AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions:
Contraction and relaxation of
smooth muscles
Function of all exocrine glands
Heart rate
Some metabolic processes

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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
qsympathetic NS
§ncl. intermediolateralis in
T1 – L2 segments of spinal cord
= thoracolumbar system
§paravertebral ganglia
(tr. sympathicus) and
prevertebral ganglia
§neurotransmitters
Øpregangl. – acetylcholine
Øpostgangl. – norepinephrin
    (ex. sweat glands and
     piloerector muscle)
qparasympathetic NS
§ parasympathetic nuclei
     of CN III, VII, IX, X
§ segments S2 – S4
     = craniosacral system
§ ganglia near the target
     organ
§ neurotransmitter
     acetylcholine

Sympathetic system
Catabolic reaction (activities that are mobilized during emergency and stress situations, “fight,
fright and flight” responses)
Parasympathetic system
Anabolic reactions (activities associated with
conservation and restoration of body resources,
“rest and digest” responses)

The sympathetic system stimulates those activities that are mobilized by the organism during stress
situations.
Increased activity of the sympathetic and following release of adrenergic neurotransmitters
prepares the organism for FFF.

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Modulation of ANS
q from brain cortex
§tr. corticoreticularis → tr. reticulospinalis → preganglionic neurons
qfrom hypothalamus
§tr. hypothalamotegmentalis
§tr. mammillotegmentalis
qfrom hypothalamus and limbic forebrain
§FLD → dorsolateral tegmentum
qCC – from amygdalar complex
§→ hypothalamus
§→ PAG – coordination of somatic and autonomic response to
behavior and defensive reaction → preganglionic neurons of    S and PS divisions

Descendent modulatory pathways
q fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis (FLD)
q
q fasciculus telencephalicus medialis (medial forebrain
     bundle MFB)
q tr. mammillotegmentalis

Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis



Fasciculus telencephalicus medialis



Tractus mammillotegmentalis






Hypothalamus
Nuclei of the anterior part
q ncl. paraventricularis
q stimulation of parasympathetic system
q
Stimulation of the anterior part of hypothalamus
q miosis
q decrease in heart rate and blood pressure
q dilation of cutaneous arteries
q increase in peristalsis and secretion in the GIT

Hypothalamus
Nuclei of the posterior part
q ncl. mammillaris and hypothalamicus post.
q stimulation of sympathetic system
q
Stimulation of the posterior part of hypothalamus
q mydriasis
q increase in heart rate and blood pressure
q constriction of cutaneous arteries
q decrease in peristalsis and secretion in the GIT
q erection of hairs

PUPILARY LIGHT REFLEX
q a reflex that controls the diameter
     of the pupil, in response to the
     intensity of light (luminance) that
     falls on the retina of the eye
q mydriasis: dilation of the pupil
q
q miosis: constriction of the pupil

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ACCOMMODATION
http://163.178.103.176/fisiologia/neurofisiologia/objetivo_3/Clayman91c.jpg


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Illustrations were copied from:
Neuroscience Online, the Open-Access Neuroscience
Electronic Textbook
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
University of Texas Medical School at Houston