion, and its functional significance. Describe information processing
in the retina. Characteristic property of receptive fields of neurons in corresponding visual
pathway. Draw and describe scheme of position, localization and connections of neurons for pathways
that convey this visual information to the cortex. Describe arrangement of primary visual cortex
and mention other visual cortices involved in motion analysis.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Molecular mechanisms for axon navigation to the target tissue during development and
regeneration of the nervous system.

2.   Short-term modulation at synapses - presynaptic inhibition and facilitation, potentiation and
posttetanic potentiation.

3.   Encoding of auditory stimuli – frequency and intensity. Structure and functions of the inner
and outer cochlear hair cells, mechanisms of stimulation. Function of basilar membrane. Draw and
describe scheme of position, localization and connections of neurons for pathways that convey
auditory information to the cortex.






















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1.   Draw and describe a simple scheme illustrating position, localization and connections of
neurons that convey olfactory information to the structures of the CNS.

2.   Sleep-waking periodicity. Sleep cycles (EEG and vegetative correlates). Examples of sleep
disorders.

3.   Eye movements - basic types and their function, eliciting stimuli. Describe CNS structures
involved in control of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes and the slow eye movements.

























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe scheme of ascending pathways for the nociceptive information in trigeminal
system.

2.   Action potential – description, ionic fluxes, places of generation. Refractory period.
Conduction velocity of the action potential, its determinants.

3.   Visceral sensation - stimuli, receptors, their distribution. Draw and describe a simple scheme
illustrating position, localization and connections of neurons that convey viscerosensory
information to subcortical and cortical structures. Three examples of visceral information use in
body function control.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Taste pathway. Describe taste buds, their localization and innervation. Draw and describe a
simple scheme illustrating position, localization and connections of neurons that convey taste
information
to the upper structures of the CNS.

2.   Localization of sound in space.

3.   Skin sensation from the facial part of the head (trigeminal system): 1) crude sensation and
temperature sense, 2) discriminative and vibration sensation. Stimuli, receptors and their
distribution. Draw and describe a simple scheme illustrating position, localization and connections
of neurons that convey crude and discriminative skin sensation from the ventral part of the head to
cortex, describe their somatotopic arrangement including cortex.





















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            Signature



1.   Visual pathways. Draw and describe a simple scheme illustrating position, localization and
connections of neurons that convey visual information to cortex.

2.   Control of fluid intake (motivational state and its determinants, central structures,
corresponding behaviour).

3.   Voluntary movement of upper extremities. Essential afferent information. Draw and describe a
simple scheme of motor pathways that control voluntary movements of upper extremity. Scheme and
description of corresponding proprioceptive pathways. Praxis and apraxias. Electromyography.























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            Signature



1.   Auditory pathways. Draw and describe a simple scheme illustrating position, localization and
connections of neurons that convey auditory information to cortex.

2.   Electroencephalogram – description of electrical activity, basic rhythms, clinical meaning.
Evoked potentials. Event-related potentials.

3.   Control of posture – functions of postural system. Describe corresponding muscle groups,
essential afferent information, reflexes and CNS structures. Proprioceptive pathways from the lower
extremity, scheme and its description.























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Date

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            Signature



1.   Vestibular pathways. Draw and describe a simple scheme illustrating position, localization and
connections of neurons that convey vestibular information to brainstem, describe their functions.

2.   Chemical synapses - mechanisms of neurotransmitter release and its inactivation.

3.   Vision – analysis of shape and colour. Information processing in the retina. Receptive fields
of retinal ganglion neurons and neurons in corresponding visual pathway. Mechanisms of colour
vision. Draw and describe scheme of position, localization and connections of neurons for pathways
that convey this visual information to the cortex. Describe arrangement of primary visual cortex,
mention other visual cortices for shape and colour analysis.






















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Date

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            Signature



1.   Trophic interactions among the neurons and target tissue, neurotrophic factors and their
characteristic features.

2.   Membrane receptors of chemical synapses – describe their types and function. Excitatory and
inhibitory neurotransmitters – mechanisms of action, examples.

3.   Skin sensation from the body: 1) crude sensation and temperature sense, 2) discriminative and
vibration sensation. Stimuli, receptors and their distribution. Draw and describe a simple scheme
illustrating position, localization and connections of neurons that convey 1) crude and 2)
discriminative skin sensation from the body to cortex, describe their somatotopic arrangement
including cortex. Dermatoms.





















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Date

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            Signature



1.   Draw and describe motor cortical pathways that influence the motoneurons in spinal cord,
describe their functions. Describe their crossing of midline and somatotopic arrangement.

2.   Monocular and binocular cues in perception of depth.

3.   Parasympathetic compartment of the autonomic nervous system. Central structures and pathways.
Localization of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, neurotransmitters (synthesis and
inactivation) and their receptors at parasympathetic junctions. Responses of effector organs to
parasympathetic stimulation. Examples of reflexes with parasympathetic component.


































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Date

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            Signature



1.   The CNS liquid compartments and their barriers. Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal
fluid. Function of cerebrospinal fluid.

2.   Visual acuity – definition, testing. Visual field – definition, perimetry, visual field
deficits.

3.   Sympathetic compartment of the autonomic nervous system. Central structures and pathways.
Localization of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, neurotransmitters (synthesis and
inactivation) and their receptors at sympathetic junctions. Responses of effector organs to
sympathetic stimulation. Examples of reflexes with sympathetic component.


































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Date

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            Signature



1.   Glial cells and their role in the ontogenetic development of the CNS and the PNS.

2.   Capturing sound - functions of the external ear, tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles.
Traveling wave in the cochlea.

3.   Nociception and pain, stimuli, receptors, physiological significance. Classification of pain,
nerve fibres. Pain perception. Referred pain. Draw and describe scheme of ascending pathways for
the nociceptive information in trigeminal system. Describe structures for endogenous analgesic
system and its functional significance.