GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 1 •Meiosis. Development of gamets (spermatogenesis and oogenesis). Fertilization. Cleavage. •Implantation. Changes in blastocyst during implantation. •Differentiation of embryoblast. •Germ disc. Development and differentiation of intraembryonic mesoderm, notochord. Development of somites. The other axial organs of embryo. •Flexion of embryo. Development of the umbilical cord. mitoza a meioza meioza implantation růst a zrání folikulů PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES PRIMARY UNILAMINAR FOLLICLE PRIMARY MULTILAMINAR FOLLICLES SECONDARY FOLLICLE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE GROWTH AND MATURATION OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES PRIMARY OOCYTE in these follicles SECONDARY OOCYTE Corona radiata Zona pellucida Follicular fluid Mitotic spindle in metaphase 2 OOCYTE Thecalutein cells Fibrin clot CORPUS LUTEUM Granulosa lutein cells OVULATION Ruptured follicle Theca folliculi externa and interna Membrana granulosa Zona pellucida CORTEX OVARII oocyte II sperm penetration ovum beginning of cleavage pronuclei diploid set of chromosomes polar body mitotic spindle cleavage secondary oocyte in metaphase 2 implanted blastocyst FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION cumulus oophorus zona pellucida FERTILIZATION e1p_j1_zygote e1q_j2_2blasto e1r_j2_4blasto e1s_j3_8blasto e1t_j4_morula e0b_blastozyste Zygote – 18 h after fertilization 24 h 45 h 72 h Morula – 96 h Blastocyst rýhování a implantace CLEAVAGE AND IMPLANTATION Mitotic spindle within zygote Polar bodies MORULA BLASTOCYST Syncytiotrophoblast Primitive chorionic cavity Embryonic pole ENDOMETRIUM UTERINE GLANDS Trophoblast Embryoblast Extraembr. mesoderm Primitive yolk sac Chorion Operculum Amniotic cavity Trophoblastic lacunae Cytotrophoblast Endoderm Ectoderm Connecting stalk Amnion Germ disc Definitive yolk sac Extraembryonic coelom implantace IMPLANTATION – DAY 7 Trophoblast Primitive chorionic cavity Hypoblast Uterine epithelium Syncytiotrophoblast Epiblast Blood capillary Uterine gland implantace 2 IMPLANTATION – DAY 8 1/2 Trophoblast Primitive chorionic cavity Hypoblast Cytotrophoblast Amniotic sac Syncytiotrophoblast Uterine gland Trophoblastic lacunae implantace 3 IMPLANTATION – DAY 10 Primitive (primary) yolk sac Extraembryonic mesoderm Hypoblast Epiblast Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Trophoblastic Amniotic Cytotrophoblastic lacunae cavity bud implantace 4 IMPLANTATION – DAY 13 Extraembryonic Definitive (secondary) coelom yolk sac Secondary chorionic villus Hypoblast Epiblast Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Connecting stalk Trophoblastic lacunae (extraembryonic mesoderm) (with capillary outlet) zárod DORSAL SIDE OF GERM DISC – DAY 14 Wall of amniotic cavity Prechordal plate Connecting stalk Wall of yolk sac Hypoblast Epiblast Primitive streak zárod GERM DISC - DAY 16 Yolk sac Cut edge of amnion Primitive streak Primitive node Ectoderm Amnion Wall of yolk sac Mesoderm Endoderm A – view on dorsal side: B – transverse section through germ disc: zárod GERM DISC - DAY 16 Amniotic wall Amniotic cavity Prechordal plate Notochordal process Cloacal membrane Primitive node Primitive streak Allantois Ectoderm Primitive pit Notochordal Primitive process streak Prechordal plate A – view on dorsal side B – longitudinal section zárod GERM DISC - DAY 17 A – longitudinal section, B, C – transversal sections Canal of Lieberkühn Wall of yolk sac Prechordal plate Notochordal process Connecting stalk Primitive pit Cloacal membrane Notochordal Embryonic /head/ proces mesoderm Embryonic Endoderm mesoderm Notochordal plate Ectoderm Amnion Allantois DIFFERENTIATION OF MESODERM Somite Sclerotome Nephrotome Paired aorta dorsalis Aorta dorsalis Primitive gut Aorta dorsalis Dermatome Myotome Basis of arcus vertebrae Basis of corpus vertebrae paraxial MESODERM intermediate lateral Splanchnopleura Somatopleura Vývoj mezodermu -paraaxiální -intermediární -laterální flexe Amnionic cavity Neural plate Septum transversum Connecting stalk Allantois Nephrotom Intreembryonic coelom Pericardiac cavity Yolk sac Paraxial mesoderm Embryonic somatopleura Embryonic splanchnopleura section plane section plane Umbilical vein inkorporation of yolk sac into primitive gut Anterior and posterior neuroporus Pharyngeal membrane Neural tube Ectoderm Cloacal membrane Neural tube Somite Dorsal aortae Communication between extra and intraembryonic coelom Primitive umbilical cord Primary brain vesicles Foregut Midgut Hindgut Cranial (head) fold Caudal (tail) fold Yolk sac Midgut Lateral folds Ductus omphalomesentericus Yolk sac EMBRYO FLEXION Flexe zárodku EMBRYOLOGY Set of embryological pictures I, II