Physiology: spring semester 2017 Part A 1. Structure and function of cell membranes and cell organelles 2. Transport across cell membranes 3. Compartmentalization of body fluids 4. Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids 5. Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces) 6. Ion channels 7. Intercellular communication 8. Generation of resting membrane potential 9. Local response of membrane potential 10. Action potential 11. Excitability and refractoriness 12. Excitation-contraction coupling 13. Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction 14. Electrical and mechanical behaviour of various types of muscle 15. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation. 16. Neuromuscular junction 17. Temporal and space summation (summation and recruitment) in skeletal muscle 18. Energy metabolism and its measurement 19. Physiological role of calcium 20. Vitamins 21. Regulating of food intake and its disorders 22. Hypoxia and ischemia 23. Heat production and heat loss, thermoregulation 24. Physiological applications of law of Laplace 25. Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement 26. Dead space, measurement 27. Resistance of airways, measurement 28. Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram) 29. Respiratory quotient 30. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise 31. Physiological significance of positive and negative feed-back 32. Physiological regulations (overview) 33. Homeostasis 34. Functional morphology of nephron 35. Tubulary processes, tubulary reabsorption and secretion, urine formation 36. Renal blood flow and its autoregulation 37. Glomerular filtration, principals and regulation, juxtaglomerular apparatus 38. Renal sodium, potassium, chlorid transports, their regulation 39. Urea formation 40. Water resorption, hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system. 41. Osmotic, water and pressure diuresis 42. Examination of renal function. Clearence. 43. Micturition 44. Metabolic and endocrine renal function 45. Kidney in regulation of homeostasis 46. Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant. 47. Compliance of lungs. Respiratory work. Pneumothorax. 48. Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues 49. Transport of O[2]. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of CO[2] 50. Regulation of ventilation 51. Respiratory responses to irritants 52. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of saliva 53. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of gastric secretion 54. Functions of the stomach 55. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of pancreatic juice 56. Motility of gastrointestinal tract 57. Co-ordination of GIT segments 58. Liver functions 59. Formation, composition, functions and regulation of bile 60. Digestion and resorption in the small intestine 61. Functions of colon 62. Adaptation to extreme environmental conditions 63. Adaptation to exercise, athlete´s heart 64. Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation 65. Regulation and adaptation 66. The importance and the regulatory role of nervous system 67. Cellular base of nervous system 68. Intracranial compartment, intracranial pressure 69. Membrane voltage, action potential – generation and propagation through nerve fibers 70. Structure of synapse and integration of information on the synaptic level, neurotransmission vs. neuromodulation 71. Receptors, receptor potential vs. action potential, receptive field 72. Basic functional comparison of somatosensitivity, viscerosensitivity and proprioception, the importance of sensitivity for immediate and long-term survival 73. Pain 74. The basic physiology of olfactory and gustatory system – brief characterization of the modality, basic information about signal detection and processing 75. The basic physiology of auditory and vestibular system – brief characterization of the modality, basic information about signal detection and processing 76. The basic physiology of visual system – light detection vs. image formation, circadian rhythms 77. The basic physiology of visual system – rods and cones function, on/off receptive field, nervus opticus vs. tractus opticus 78. Upper and lower motor neuron, neuromuscular junction, muscle contraction 79. Hierarchic organization of motor system – reflex vs. voluntary motor activity 80. The basic functions of basal ganglia 81. The basic division and functions of autonomic nervous system 82. The importance of limbic system and brief characterization of basic functions – somatic and limbic arousal systems, sleep and wakefulness 83. The importance of limbic system and brief characterization of basic functions – learning and memory, the influence of hypothalamus on neocortex, the role of amygdala 84. The basic characterization of neocortical functions – primary vs. association areas, topographical overview of cortical functions 85. The basic characterization of neocortical functions – language and social brain, basic overview of functional diagnostic methods used in neurology Part B 1. Blood composition – values 2. Red blood cell. Haemolysis. 3. Haemoglobin and its derivatives. Metabolism of iron. 4. Erythropoietin and erytropoesis 5. Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate) 6. Mechanism of innate immunity 7. Acquired immunity 8. Blood types 9. Function of platelets 10. Hemocoagulation 11. Anticlotting mechanism, fibrinolytic system 12. Conduction system of the heart 13. Cardiac automaticity 14. Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront. Electric vector of the heart. 15. Variability of circulatory parameters, 24-hour-monitoring, baroreflex sensitivity 16. Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage 17. Cardiovascular reflexes (diving reflex, Valsalva maneuver, Muller maneuver) 18. Invasive and non-invasive methods of blood pressure assessment 19. Cardiac output and its measurement 20. Measurement of blood flow 21. ECG leads. ECG record in different leads 22. Estimation of electric axis of the heart 23. Cardiac contractility and its determination 24. Polygraphic recording of one cardiac cycle (ECG, phonocardiogram, aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume) 25. Specific features of cardiac metabolism 26. Differences between left and right heart 27. Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy 28. Cardiac reserve. Heart failure. 29. Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop. 30. Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance. 31. Starling principle (heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 32. Frequency effect (homeometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction) 33. Heart rate 34. Regulation of heart functions 35. Arrhythmias 36. Coronary circulation. Coronary reserve. 37. Cardiovascular system – general principles 38. Significance of Poiseuille-Hagen formula for blood flow 39. Vascular resistance in various parts of circulation 40. Arterial blood pressure. Hypertension. 41. Arterial elasticity – significance 42. Arterial pulse, pulse wave 43. Physiological role of endothelium 44. Vasoactive substances 45. Micro-circulation 46. Venous pressure 47. Venous return. Venous stasis. 48. Lymphatic system 49. Pulmonary circulation 50. Cerebral circulation 51. Skin circulation 52. Muscle and splanchnic circulation 53. Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis 54. Placental and faetal circulation. Circulatory adjustments at birth 55. Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation 56. General principles of endocrine regulation 57. Chemical characteristics of hormones 58. Effect of hormones on target cells 59. Second messengers 60. Up- and down-regulation of receptors 61. Hypothalamo-pituitary system 62. Prolactin 63. Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland 64. Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF) 65. Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones 66. Thyroid hormones. Regulation and dysregulation. 67. Endocrine pancreas 68. Insulin and mechanism of its action 69. Glycaemia, its regulation and dysregulation 70. Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions. 71. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory affects of glucocorticoids 72. Adrenal medulla. Functions, malfunctions. 73. Bone formation and resorption. Regulation of calcaemia. 74. Natriuretic peptides 75. Endogenous opioid system 76. Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm. 77. Puberty and menopause 78. Cyclic changes in non-pregnant women 79. Physiology of pregnancy 80. Physiology of parturition 81. Physiology of lactation 82. Hormonal contraception – the principles 83. Endocrine functions of testes, its regulation 84. Regulation of body fluid volume 85. Regulation of constant osmotic pressure