Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             1   PART I: HOMEWORK 1: GRAMMAR from the book. To be prepared for the Lesson 4 you are expected: - to read the presentation 3 and Handout 3 (vocabulary including!!!) - to finish all exercises from Handout 3. In case of any doubts do not hesitate to ask for the further explanations - to prepare exercises 1-4 from Handout 4. 2: EXERCISES 1. Find the correct adjective for the noun inside the triangle: dexter   dextra  dextrum   dexter   dexter   dextra   dextra   dextrum   dextrum   dexter   dextra   dextrum   dexter   dextra  dextrum   dexter   dextra  dextrum   dexter   dextra   dextrum   dexter   dextra   dextrum   dexter  dextra   dextrum   orbita pollex pes radius genu crus brachiumauris phalanx Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             2   2. Connect the noun with different adjectives in the correct form, translate the phrases: arteria + thoracicus, a, um; iliacus, a, um; uterinus, a, um; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ apertura + internus, a, um; externus, a, um; medianus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rhaphe + medianus, a, um; palatinus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ crista + iliacus, a, um; palatinus, a, um; transversus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ linea + obliquus, a, um; medianus, a, um; transversus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dexter   dextra   dextrum   dexter   dextra  dextrum   dexter   dextra   dextrum   talus femur manus dexter   dextra  dextrum  dexter   dextra   dextrum   dexter  dextra   dextrum   buccaoculus processus Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             3   diabetes + mellitus, a, um; secundarius, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ diarrhoe + albus, a, um; epidemicus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ therapia + chirurgicus, a, um; complicatus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fractura + complicatus, a, um; apertus, a, um; clausus, a, um; obliquus, a, um; secundus, a, um; transversus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. Connect the noun and the correct adjective with the preposition. in (movement) + arteria + thoracicus, a, um; iliacus, a, um; uterinus, a, um _ in arteri-am thoracic-am _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sub (position) + crista + iliacus, a, um; palatinus, a, um; transversus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ prope + fascia + latus, a, um; profundus, a, um; iliacus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ propter + diabetes + mellitus, a, um; secundarius, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cum + diarrhoe + albus, a, um; epidemicus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sine + hernia + obliquus, a, um (=externus, a, um); liber, libera, liberum; postoperativus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. Count ribs and vertebras: the first false rib _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             4   the second thoracic vertebra _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the third right true rib _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the fourth coccygeal vertebra _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the fifth left true rib _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the sixth thoracic vertebra _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the seventh true rib _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the twelfth thoracic vertebra _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5. Translate the legends to the image1 :                                                                                                                           1  Image copied, rearranged and adjusted; source: Feneis, H & Dauber, W.: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy, Thieme 2000.   2 Borrowed and adopted according to Prucklová, R.; Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and Greek terminology in Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             5   6. Read the traditional names of the cranial nerves and give the full form of the numerals: 7. Translate the phrases: subcutaneous bursa subcutaneous bursa of the shinbone the second false rib the fracture of the second false rib gastric gland Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             6   gastric glands mucous membrane of the urinary bladder mucous membrane of the gall bladder suture of the tongue palatal transverse suture coccygeal vertebra fracture of coccygeal vertebras fracture of the left shinbone and calf bone open fracture of the left shinbone therapy of the open fracture of the left shinbone fracture of the backbone complicated fracture of the backbone internal iliac artery into the internal iliac artery deep vein of the tongue into the deep vein of the tongue therapy of diabetes complicated therapy of secondary diabetes rupture of the left sclera after systole and before diastole because of the complicated therapy of epidemic scarlatina therapy of epidemical acne insufficiency of coronary arteries inside the bottle of distilled water 8. Give opposites to the highlighted words: anaemia congenita fractura clausa diarrhoe acuta fascia interna celulla parva costa spuria costa dextra linea nigra lagoena fusca Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             7   9. Form meaningful phrases. Do not change the word order2 : insufficientia + valvula + aorta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tunica + serosus, a, um + vesica + felleus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ plica + vena + cavus, a, um + sinister, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ causa + anaemia + periculosus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fractura + complicatus, a, um + maxilla _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ therapia + chirurgicus, a, um + fractura + complicatus, a, um + coxa + sinister, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ insufficientia + glandula + thyroideus, a, um + acquisitus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lamina + proprius, a, um + tunica + mucosus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ venae + medulla + oblongatus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fractura + columna + vertebrae + complicatus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ post + pneumonia + tuberculosus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ insufficientia + tuba + auditivus, a, um + congenitus, a, um _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _                                                                                                                           2 Borrowed and adopted according to Prucklová, R.; Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and Greek terminology in Medicine, KLP 2012. page 7, task 3. Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             8   PART II: NEW MATERIAL 1: GRAMMAR – 2nd DECLENSION LATIN AND GREEK 2nd DECLENSION In the second declension we decline nouns that have: Genitive sg. ending -I Nominative sg. ending -US/-ER GR: -OS Gender mostly M ENDINGS Endings Paradigm word Example words singular 1. -us/-er nerv-us muscul-us canc-er diamet-er nephr-os 2. -i nerv-i muscul-i cancr-i diametr-i nephr-i 4. -um nerv-um muscul-um cancr-um diametr-um nephr-on 6. -o nerv-o muscul-o cancr-o diametr-o nephr-o plural 1. -i nerv-i muscul-i cancr-i diametr-i nephr-i 2. -orum nerv-orum muscul-orum cancr-orum diametr-orum nephr-orum 4. -os nerv-os muscul-os cancr-os diametr-os nephr-os 6. -is nerv-is muscul-is cancr-is diametr-is nephr-is NOTE! Nouns ending in -er in nom. sg. are quite rare in medical terminology, however, there are many extremely frequent adjectives having this ending (e. g. dexter, sinister, liber...). Nouns and adjectives ending in -er usually loose the vowel -e- in all other cases (c.f. cancer → cancr-i, dexter → dextri), but some keep it (liber → liberi); this change of the stem is always indicated by the genitive ending. This is why the noun cancer is written in the dictionary as follows: cancer, cri, m. A few words with the same ending are of the feminine gender, remember especially: methodus, i, f. method; periodus, i, f. period and diameter, tri, f. diameter. CAUTION! In the book a special paradigm NEPHROS is given for masculine words of the Greek origin. The only difference is the ending in nom. and acc. sg. The noun nephros is the only Greek noun preserving the original Greek endings in the anatomical nomenclature, nevertheless there are some other words used in the clinical terminology. Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             9   In the second declension we also decline nouns that have: Genitive sg. ending -I Nominative sg. ending -UM GR: -ON Gender N ENDINGS Endings Paradigm words Example words singular 1. -um/-on sept-um col-on brachi-um acromi-on 2. -i sept-i col-i brachi-i acromi-i 4. = 1. sept-um col-on brachi-um acromi-on 6. -o sept-o col-o brachi-o acromi-o plural 1. -a sept-a col-a brachi-a acromi-a 2. -orum sept-orum col-i brachi-orum acromi-orum 4. = 1. sept-a col-a brachi-a acromi-a 6. -is sept-is col-o brachi-is acromi-is NOTE! All neuter gender nouns have identical endings in nom. and acc. sg. and pl. All Latin nouns of the neuter gender end in -um in nom. sg., and all Greek nouns that preserved the original Greek endings end in -on in nom. sg. It is the only difference between paradigms SEPTUM : COLON. LIST OF NEUTER GENDER NOUNS PRESERVING GREEK ENDINGS: acromion amnion caryon chorion colon embryon encephalon ganglion neuron mesocolon metencephalon olecranon oophoron paroophoron skeleton Eight terms with the ending -on are used in the craniometry: basion, gnathion, gonion, inion, nasion, opisthion, pterion and zygion. Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4             10   PART III : VOCABULARY accessorius, a, um accessory acromion, ii, n. acromion, process of the shoulder blade for the articulation with collar bone adultus, a, um adult anatomicus, a, um anatomical angulus, i, m. angle anomalia, ae, f. anomaly bronchus, i, m. bronchus bulbus, i, m. bulb caecus, a, um blind calcaneus, i, m. heel bone, calcaneus cancer, cri, m. cancer cardiacus, a, um cardiac cerebrum, i, n. brain colon, i, n. colon, section of the large intestine from caecum to rectum contagiosus, a, um contagious crassus, a, um thick, large (of intestine) curvatura, ae, f. curvature, curve diameter, tri, f. diameter dorsum, i, n. back duodenum, i, n. duodenum durus, a, um hard, stiff encephalon, i, n. brain fissura, ae, f. cleft, fissure ganglion, ii, n. ganglion, a group of nerve cells fundus, i, m. base, bottom, fundus icterus, i, m. jaundice interosseus, a, um interosseous intestinum, i, n. intestine jejunum, i, n. jejunum labium, ii, n. lip, skin fold ligamentum, i, n. ligament lobus, i, m. lobe locus, i, m. place longus, a, um long lymphaticus, a, um lymphatic malleolus, i, m. malleolus medius, a, um middle medicamentum, i, n. remedy, medicament membrana, ae, f. membrane methodus, i, f. method morbus, i, m. disease musculus, i, m. muscle neonatus, i, m. new born child nephros, i, m. kidney (Greek name) nervus, i, m. nerve nodus, i, m. node nucleus, i, m. nucleus oesophagus, i, m. gullet, oesophagus olecranon, i, n. olecranon, process of the ulna organum, i, n. organ ostium, ii, n. orifice, ostium ovarium, ii, n. ovary palatum, i, n. palate pericardium, ii, n. pericardium, membrane surrounding the heart periculum, i, n. danger periodus, i, f. period pharyngeus, a, um pharyngeal pylorus, i, m. pylorus radiatus, a, um radiate, radiating ramus, i, m. branch rectum, i, n. rectum rectus, a, um direct, straight ruber, a, um red septum, i, n. septum Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  4               11   sigmoideus, a, um sigmoid, curved like letter C signum, i, n. sign symphaticus, a, um sympathetic truncus, i, m. 1. trunk, torso; 2. stem (of the brain) tuberculum, i, n. tubercle uterus, i, m. uterus vagus, a, um wandering, vagus ventriculus, i, m. 1. stomach; 2. ventricle COLLOCATIONS: (intestinum) caecum c(a)ecum intestinum crassum large intestine (intestinum) rectum rectum